云南光唇鱼的人工繁殖和胚胎发育观察

对人工繁育至性成熟的3龄云南光唇鱼进行人工催产,观察受精卵胚胎发育情况。结果显示:采用HCG、LHRH-A_2和DOM组合注射催产,在水温16.3~18.7℃条件下,效应时间37~38 h,平均催产率为80%。云南光唇鱼的受精卵为沉性卵,吸水膨胀后,平均卵径2.5 mm;受精卵经过胚盘形成期、细胞分裂期、囊胚期、原肠期、神经胚器、器官发育期和出膜期,历时103 h 30 min孵出仔鱼(水温16.0~18.3℃),初孵仔鱼全长6 mm。以原肠中期计算,受精率为75%,孵化率约53%。     

暗纹东方鲀胚胎发育的观察

采用连续观察法对暗纹东方鲀(Takifugu Obscurus)人工授精的受精卵的发育进行观察,详细记录了暗纹东方鲀胚胎发育各阶段的形态特征。结果显示:经人工催产所获得的暗纹东方鲀受精卵为圆形,鹅黄色且透明,平均卵径为1.118~1.274 mm,受精卵在水温21℃±0.5℃下,受精3h10min后开始第1次卵裂,受精后40 h30 min开始形成器官,受精后131 h 15 min开始孵出仔鱼。刚孵出的仔鱼全长(2.550±0.675)mm,肌节26~28对,卵黄囊大而侧扁,长径为(1.014±0.075)mm,短径为(0.904±0.095)mm。整个胚胎发育过程可划分为33个时期。     

花斑副沙鳅的胚胎发育观察

花斑副沙鳅的繁殖季节在 6～ 8月 ,从府河、环河中采集到Ⅳ末的亲鱼 ,人工催产 ,人工授精 ;卵无粘性 ,为漂流性卵 ;受精卵在水温 2 8℃时胚胎发育速度很快 ,从受精到孵化开始出膜只要 12h ,全部出膜需要 12h 5 0min ,刚出膜的仔鱼身体透明 ,全长 2 7mm。     

星突江鲽胚胎发育的研究

对人工干法授精、微量充气孵化条件下星突江鲽的胚胎发育进行了研究。星突江鲽受精卵为分离的球形浮性卵，无油球、卵膜薄、光滑且透明，具弹性。吸水前卵径为0．66～0．70mm，吸水后为0．91～1．06mm。根据胚胎发育的外部形态及典型特征将星突江鲽胚胎发育过程划分为卵裂期、囊胚期、原肠期、神经胚期、胚孔关闭、眼泡和肌节形成、尾芽形成、晶体出现、听囊出现、出膜前期和出膜期11个连续的典型时期。在11±0．5℃水温下，受精卵经过101h仔鱼脱膜孵出。初孵仔鱼全长2．3～2．5mm，卵黄囊长径1．075～1．25mm，短径0．60～0．675mm。     

乌苏里鮠胚胎发育观察

对乌苏里鮠受精卵及其胚胎发育特征进行了观察和描述,总结出乌苏里鮠胚胎发育时序。乌苏里鮠受精卵为粘性卵、球形、橘黄色、半透明、卵径2mm左右。在水温25.5～26℃,有效积温1 285.27℃.h,经过49h26min仔鱼破膜孵出。根据乌苏里鮠胚胎发育的形态特征,胚胎发育分为受精卵、胚盘形成期、卵裂期、囊胚期、原肠期、神经胚期、器官形成期、出膜期8个阶段。     

俄罗斯鲤胚胎发育观察

使用显微镜连续观察俄罗斯鲤的胚胎发育过程,描述并摄像记录胚胎发育各时期的形态特征和生物学事件。结果显示,俄罗斯鲤的受精卵为粘性卵,呈淡黄色,卵径约1．2mm,吸水后可达2—3mm,卵质分布均匀;胚胎发育过程可分为受精卵、卵裂、囊胚、原肠胚、神经胚、器官发生和孵化7个阶段,共29个典型时期;19～20℃水温下,受精卵约64小时孵出仔鱼,初孵仔鱼体长约7mm。     

