曝气复氧对中华绒螯蟹养殖池塘水质的影响研究

通过对2种不同增氧方式9个标准化河蟹养殖池塘整个养殖周期（5-10月份）的水质监测，比较研究了曝气复氧对河蟹养殖池塘水质的影响，因子分析表明曝气复氧对水质的影响可概括为营养盐和氧化还原状态两个公因子，其中7-9月份高温季节，微孔组总氮、总磷、氨氮含量均显著低于机械组和对照组（p<0.05），且相应指标微孔组＜机械组＜对照组，说明曝气复氧可以有效控制养殖水体总氮、总磷、氨氮含量在较低水平，显著改善池塘养殖水质，养殖用水达标排放。     

投喂频率对循环水养殖系统氨氮浓度的影响

研究在相同投喂量下,不同投喂频率(3,6,8次/d)对循环水养殖系统水体氨氮水平及生物滤器氨氮去除效率的影响.结果表明:随着投喂频率增高,养殖水体氨氮变异系数由14.9%逐渐减弱到0,但总体平均浓度基本保持稳定(P>0.05);投喂后,生物滤器氨氮去除效率由67.02%升高到85.71%(P<0.05).研究发现,采用8次/d投喂频率时,养殖水体氨氮浓度更稳定,生物滤器氨氮去除效率更高.     

河蟹生态健康养殖池塘中水草的栽培

在池塘生态健康养殖河蟹的诸多技术措施中,水草的栽培和管理显得特别重要,水草是河蟹天然的优质饵料,可以补充人工投喂饵料的营养不足,生长繁殖茂盛、品种结构搭配合理、种植布局科学的水草又是河蟹栖息、蜕壳隐蔽的场所,对提高河蟹养殖的成活率有着重要的意义.     

冰鲜鱼和配合饲料养殖河蟹的效益分析

<正>近年河蟹养殖规模不断扩大,养殖产量也不断增加,养殖模式也多种多样。目前养殖模式有围网养殖、池塘精养、鱼蟹混养和稻蟹共作等模式。饲料来源有栽种水草、投放天然饲料和人工饲料,天然饲料主要有伊乐藻、水花生、苦草、螺、蚌等,人工饲料主要有冰鲜鱼、豆饼、玉米、麦子、配合饲料等。为了解池塘种植水草条件下,投喂冰鲜鱼和配合饲料对河蟹生长及养殖效益情况,2018年在苏州阳澄湖镇进行了河蟹投喂冰鲜鱼和配合饲料池塘养殖试验,结果如下。     

河蟹池塘生态养殖试验

选用共计面积98.19×667m^2的3口池塘,放养扣蟹66640只,通过在池塘底种植水草,投喂活螺蛳供给河蟹活饵料,营造良好的生态环境等技术措施,经过约210d的养殖,产出744780元,投入产出比1：1.5。     

生态塘对养殖池塘水氨氮和亚硝态氮去除的研究

<正>近年,我国的池塘水产养殖密度日益增大,甚至超过池塘本身的容纳能力,造成养殖水体富营养化。水质污染导致鱼体生长缓慢、成品品质下降,已经不符合绿色健康生态养殖的发展需求。池塘养殖密度过大,养殖饵料投喂增多,相应造成养殖水体的氨氮和亚硝态氮增多。有研究表明,在池塘养殖投喂的饲料中,有5%～10%未被鱼类食用,而被养殖鱼类食用的饲料中又有25%～30%以粪便形式排出体外,而且养殖池塘的尾水、     

投喂抗肠炎功能饲料对河蟹养殖效果与水质的影响

为探索抗肠炎功能饲料对河蟹养殖性能与水质的影响,我们进行了全程投喂抗肠炎功能膨化饲料的河蟹养殖试验,并设置投喂冰鲜鱼的传统投饵方式作为对照。结果表明,试验组河蟹的存活率高于对照组,饲料系数低于对照组,但差异不具有统计学意义;河蟹的平均增重率和肥满度指标无统计学意义差异。经济效益分析结果显示,试验池可以提高河蟹养殖的经济效益,降低养殖成本。与投喂冰鲜鱼的传统养殖方式相比,全程投喂功能饲料可降低养殖水体TP含量。综上所述,抗肠炎功能饲料完全可以替代冰鲜鱼,全程投喂抗肠炎功能膨化饲料可以提高河蟹的养殖性能,增加经济效益,减少水体磷的污染,是一种"高效、绿色、生态、低碳化"的新型河蟹养殖模式,具有较好的推广价值。     

