四种水产药物对硬刺松潘裸鲤幼鱼的急性毒性试验

在溶氧(7.0±0.3)mg/L,水温(18±1)℃,pH 7.8±0.1条件下,采用国家标准半静态方式水生生物急性毒性实验法研究了高锰酸钾、硫酸铜与硫酸亚铁合剂(5∶2)、敌百虫和甲醛对硬刺松潘裸鲤(Gymnocypris potanini firmispinatus Wu et Wu)幼鱼的急性毒性试验。试验结果显示,高锰酸钾、硫酸铜与硫酸亚铁合剂、敌百虫和甲醛对硬刺松潘裸鲤幼鱼的24 h半致死浓度(24 h LC50)分别为4.57、2.74、8.00和54.69 mg/L,48 h半致死浓度(48 h LC50)分别为4.13、2.35、7.34和47.03 mg/L;96 h半致死浓度(96 h LC50)分别为3.37、1.92、4.76和40.44 mg/L;其安全浓度分别为1.01、0.52、1.85和10.43 mg/L。根据国家标准和本实验数据表明,甲醛对硬刺松潘裸鲤幼鱼微毒,高锰酸钾、硫酸铜与硫酸亚铁合剂和敌百虫对其中毒。     

敌百虫对奥尼罗非鱼幼鱼的急性毒性及安全浓度评价

为研究敌百虫对奥尼罗非鱼幼鱼的急性毒性效应,采用96 h半静水式生物毒性试验方法,在水温(23.5±2.0)℃,溶解氧>5 mg/L的条件下,分别检测在曝气自来水(pH为6.5)和池塘水(pH为8.5)中敌百虫对奥尼罗非鱼幼鱼的急性毒性效应。结果显示:在曝气自来水中,敌百虫对奥尼罗非鱼幼鱼24、48、72、96 h的半致死质量浓度分别为3.68、3.31、2.05、1.57 mg/L,安全质量浓度为0.157 mg/L;在池塘水中,敌百虫对奥尼罗非鱼幼鱼24、48、72、96 h的半致死质量浓度分别为0.35、0.29、0.17、0.13 mg/L,安全质量浓度为0.013 mg/L。试验结果表明,在池塘水中敌百虫对奥尼罗非鱼幼鱼的毒性比在曝气自来水条件下强。     

4种常用渔药对花鳗鲡幼鱼的急性毒性

在水温27~29℃下,采用静水试验法研究高锰酸钾、甲醛、食盐和二氧化氯等4种常用渔药对平均体质量(0.16±0.07)g花鳗鲡幼鱼的急性毒性。结果发现,高锰酸钾对花鳗鲡幼鱼的24、48、72、96h半致死质量浓度分别为4.45、3.66、3.46、3.31mg/L,安全质量浓度为0.74mg/L;甲醛对花鳗鲡幼鱼的24、48、72、96h半致死质量浓度分别为104.74、93.75、89.95、88.78 mg/L,安全质量浓度为22.54mg/L;食盐对花鳗鲡幼鱼的24、48、72、96h半致死质量浓度分别为27 392、25 461、23 699、22 278mg/L,安全质量浓度为6600mg/L;二氧化氯对花鳗鲡幼鱼的24、48、72、96h半致死质量浓度分别为3.74、2.76、2.60、2.44mg/L,安全质量浓度为0.45mg/L。花鳗鲡幼鱼对4种渔药的敏感性为:二氧化氯高锰酸钾甲醛食盐;其中高锰酸钾和甲醛的安全质量浓度接近生产中常用剂量,在花鳗鲡养殖中要慎用;二氧化氯的安全质量浓度高于厂家推荐的使用剂量,但对花鳗鲡幼鱼具有较强的致死效应;食盐的安全质量浓度高于生产中常用剂量,在花鳗鲡养殖中可放心使用。     

3种常用渔药对攀鲈幼鱼的急性毒性试验

为研究敌百虫、硫酸铜和二氧化氯等3种常用渔药对攀鲈(Anabas testudineus)的急性毒性,在水温(30±1)℃下,采用半静水式试验法进行了3种药物对攀鲈幼鱼[体质量(7.78±1.60)g、全长(7.89±0.44)cm]的急性毒性试验。结果显示:敌百虫对攀鲈幼鱼的24、48、72、96 h半致死质量浓度分别为37.20、24.91、23.15、20.57 mg/L,安全质量浓度为3.351 mg/L;硫酸铜对攀鲈幼鱼的24、48、72、96 h半致死质量浓度分别为39.29、33.04、25.13、23.37 mg/L,安全质量浓度为7.010 mg/L;二氧化氯对攀鲈幼鱼的24、48、72、96 h半致死质量浓度分别为89.69、87.16、80.38、77.74 mg/L,安全质量浓度为24.691 mg/L。3种药物对攀鲈幼鱼的毒性大小依次为敌百虫>硫酸铜>二氧化氯,其安全浓度均高于有效治疗浓度,因此在养殖生产中可安全使用。     

