池塘养殖河蟹技术

池塘养殖河蟹技术王欣宁（江苏省镇江市水产技术推广培训中心２１２００１）陈发华（江苏省丹徒县高桥乡多种经营综合技术服务站）钱祖武（江苏省丹徒县林副业局）龚国兴（江苏省镇江市水利局）为探索河蟹池塘养殖技术，１９９０、１９９２和１９９３年在丹徒县高桥乡进行...     

黄河口大闸蟹盐碱地池塘生态养殖技术

依据"盐随水来、盐随水去"的水盐运动规律,通过盐碱地池塘工程措施,灌水渗水,压盐洗盐,有效降低滨海盐碱地池塘土壤含盐量,在盐碱地池塘中种植一定规模不同种类的水草,合理搭配混养不同食性、不同栖息水层的鳜鱼、鲢、鳙与南美白对虾,在池塘中与养殖的黄河口大闸蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)形成一个"互利共生"的生态系统,选用定点繁育的大规格亲本苗培育的大规格黄河口大闸蟹良种,通过实施早放、投螺、合理密度、科学投饵、水质调控等技术措施,建立黄河口大闸蟹盐碱地池塘生态养殖技术模式,实现养殖尾水达标排放,增加池塘产出,生产出优质绿色的黄河口大闸蟹有机食品,提高盐碱地池塘养殖黄河口大闸蟹的规格、品质、产量和经济效益。     

池塘养殖河蟹技术

池塘养殖河蟹技术王欣宁，陈发华，钱祖武（江苏省镇江市乡管局）为探索河蟹池塘养殖技术，１９９０、１９９１和１９９３年在丹徒县高桥乡进行了池塘养河蟹的试验，现将试验与推广情况总结如下：一、材料与方法１．河蟹池建设１９９０年１１个养蟹专业户，养殖面积为４７...     

土池低盐度水体河蟹生态育苗试验

2003年3~5月,在上海崇明进行了河蟹(Eriocheirsinensis)在低盐度水体的土池中育苗实验,主要技术措施包括亲本的强化培育、施肥养水、敌害生物的控制和利用、活饵料的科学使用和水质调控等。结果表明:(1)亲本强化培育可以提高其生殖性能;(2)土池育苗中各期幼体的变态时间长于工厂化育苗,因而总的出苗时间比工厂化育苗长5~7d;(3)通过综合管理措施,在低盐度(9~12)条件下河蟹土池生态育苗单产和出苗率分别为(60·18±30·17)kg/hm2和(3·12±1·55)%,总的出苗时间为(25·2±1·9)d。     

池塘河蟹养殖综合增产技术研究

池塘养殖长江水系蟹种，宜亩放养量１０—１５公斤，规格１２０─１６０只／公斤。蟹池可适当混养鲢、鳙、草鱼鱼种，每亩放养７０—１００尾，以利于改善水质和后期河蟹的饲料。在成蟹池中围栏配养幼蟹，可解决扣蟹来源，节约成本。     

池塘养殖河蟹高产技术

池塘养殖河蟹高产技术河蟹俗称毛蟹，届名员淡水产品，其味道鲜美，营养丰富，市场价格高，经济效益好。１９９５年，我们在高青县淡水养殖场进行池塘养殖试验，经过一年的组织实施，完成养殖水面０．４７公顷。在县科委的主持下，邀请有关单位的专家、同行进行了测产验收...     

河蟹池塘养殖技术

主要概述了尚志市近年来河蟹养殖方面的得失,重点对池塘选择、蟹种放养、河蟹管理及栽种水草、适时上市、越冬管理等方面进行了阐述。     

池塘养殖河蟹技术

河蟹，学名中华绒螯蟹，由于产地不同，又分长江蟹、辽蟹、瓯江蟹、珠江蟹等。河蟹因其丰富的营养价值和较高的经济效益，其养殖业倍受关注，河蟹属杂食性，它对温度的适宜范围较广，能在北方进行养殖越冬，因此是农村致富的一条新的有效途径：     

沉水植物对中华绒螯蟹生长和非特异性免疫力的影响

从东太湖采集伊乐藻(Elodea canadensis)、金鱼藻(Ceratophyllum demersum)、轮叶黑藻(Hydrilla verticilla-ta)、苦草(Vallisneria natans)、马来眼子菜(Potamogeton malaianus)5种沉水植物分别制成干粉。在基础饲料中添加15%的干粉形成5种不同的配合饲料,分别饲喂体重为(9.37±0.15)g的中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)60 d,分析沉水植物对中华绒螯蟹生长和非特异性免疫力的影响。结果显示:马来眼子菜组的中华绒螯蟹平均增重率显著低于对照组(P<0.05),饲料系数显著高于对照组(P<0.05),其余4种沉水植物组的平均增重率和饲料系数与对照组无显著差异(P>0.05);各组成活率、肥满度及肝体比差异不显著(P>0.05)。沉水植物各组的蟹血清超氧化物歧化酶活力显著高于对照组(P<0.05);与对照组相比,轮叶黑藻组、伊乐藻组和苦草组的中华绒螯蟹血清溶菌酶活性显著升高(P<0.05),金鱼藻组和马来眼子菜组则差异不显著(P>0.05);除马来眼子菜组降低外,其余4种沉水植物组中华绒螯蟹对嗜水气单胞菌的抵抗力强于对照组。因此,除马来眼子菜以外的4种沉水植物对中华绒螯蟹的生长性能无明显的促进作用,但可在一定程度上提高其非特异性免疫力。     