长江口大规格河蟹池塘生态养殖技术

为探索现代河蟹健康生态养殖模式,于2013~2014年在长江口地区,利用生态湿地净化的长江水作为养殖水源,通过开挖深槽沟和种植水草等措施营造"水草森林"的生长环境,运用生态养殖技术,开展了大规格河蟹池塘生态养殖技术的研究和示范试验。试验结果显示:2014年大规格河蟹平均亩产(15亩=1 hm~2,下同)67.5 kg,雄蟹平均规格221 g/只、雌蟹平均规格161 g/只,回捕率在70%以上,达到了增产增量的目的。养殖的商品河蟹经2次药残检测,全部合格,达到水产品安全标准要求。生产期间采用鲜活螺蛳及冰鲜小杂鱼投喂方式大大提高了河蟹的品质,是一种绿色环保健康的养殖模式。     

螺蛳对蟹塘产量、水质的影响及其适宜投喂量研究

为探讨"蟹—螺—草"养殖模式中螺蛳的适宜投喂量,研究了不同螺蛳投喂水平对河蟹产量、塘内水体氮磷含量及经济效益的影响。结果表明:在商品饲料常规用量(300 kg/亩)(15亩=1 hm~2,下同)条件下,河蟹产量、去除螺蛳投入的毛利润与螺蛳投喂量均呈开口向下的一元二次曲线相关,且相关性达显著水平;增加螺蛳投喂量,蟹塘水体TN含量呈上升的变化趋势,对TP含量影响较小,但整个养殖过程水体的TN含量中位数值符合Ⅴ类水标准要求,TP含量中位数值符合Ⅲ类水标准要求。综合产量、水质理化因子、经济效益等因素,螺蛳的适宜投喂量为:459.5~587.5 kg/亩。     

河蟹池塘生态高效养殖技术

河蟹养殖业现如今普遍存在养殖池塘的环境退化，生态养殖技术在养殖户具体应用中差异性大的养殖状况，其内涵（包括关键技术和配套技术）停留在“种水草、投螺蛳”上，对水草种群形态、数量及管护上缺乏研究，其成熟度不如一般鱼类养殖，养殖水体水质管理、病害防治等以及养殖效果的存在不确定性，制约河蟹高效规模化养殖的发展与提高，     

长江_辽河_瓯江中华绒螯蟹种群的形态判别

为比较不同水系中华绒兀自蟹种群的形态特点，建立了判别中华绒螯蟹水系来源的方法，以辽河、长江、瓯江中华绒螯蟹成蟹的三个各群为研究对象，测量了代表其形态特征的２４个度量性状，处理后得４８个形态特征参数；然后用判别的方法筛了其中能提供附加信息的６个参数，并建立了Ｂａｙｅｓ判别函数；最后对判别进行拟合，拟合概率雄蟹为９２．３９％，雌蟹为８９．３７％。用逐步判别的方法对中华绒螯蟹的不同种群进行比较并判别其水     

海州湾双斑蟳栖息分布特征与环境因子的关系

为了解双斑蟳栖息分布规律,实验根据2011—2016年多个季度航次在海州湾进行的渔业资源和环境调查数据,采用广义线性模型(GLM)、广义可加模型(GAM)以及随机森林3种物种分布模型(SDMs)方法,结合AIC(akaike information criterion)准则、累积偏差解释率和交叉检验等评判指标筛选和构建了双斑蟳栖息分布模型,并分析了环境因子对双斑蟳分布的影响。结果显示,3种模型在解释因子与响应变量间的关系上基本一致;其中GAM在模型拟合上具有优势,而随机森林的预测性能明显高于传统的GLM和GAM。双斑蟳相对渔获量在年份和月份间的变异性最为显著,两个因子的解释率分别在18%和3.8%以上。水深和表层盐度对双斑蟳资源分布的影响较大,均与双斑蟳相对丰度呈正相关关系;双斑蟳分布总体呈现冬季相对较高,夏季东北部海域高、西南部低的特点,与海州湾水深分布特点基本一致。本研究还根据FVCOM(finite-volume coasta ocean model)模拟环境数据,利用随机森林分布模型估计了双斑蟳在海州湾海域2011年各个季节的空间分布,为渔业资源的开发和保护提供依据。     