几种常见农药(Pesticides)对胭脂鱼(Myxocyprinus asiaticus Bleeker)幼鱼的急性毒性研究

本文采用胭脂鱼幼鱼作为测试生物,开展了氰戊菊脂、三唑磷、敌百虫对胭脂鱼幼鱼的急性毒性研究.通过试验获得了这3种农药对胭脂鱼幼鱼24 h、48 h、72 h和96 h的LC50.值.其中氰戊菊脂、三唑磷、敌百虫对胭脂鱼幼鱼96 h的LC50值分别为2.0μg/L,0.049 mg,L,16.0 mg/L.胭脂鱼幼鱼对氰戊菊脂、三唑磷、敌百虫96 h安全质量浓度分别为0.μg,L,4.9μg/L,1.60 mg/L,3种农药对胭脂鱼幼鱼的毒性大小依次为氰戊菊脂、三唑磷、敌百虫.     

4种常用水产药物对西杂鲟幼鱼的急性毒性试验

在水温20~25℃条件下,采用静水试验法研究了聚维酮碘、溴氯海因、氯化钠和高锰酸钾等4种常用水产药物对西杂鲟幼鱼(平均体长11.40 cm,平均体质量10.10 g)的急性毒性。结果显示,聚维酮碘对西杂鲟幼鱼的24、48、72、96 h半致死质量浓度(LC50)分别为8.81、8.50、8.34、8.17 mg/L,安全质量浓度(SC)为2.37 mg/L;溴氯海因对西杂鲟幼鱼的24、48、72、96 h半致死质量浓度分别为0.98、0.95、0.94、0.91 mg/L,SC为0.27 mg/L;氯化钠对西杂鲟幼鱼的24、48、72、96 h半致死质量浓度分别为13954.78、13545.83、13292.42、13139.48 mg/L,SC为3829.06 mg/L;高锰酸钾对西杂鲟幼鱼的24、48、72、96 h半致死质量浓度分别为2.94、2.89、2.82、2.77 mg/L,SC为0.84 mg/L。试验结果表明,聚维酮碘和氯化钠对西杂鲟幼鱼的安全质量浓度高于生产中的常用剂量,聚维酮碘可作为生产上的首选药物,氯化钠可放心使用但使用剂量不宜过高;高锰酸钾对西杂鲟幼鱼具有一定的毒性,使用后应适当投喂添加抗氧化剂和保肝的药物;溴氯海因对西杂鲟幼鱼的安全浓度低于生产常用剂量,因此不建议在养殖生产中使用。     

杂交东方鲀(菊黄♀×暗纹♂)幼鱼对4种常见药物的耐受性研究

为探讨杂交东方鲀(菊黄♀×暗纹♂)幼鱼对4种常见水产药物的耐受性,在水温21.0~23.0℃、盐度28~30条件下,采用静水试验法研究了杂交东方鲀幼鱼对甲醛溶液、敌百虫、高锰酸钾、硫酸铜等4种药物的耐受性。结果表明,甲醛溶液、敌百虫、高锰酸钾、硫酸铜对杂交东方鲀幼鱼24 h半致死浓度(LC50)分别为26.24、1.35、1.36、11.27 mg/L,48 h LC50分别为21.77、1.03、1.30、3.79 mg/L,安全浓度(SC)分别为4.50、0.18、0.36、0.13 mg/L,杂交东方鲀幼鱼对4种药物的耐受性由大到小依次为甲醛溶液、高锰酸钾、敌百虫、硫酸铜。根据有毒物质对鱼类毒性的评价标准,敌百虫、高锰酸钾对杂交东方鲀幼鱼为高毒,硫酸铜为中毒,甲醛溶液为低毒。     

几种常用水产药物对虹鳟的毒性试验

本文研究了高锰酸钾、孔雀石绿、敌百虫、食盐等对虹鳟鱼种的毒性。它们的安全浓度依次为0.029pm、0.019ppm、0.05ppm。实验后24、48、96小时,虹鳟对各药物的半致死浓度TL_m分别为:高锰酸钾1.65ppm、1.56ppm、0.29ppm;孔雀石绿0.33ppm、0.33ppm、0.19ppm;敌百虫3.7ppm、1.6pm、0.5ppm。作者还对三种药物对虹鳟的毒性作用特点进行了讨论。     