枯草芽孢杆菌基因组DNA对中华绒螯蟹非特异性免疫因子的影响

将枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtzlis)基因组DNA按5、20和80μg/kg剂量体腔注射中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)(约0.1 mL/只),设注射等体积TE缓冲液为对照组,分别在第1、3、5、7天采样,测定该细菌DNA对中华绒螯蟹的免疫刺激作用。结果显示:注射上述3种剂量的枯草芽孢杆菌基因组DNA均能不同程度地提高中华绒螯蟹的THC、血细胞呼吸爆发活性和血清PO、ACP活性,试验组蟹的上述免疫指标的活性显著高于对照组(P<0.05),并以20μg/kg体重剂量的刺激效果最好;但试验剂量的细菌DNA对血清ALP活性无显著影响(P>0.05)。     

3种品系中华绒螯蟹扣蟹阶段池塘养殖性能比较

为探究不同品系中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)在扣蟹阶段的池塘养殖效果,于2020年在江苏东台进行了3个品系(2龄早熟品系、“长荡湖1号”A系和“长荡湖1号”B系)大眼幼体的池塘养殖试验,比较了各品系扣蟹的平均体质量变化情况、最终养殖性能、规格分布和经济效益。结果表明:(1)虽然3个品系大眼幼体在扣蟹阶段的平均体质量并无显著差异(P＞0.05),但各品系扣蟹平均体质量与亲本规格呈一定的正相关关系,总体上为“长荡湖1号”B系＞“长荡湖1号”A系＞2龄早熟品系;(2)正常扣蟹单位面积产量和扣蟹总产量与亲本规格呈正相关关系,即随着亲本规格的增大而显著增加(P<0.05);此外,“长荡湖1号”B系饲料系数(FCR)显著高于“长荡湖1号”A系(P<0.05);(3)3个品系扣蟹的体质量主要分布于6.0~7.9 g和8.0~9.9 g的规格区间内,其中2龄早熟品系在小规格区间(＜4.0 g和4.0~5.9 g)所占的比例较高,而“长荡湖1号”B系扣蟹在大规格区间(10.0~11.9 g和＞12.0 g)所占比例较高,但组间并无显著差异(P＞0.05);(4)各品系扣蟹的最终收益及投资回报率均随着亲本规格的增大而明显提高。综合来看,相对于2龄早熟品系,“长荡湖1号”A系和“长荡湖1号”B系在扣蟹养殖阶段具有产量高、投资回报率高等特点,市场应用和产业化前景较好。     

渔光一体养殖模式对中华绒螯蟹肝胰腺和性腺气味品质的影响

渔光一体养殖模式(photovoltaic fishery breeding mode, PM)是一种采用水下养殖、水上发电的新兴环保养殖模式。本研究比较了渔光一体养殖模式与普通池塘养殖模式(common pond breeding mode, CM)养殖中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)在基本营养成分、感官评价和气味品质等方面的差异。对雌蟹肝胰腺和性腺进行人工及电子感官评价,测定挥发性物质的含量,并对气味品质进行综合评价。结果表明,渔光一体养殖模式能提高雌蟹的性腺指数、增加粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量;PM组肝胰腺表现青草味,电子鼻的响应值最高,PM组性腺的青草味和油脂味更明显;在肝胰腺中,鉴定出44种(PM组)和33种(CM组)物质,PM组总挥发性物质的含量[(70.53±2.91) ng/g]显著高于CM组[(16.63±0.73) ng/g](P<0.05),是CM组的4.2倍,其中油脂味和青草味的物质含量更高;而在性腺中,鉴定出了31种(PM组)和47种(CM组)物质,PM组和CM组总挥发性物质含量分别为(68.80±1.86) ng/g和(71.50±4.17)...     

虫草培养基残余体在中华绒螯蟹饲料中的适宜添加量

在基础饲料中分别添加0.25%、0.5%、1.0%、2.0%、4.0%、8.0%、16.0%的虫草培养基残余体(简称虫草基),饲喂规格为(4.0±1.0)g的中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)75 d,通过测定其生长及非特异性免疫指标,以确定虫草基的适宜添加量。结果显示:与基础饲料组比较,0.5%和1.0%添加组平均增重率(WGR)、肥满度(CF)、成活率(SR)显著提高(P<0.05),饲料系数(FC)显著降低(P<0.05);除肥满度(CF)外,4.0%、8.0%、16.0%添加组的生长指标有所下降。低剂量虫草基添加组能提高中华绒螯蟹血淋巴及肝胰腺超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、溶菌酶(LSZ)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性,其中,0.5%与1.0%添加组的SOD、LSZ、ACP和ALP水平均达显著水平(P<0.05);但当虫草基添加量超过2.0%时,中华绒螯蟹的非特异性免疫力逐渐下降。嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophila AHJ-1)攻毒试验证实,试验组的免疫保护率明显提高,0.5%添加组免疫保护率达100%。综上所述,虫草基作为中华绒螯蟹饲料添加剂的适宜添加量为0.5%～1.0%。     