环境胁迫与河蟹体色

池塘养殖的河蟹体色往往不如湖泊围网养殖的河蟹。河蟹体色取决于甲壳中虾青素浓度。河蟹自身不能合成虾青素,必须从饲料或饵料中获取。因此河蟹体色差的主要原因是不能从外界获得足够的虾青素。虾青素具有抗氧化作用。环境胁迫导致的氧化应激也会消耗虾青素。低溶氧、高pH、水温、氨氮、重金属胁迫均可引起河蟹氧化应激。因此,改善池塘河蟹体色不仅要增加青虾素的供应,还要加强养殖管理,降低环境因子的胁迫。     

浙江中部披山海域蟹类群落结构特征及其与环境因子的关系

根据2015年11月、2016年2、5、8月在浙江中部披山海域进行渔业资源调查所获得的资料,分析了浙江中部披山海域蟹类的种类组成、优势种、生物多样性等群落结构特征,同时,研究了群落结构的相似性,以及群落结构与环境因子之间的关系。结果显示,所得渔获物共鉴定出蟹类19种,隶属于6科9属,其中优势种为三疣梭子蟹、日本蟳、双斑蟳和隆线强蟹等4种。不同季节的蟹类种类组成差异较大,而优势种类组成变化较大,其中,蟹类种类数以夏季最多,冬季最少。从不同水深区域的渔获种类分布趋势分析,蟹类种类数以5~15 m水深带较多,小于5 m和15~20 m水深带较少。生物多样性指数夏季最高,冬季最低。从不同水深区域分析,多样性指数在10~15 m水深带较高,5~10 m水深带较低。冗余分析结果认为,表层水温、表层盐度和底层盐度是影响调查海域蟹类种类组成和群落结构特征的主要环境因子。     

An ecosystem-based assessment of the Korean blue crab trammel net fishery in the Yellow Sea and management implications

Landings in the blue crab, Portunus trituberculatus, fishery in Korean waters of the Yellow Sea have declined substantially from 11,000 t in the 1980s to 2,300 t in 2004. Blue crab habitat quality in the Yellow Sea has been degraded by anthropogenic activities including sand mining, land reclamation, and coastal pollution. Various traditional management measures have been implemented, including closed seasons during spawning and size limits, but these measures alone have been unsuccessful to conserve blue crab stocks. Consequently, a total allowable catch and a stock-rebuilding program using an ecosystem-based management approach were implemented in 2003 and 2006, respectively to rebuild blue crab stocks and restore habitats. This program involved assessment of both blue crab stock status and trammel-net fishery impacts at an ecosystem-level using an ecosystem-based fisheries assessment method ( [Zhang et al., 2009] and [Zhang et al., 2010]), which considered fishery data from catch and effort time-series, crab population biology, and ecosystem characteristics, including habitats and environmental conditions. Recent (2008) management status indices have shown significant positive change compared to conditions in 2000 with respect to sustainability of the stock and fishery and with regards to biodiversity and ecosystem habitat quality.     

A comparison of development opportunities for crab and shrimp aquaculture in southwestern Bangladesh, using GIS modelling

The present study identifies and quantifies appropriate sites for brackish water aquaculture development in southwestern Bangladesh using remote sensing, GPS and geographical information systems (GIS). A colour composite Landsat TM image from 1996 covering the southwestern part of Bangladesh was used to identify the extent of brackish water and to classify land use. The remotely sensed data were complemented by secondary data digitised from a range of sources, including hard copy maps, to create a spatial database that included environmental and infrastructural data. A series of GIS models were developed in order to identify and prioritise the most suitable areas for brackish water shrimp and crab farming. Using qualitative and quantitative output from the models, the benefits of shrimp and crab farming and alternative land uses in the Khulna region were compared, based on gross production, economic output and employment potential. Comparisons were made of brackish water shrimp and crab culture with moderately saline-tolerant tilapia and prawn culture, freshwater carp culture and traditional rice production systems. Shrimp was identified as the most capital intensive and risky production system. Earnings per hectare were a little higher for shrimp culture than for crab culture. The present study demonstrates the usefulness of GIS as an aquaculture planning tool in a region where natural resources are already under considerable pressure.     