条纹锯鮨胚胎发育及卵黄囊仔鱼形态变化的观察

通过观察条纹锯鱼旨的胚胎发育过程及卵黄囊仔鱼形态变化,研究其胚胎发育及卵黄囊仔鱼的形态特征、特点。采用Nikon E200显微镜对其胚胎发育形态及卵黄囊仔鱼形态变化进行连续拍照取样,详细描述了其从受精卵到初孵仔鱼的26个具体发育时期的形态特征、孵化温度、发育时间及卵黄囊仔鱼的形态变化特征。结果显示,条纹锯鱼旨的受精卵为球形、游离的浮性卵,平均卵径为0.950±0.039mm;条纹锯鱼旨受精卵孵化需经过卵裂期、囊胚期、原肠胚期、神经胚期、器官生成期和孵化期6个主要时期,在80目的孵化网箱中,水温20～20.5℃、盐度28～32、DO≥5mg/L、pH7.6～8.4静水微充气的条件下需要46h53min孵化;卵黄囊在仔鱼出膜2d后被吸收。     

咸海卡拉白鱼胚胎和仔鱼早期发育

取3+龄咸海卡拉白鱼(Chalcalburnus chalcoides aralensis)进行全人工繁殖,对受精卵各阶段发育形态进行观察.该鱼受精卵呈圆球状,为沉性卵,微粘性,卵粒白色透明,直径(1.32±0.04) mm.胚胎发育可分为受精卵、卵裂期、囊胚期、原肠期、神经胚期、胚孔封闭期、肌节出现期、视泡形成期、尾芽期、肌肉效应期、胚动期、心脏搏动、出膜前期和孵化期.水温22～24 ℃时,受精卵经56 h 45 min孵化出仔鱼.胚胎发育所需积温1 232～1 344 h·℃.孵化第1天仔鱼沉卧水底,体色为白色,全长(4.51±0.08) mm;第4天仔鱼平游,开始摄食蛋黄和单细胞藻类;第6天鱼体卵黄囊消失,食轮虫或丰年虫幼体;第10天仔鱼全长(7.60～9.80) mm时下塘,仔鱼摄食浮游生物;第15天仔鱼全长(9.10～11.3) mm摄食人工饲料.     

兴凯湖大白鱼人工繁殖及胚胎发育研究

2019年6月,通过人工催产获得兴凯湖大白鱼受精卵,系统地观察了胚胎发育的全过程。结果表明,在池塘养殖的条件下,人工养殖可获得成熟的亲鱼,人工催产获得的兴凯湖大白鱼的受精卵为圆球型,呈青灰色或黄绿色。平均卵直径为0.78 mm(0.65～1.02 mm),吸水后平均卵直径为4.02 mm。胚胎发育过程可分为23个阶段。在24.5～26.8℃范围内,受精42 min后开始第一次卵裂,受精10 h 45 min后开始形成器官。胚胎发育的总积温为486.98℃·h。     

太湖翘嘴红鲌胚胎发育及胚后发育观察

对从太湖收集的野生翘嘴红鲌(Erythroculter ilishaeformis Bleeker)经人工繁殖获得子一代,并在池塘养殖条件下对其进行人工培育获得成熟亲鱼.于2005年6月,经人工催产、人工授精获得受精卵,对其胚胎及胚后发育全过程进行了系统观察.结果表明,池塘养殖条件下人工培育能获得成熟亲鱼,经人工催产所获得的翘嘴红鲌受精卵为圆球型,呈墨绿色、青灰色、黄色等3种颜色;平均卵径为0.9 mm(O.72～1.18 mm),吸水后平均卵径为1.2mm.翘嘴红鲌胚胎发育过程可分为19期,在水温23～25℃范围内,受精30 min后开始第1次卵裂,受精后9 h 20min开始形成器官,受精后约26 h仔鱼开始出膜,刚出膜的仔鱼全长为4.10-4.67 mm,胚胎发育总积温为619.82℃·h.翘嘴红鲌胚后发育过程可分为仔鱼和稚鱼2个阶段共15个发育期,在26～31℃水温下历时670 h,其中仔鱼阶段从鱼苗孵出到腹鳍形成期,稚鱼阶段从鳞片出现到鳞片形成期.对各发育时期外部形态特征进行了详细的描述.     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.     