Pectin plays a role in restricting the utilization of rapeseed meal by Chinese mitten crab,Eriocheir sinensis

The present study aims to assess the anti‐nutritional effect of pectin and to better understand rapeseed meal (RSM) as a feed ingredient for Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis. A semipurified diet containing 280 g/kg fish meal was formulated as a control diet (D_F). A second diet (D_P) was supplemented with 26.7 g/kg pectin; the amount was estimated to be equal to that in the third diet (D_R), which was formulated to include 400 g/kg RSM. Another diet (D_RPase) was supplemented with 12 g/kg pectinase based on D_R in which pectin was degraded by pectinase. The diets were randomly fed to twelve tanks of the crab for 8 weeks. Compared with the crabs fed D_F, the specific growth rate, protein efficiency ratio, apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) of dry matter and protein, activity of aspartate transaminase (AST) and trypsin (TP), and high‐density lipoprotein (HDL) in the serum decreased significantly in the crabs fed D_R; the ADC of dry matter, activity of AST and serum HDL decreased significantly in the crabs fed D_p, but they were higher than in the crabs fed D_R. Compared with the crabs fed D_R, the ADC of dry matter, activity of AST and TP, and serum HDL increased significantly in the crabs fed D_RPase. The mRNA expression activity of both Es‐pl44 and Es‐pp1 was D_F < D_P < D_RPase < D_R. These results indicate that pectin contributed to low utilization of RSM in Chinese mitten crab.     

Purification and characterization of a new reovirus from the Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis

A new reovirus was recently isolated from a freshwater crab, the Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis, in China. The complete viral particles are 55 nm in diameter, icosahedral, non-enveloped and have a mean buoyant density of 1.39 g cm(-3) in CsCl gradient. The viral genome is composed of 12 pieces of dsRNA with an electrophoretic pattern of 3/4/2/3. This virus infects connective tissue of the gills, gut and hepatopancreas. Partial cDNA cloning and sequence analysis showed that the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase is located in the first RNA segment. From its biochemical, ultrastructural and physicochemical properties, this virus is quite different from the genus Aquareovirus (Reoviridae). It may represent a new genus of Reoviridae, different from the other crab reoviruses, P and W(2).     

Nutritional qualities of normal and precocious adult male Chinese mitten crabs (Eriocheir sinensis)

The nutritional values of edible gonad, hepatopancreas and muscle tissues from normal and precocious adult male Chinese mitten crabs (Eriocheir sinensis) were investigated herein. The results showed that the average weight and meat yield (MY) of normal crabs were significantly higher than those of precocious crabs, while the hepatopancreas indexes (HSI) and gonadosomatic indexes (GSI) had no significant differences. Precocious and normal crabs had greater protein and lipid contents, respectively, and the differences were mainly reflected in gonads and hepatopancreas. While assessing the amino acid profiles, both precocious and normal crabs could be high‐quality protein sources, particularly the precocious crabs which showed higher levels of essential amino acids. In fatty acid profiling experiments, precocious crabs revealed higher EPA, ∑n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and ∑n‐3/∑n‐6 ratios than normal crabs; however, DHA and ∑n‐6 PUFA contents were considerably lower. Additionally, contents of nutritious minerals K and Ca in precocious crabs were significantly higher than those in normal crabs, while Zn and Fe were significantly lower. In short, our data indicated that precocious Chinese mitten crabs are also a nutritious food, and even in some respects their nutritional value is higher than normal crabs.     

长江和辽河水系中华绒螯蟹湖泊放养生长性能的比较

对长江水系和辽河水系中华绒螯蟹（Eriocheir.sinensis)在长江下游湖泊生长性能研究的结果：（1）生长速度在3－8月长江蟹稍低于辽河蟹,但差异不显著（P＞0．05）;9－10月长江蟹则快于辽河蟹,差异极显著（P＜0．01）。（2）青春期蜕壳时间辽河蟹比长江蟹提前30－40d,生殖洄游期也相应提前30－40d。（3）养成的商品蟹规格、增重倍数和回捕率,长江蟹优于辽河蟹,差异极显著（P＜0．01）。综合分析认为,长江蟹在长江下游湖泊的生长性能指标优于辽河蟹。     

环境条件对中华绒螯蟹大眼幼体蜕壳生长的影响

试验结果表明,黑暗条件下大眼幼体蜕壳数量少、成活率低;光照可刺激并促进大眼幼体的蜕壳与生长,但长时间光照会影响Ⅰ期到Ⅳ期幼蟹的蜕壳生长;泥土和隐蔽物作为栖息环境有利于提高中华绒螯蟹幼体的成活率;苗种质量是提高中华绒螯蟹大眼幼体到Ⅳ期幼蟹成活率的关键。