不同家系中华绒螯蟹幼蟹在室外和室内的生长

2015年6月上旬,将3个家系中华绒螯蟹大眼幼体分别饲养在面积为40m2(6.50m×6.15m)的稻田围隔中,每个围隔约2500尾。2015年7月中下旬,随机从中选取各3个家系的幼蟹,放入室内300L的养殖缸(30只/缸)中对比养殖。2015年8—10月连续测量了幼蟹的头胸甲宽、头胸甲长、体质量,用多重方差分析了环境、家系及生长阶段的性状参数。试验结果表明,养殖环境对A家系幼蟹生长性状的影响不显著(P0.05),对B家系则极显著(P0.01),对C家系,除了初始的生长性状影响不显著外(P0.05),其余均存在显著影响(P0.05),表明A家系具有一定的环境适应性。家系因素对幼蟹生长性状参数均存在显著影响(P0.05),表明遗传对于幼蟹的生长具有重要作用。相关分析表明,蟹种的头胸甲宽、头胸甲长在两种养殖环境中均呈极显著正相关(P0.01),相关系数分别为0.314、0.305;体质量呈不显著正相关(r=0.146,P0.05),表明以头胸甲宽、头胸甲长为选育指标得到的后代对两种养殖环境有一定的适应性。     

Assessment of pollutant loads discharged from aquaculture ponds around Taihu Lake,China

China is the world's largest producer of aquatic animals, and the Taihu Lake area is one of the most important contributors within China. To obtain the basic information needed to minimize environmental impacts of aquaculture, the water quality and volume of effluents from 48 ponds used for raising crab, shrimp, river prawn, black carp, grass carp and turtles near Taihu Lake were monitored, and their pollutant loads were estimated. Effluent volumes ranged from 12.7 ± 1.7 (crab) to 50.9 ± 15.8 (turtle) thousand tons ha^?1 year^?1. The concentration of pollutants in the effluents often exceeded acceptable limits for Taihu Lake. Crab ponds produced the lowest gross loads of total nitrogen, total phosphorus, chemical oxygen demand and total suspended solids, whereas turtle ponds produced the highest. The net loads of monitored pollutants comprised only 4–53% of the gross loads in crab ponds, but > 50% in other species ponds. Results indicate that the pollutant loads discharged from aquaculture ponds around Taihu Lake are mild, but precautions are still needed to treat the wastewater. Connecting the ponds in series with crab ponds downstream is a feasible way to decrease pollutant loads.     

Pasteurization Conditions and Evaluation of Quality Parameters of Frozen Packaged Crab Meat

ABSTRACT

Ovalipes trimaculatus is a crab recognized as a new resource with fishing value to obtain frozen products. Pasteurization conditions of meat crab at temperatures below 85ºC (60, 72, and 82ºC) were established to achieve better quality attributes in the frozen product. The lethality curves of Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes were measured, and the decimal reduction times (D) and Z values were determined. Heat transfer during the pasteurization process of pouches containing crab meat was simulated using a computational code in finite elements, and the mathematical model was experimentally validated. Thermal histories were coupled to the microbial lethality kinetics of the most heat resistant pathogen microorganism in order to establish pasteurization times necessary for the process system design. The predicted pasteurization conditions were microbiologically validated. The pouches were frozen under industrial conditions and stored at ?22ºC for 1 year. The influence of the type of packaging (vacuum and nonvacuum plastic pouches) on physicochemical and sensory quality parameters of frozen crab meat (color, exudate, lipid oxidation, water holding capacity, and overall acceptability) were analyzed observing better performance under vacuum conditions.     

长江口中华绒螯蟹雌性亲蟹自然群体与放流群体血淋巴生化指标的比较

在长江口中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)亲蟹生殖洄游期间,对比研究了不同性腺发育时期的长江口中华绒螯蟹雌性亲蟹自然群体和放流群体9项血淋巴生化指标的差异。结果表明,洄游亲蟹在性腺发育的不同时期,放流群体与自然群体血淋巴总蛋白、血蓝蛋白、甘油三酯、肌酐、Ca2+及Mg2+含量水平上均无显著差异(P>0.05)。放流群体亲蟹在性腺发育到Ⅳ、Ⅴ期时的血淋巴白蛋白含量和性腺发育到Ⅳ期时尿素含量均显著高于自然群体(P<0.05),总胆固醇含量在性腺发育到Ⅵ期时显著高于自然群体(P<0.05)。在性腺发育过程中放流群体的大部分血淋巴生化指标与自然群体都无显著差异,仅在性腺发育到Ⅳ期后少数指标存在一定差异,表明放流群体通过自身调节能够很好地适应长江口环境并完成性腺发育过程。