美人鱼发光杆菌对凡纳滨对虾非特异性 免疫功能及抗病力的影响

在基础饲料中分别添加0.1%和1%美人鱼发光杆菌灭活菌、0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌配制成3种免疫实验饲料,以基础饲料为空白对照组饲料,每组设3个平行样。对个体质量为(4.83±0.36)g的凡纳滨对虾进行为期20 d的饲养实验,分别在0、5、10、15和20d进行取样,以血清中的酚氧化酶(PO)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和溶菌酶(UL)活性为免疫指标,探讨了美人鱼发光杆菌作为免疫制剂对凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫效应的影响;在投喂免疫饲料后的第22天,按0.004 2 kg/kg体重的剂量,直接投喂对虾白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)病料,并记录累积死亡率。结果表明,美人鱼发光杆菌免疫实验组对凡纳滨对虾血清中PO、ACP、AKP、UL和SOD活性影响明显高于对照组,并且在饲料中添加美人鱼发光杆菌后,明显提高了对虾抵御WSSV感染的能力。其中0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌实验组的抗病毒感染能力最强,WSSV感染14d内累计死亡率为63.3%±5.8%;而对照组为96.7%±3.3%。研究表明,美人鱼发光杆菌添加在对虾饲料中能提高凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫水平,增强抵抗疾病的能力,将其作为对虾免疫增强剂具有良好的应用前景。     

Effects of Spirulina platensis as a feed additive on growth and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii Boulunger, 1902)

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of replacing fish meal with dietary Spirulina as a feed supplement on the growth performance and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii). Five isonitrogenous (47% crude protein) and isocaloric (17.36 kJ/g digestible energy) diets were for formulated to replace FM with 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% Spirulina (designated as Control, SP5, SP10, SP15 and SP20 respectively) and fed to the fish (initial body weight, 3.15 ± 0.01 g). Fish were randomly distributed into fifteen 120 L aquariums (26.5 ± 1.00°C), 15 fish per aquarium. The diets were tested in triplicate for 12 weeks. Experimental groups were fed twice daily (09:00 and 17:00) by hand to satiation. At the end of the feeding trial, significantly (p < 0.05) higher weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and lower feed conversion ratio (FCR) were observed in fish fed the SP10 diet when compared to the SP20 diet. There was no significant difference in these parameters between the other groups. The skin coloration of blue dolphin cichlid fed a diet containing Spirulina meal was enhanced. The best coloration was observed in the SP15 group. These impressions were objectively validated by chemical determinations of carotenoids extracted from fish skins and passed statistical tests of significance. The study findings show that Spirulina meal does not diminish growth rates except at very high levels.     

Sea bream culture in Egypt; status, constraints and potential

Marine fish farming in Egypt began in 1976 with the culture of gilthead sea bream, (Sparus aurata) as this fish was notably adaptable to brackish and marine pond conditions. Today, marine fish and shrimp farms amount to about 19,000 ha, out of which 42% is already in production while the rest, i.e., 58% is still under construction. In 1997, cultured gilthead sea bream production of 2,250 tons made up 3% of the 75,000 tons total aquaculture catch. In polyculture, usually with the grey mullet and sea bass, gilthead sea bream contributed 440 kg ha^–1 to the total yield of 1,700 kg ha^–1 (26%) over a period of 16 months. For the same period, the yield of monoculture ponds averaged 100 kg ha^–1, while in marine cages, yields ranged from 4–10 kg m³. In 1996–1997, fry of 0.25–1 g and fingerlings 1–10 g with a total of 3 million, were collected from the wild and 1 million fry were produced in the three marine hatcheries out of the four existing ones. The development of sea bream culture in Egypt is now severely inhibited by the shortage of seeds and adequate feeds. Exports of both sea bream and sea bass, during 1994–1996 averaged 1,300 tons per year.     

Dietary thiamin and pyridoxine requirements of fingerling Indian major carp,Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton)

Two experiments were conducted to quantify the dietary thiamin (experiment I) and pyridoxine (experiment II) requirements of fingerling Cirrhinus mrigala for 16 weeks. In experiment I, dietary thiamin requirement was determined by feeding seven casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) with graded levels of thiamin (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 mg kg^?1 diet) to triplicate groups of fish (6.15 ± 0.37 cm; 1.89 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet with 2 mg kg^?1 thiamin had highest specific growth rate (SGR), protein retention (PR), RNA/DNA ratio, haemoglobin (Hb), haematocrit (Hct), RBCs and best feed conversion ratio (FCR). However, highest liver thiamin concentration was recorded in fish fed 4 mg thiamin kg^?1 diet. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver thiamin concentrations exhibited the thiamin requirement in the range of 1.79–3.34 mg kg^?1 diet (0.096–0.179 μg thiamin kJ^?1 gross energy). In experiment II, six casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) containing graded levels of pyridoxine (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 mg kg^?1 diet) were fed to triplicate groups of fish (6.35 ± 0.37 cm; 1.97 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet containing 6 mg kg^?1 pyridoxine showed best SGR, FCR, PR, RNA/DNA ratio, Hb, Hct and RBCs, whereas maximum liver pyridoxine concentration was recorded in fish fed 8 mg kg^?1 dietary pyridoxine. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver pyridoxine concentrations reflected the pyridoxine requirement from 5.63 to 8.61 mg kg^?1 diet. Data generated during this study would be useful in formulating thiamin‐ and pyridoxine‐balanced feeds for the intensive culture of this fish.     

A Minchinia mercenariae‐like parasite infects cockles Cerastoderma edule in Galicia (NW Spain)

The cockle Cerastoderma edule fishery has traditionally been the most important shellfish species in terms of biomass in Galicia (NW Spain). In the course of a survey of the histopathological conditions affecting this species in the Ria of Arousa, a haplosporidan parasite that had not been observed in Galicia was detected in one of the most productive cockle beds of Galicia. Uni‐ and binucleate cells and multinucleate plasmodia were observed in the connective tissue mainly in the digestive area, gills and gonad. The parasite showed low prevalence, and it was not associated with abnormal cockle mortality. Molecular identification showed that this parasite was closely related to the haplosporidan Minchinia mercenariae that had been reported infecting hard clams Mercenaria mercenaria from the Atlantic coast of the United States. The molecular characterization of its SSU rDNA region allowed obtaining a fragment of 1,796 bp showing 98% homology with M. mercenariae parasite. Phylogenetic analysis supported this identification as this parasite was clustered in the same clade as M. mercenariae from the United States and other M. mercenariae‐like sequences from the UK, with bootstrap value of 99%. The occurrence of M. mercenariae‐like parasites infecting molluscs outside the United States is confirmed.     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

A novel approach to denitrification processes in a zero-discharge recirculating system for small-scale urban aquaculture

This paper presents an innovative process to solve the nitrate build-up problem in recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS). The novel aspects of the process lie in a denitrification bioreactor system that uses solid cotton wool as the primary carbon source and a unique degassing chamber. In the latter, the water is physically stripped of dissolved gaseous O₂ (by means of a Venturi vacuum tube), and the subsequent denitrification becomes more efficient due to elimination of the problems of oxygen inhibition of denitrification and aerobic consumption of cotton wool. The cotton wool medium also serves as a physical barrier that traps organic particles, which, in turn, act as an additional carbon source for denitrification. Operation in the proposed system gives an extremely low C/N ratio of 0.82 g of cotton wool/g of nitrate N, which contributes to a significant reduction of biofilter volume. The additional advantage of using solid cotton wool as the carbon source is that it does not release organic residuals into the liquid to be recycled. Operation of the system over a long period consistently produced effluents with low nitrate levels (below 10 mg N/l), and there was only a very small need to replace system water. The overall treatment scheme, also incorporating an aerobic nitrification biofilter and a granular filtration device, produced water of excellent quality, i.e., with near-zero levels of nitrite and ammonia, a sufficiently high pH for aquaculture, and low turbidity. The proposed system thus provides a solution for sustainable small-scale, urban aquaculture operation with a very high recovery of water (over 99%) and minimal waste disposal.     

Fertilization by refrigerator stored sperm of the Indian major carp, Labeo calbasu (Hamilton, 1822)

This study reports on the spermatological properties, and on the development of a protocol for refrigerator storage (4°C) of Labeo calbasu (Hamilton, 1822) sperm for artificial breeding. Volume, motility, concentration and pH of the freshly collected sperm were 2.21 ± 0.53 (μL g^?1 of fish weight) (mean ± SD), 95 ± 1 (%), 1.93 ± 0.44 × 10⁹ (cells mL^?1) and 7.56 ± 0.17 respectively. Sperm activation was evaluated at different osmolalities of NaCl solution, and motility ceased completely when osmolality of the extender was ≥287 mOsmol kg^?1. Sperm retained motility for 24, 72 and 108 h, after refrigerator storage when sperm were undiluted, suspended in Alsever's solution and suspended in Alsever's solution containing 5% methanol respectively. Fertilization rate of fresh eggs with sperm stored at 4°C in Alsever's solution and Alsever's solution containing 5% methanol was 77% and 60% with a hatching rate of 60% and 43% respectively. The fertilization and hatching success of the stored sperm suggests potential to use refrigeration for transporting genetic material to hatcheries for artificial breeding of L. calbasu in Bangladesh.