七种常用水产药物对梭鲈幼鱼的急性毒性

在水温21℃、溶氧5.00mg·L-1、p H8.1的静水条件下,探讨强氯精、高锰酸钾、氯化钠、氯氰菊酯、敌百虫、辛硫磷和硫酸铜7种常用水产药物对平均体质量(8.2±0.5)g梭鲈Lucioperca lucioperca幼鱼的急性毒性。结果表明:强氯精对梭鲈幼鱼的24h、48h、96h LD50值分别为3.48mg·L-1、1.74mg·L-1、1.41mg·L-1,安全浓度为0.141mg·L-1;高锰酸钾的24h、48h、96h LD50值分别为2.11mg·L-1、1.66mg·L-1、1.53mg·L-1,安全浓度为0.153mg·L-1;氯化钠的24h、48h、96h LD50值分别为7348.47mg·L-1、4898.9mg·L-1、4165.53mg·L-1,安全浓度为416.55mg·L-1;氯氰菊酯的24h、48h、96h LD50值分别为0.45mg·L-1、0.17mg·L-1、0.15mg·L-1,安全浓度为0.015mg·L-1;敌百虫的24h、48h、96h LD50值分别为2.14mg·L-1、1.41mg·L-1、0.93mg·L-1,安全浓度为0.093mg·L-1;辛硫磷的24h、48h、96h LD50值分别为0.09mg·L-1、0.06mg·L-1、0.04mg·L-1,安全浓度为0.004mg·L-1;硫酸铜的24h、48h、96h LD50值分别为6.86mg·L-1、2.60mg·L-1、1.21mg·L-1,安全浓度为0.121mg·L-1。这7种药物对梭鲈幼鱼的毒性由强至弱依次为:辛硫磷>氯氰菊酯>硫酸铜>强氯精>敌百虫>高锰酸钾>氯化钠。     

几种常见农药对胭脂鱼幼鱼的急性毒性研究

本文采用胭脂鱼幼鱼作为测试生物。开展了氰戊菊脂、三唑磷、敌百虫对胭脂鱼幼鱼的急性毒性研究。通过试验获得了这3种农药对胭脂鱼幼鱼24h、48h、72h和96h的LC50值。其中氰戊菊脂、三唑磷、敌百虫对胭脂鱼幼鱼96h的LC50值分别为2.0μg/L，0．049mg／L，16．0mg／L。胭脂鱼幼鱼对氰戊菊脂、三唑磷、敌百虫96h安全质量浓度分别为0.2μg／L，4．9μg／L，1．60mg／L，3种农药对胭脂鱼幼鱼的毒性大小依次为氰戊菊脂、三唑磷、敌百虫。     

The effects of malachite green upon proliferative kidney disease

Abstract. When rainbow trout infected with proliferative kidney disease (PKD) held in the laboratory were treated with malachite green and formalin to cure ichthyophthiriasis it was observed that subsequent development of PKD was delayed. Experiments are reported which indicate that this was due to the malachite green treatment. The possible use of malachite green in the treatment of PKD, tissue levels of malachite green achieved during treatments and the toxicity risks from multiple dose therapy with malachite green are discussed.     

Sensitivity of juvenile lobsters, Homarus americanus L., to different concentrations of malachite green during various states of the intermoult cycle

Abstract. Survival of the early stages (egg, larva and juvenile) of the American lobster, Homarus americanus L., reared under controlled conditions has often been threatened by a variety of fungi and microbial epibionts. A preliminary study was conducted for the purpose of defining toxicity levels of malachite green for 5th stage juveniles during each of the following intermoult (or fused intermoult) states: A-B, C₄, D₀ and D₂-D₃ Irrespective of exposure time or concentration, all the lobsters treated during intermoult state A-B died. This contrasts with seemingly good survival of lobsters in intermoult states C₄, D₀ and D₂- D₃ treated at concentrations of 900 mg/1 malachite green for exposure periods of 10 min. The findings suggest that an effective treatment combination for lobsters immersed in malachite green may be one which is employed during intermoult state C₄, for about 6min and at concentrations of about 700–800 mg/l.     

Malachite green: a pharmacokinetic study in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum)

Abstract. Pharmacokinetic studies on uptake, distribution and climination of malachite green in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), are described. All three processes were found to be temperature-dependent, with levels and rates increasing with increases in water temperature. Tissues investigated were serum, liver, kidney, muscle and viscera. First-order kinetics were found to apply and, in particular, kidney was observed to be a deep compartment. The long-term persistence of kidney residues may explain the efficacy of malachite green for the control of proliferative kidney disease in rainbow trout. Residue levels in muscle were never excessive and an extrapolation from the experimental data suggests that a suitable withholding period might be 600 degree days.     

Evaluation of AQUI-STM (efficacy and minimum toxic concentration) as a fish anaesthetic/sedative for public aquaculture in the United States

A preliminary evaluation of efficacy and minimum toxic concentration of AQUI-S^TM, a fish anaesthetic/sedative, was determined in two size classes of six species of fish important to US public aquaculture (bluegill, channel catfish, lake trout, rainbow trout, walleye and yellow perch). In addition, efficacy and minimum toxic concentration were determined in juvenile–young adult (fish aged 1 year or older) rainbow trout acclimated to water at 7°C, 12°C and 17°C. Testing concentrations were based on determinations made with range-finding studies for both efficacy and minimum toxic concentration. Most of the tested juvenile–young adult fish species were induced in 3 min or less at a nominal AQUI-S^TM concentration of 20 mg L^–1. In juvenile–young adult fish, the minimum toxic concentration was at least 2.5 times the selected efficacious concentration. Three out of five species of fry–fingerlings (1.25–12.5 cm in length and < 1 year old) were induced in ≤ 4.1 min at a nominal concentration of 20 mg L^–1 AQUI-S^TM, with the other two species requiring nominal concentrations of 25 and 35 mg L^–1 for similar times of induction. Recovery times were ≤ 7.3 min for all species in the two size classes. In fry–fingerlings, the minimum toxic concentration was at least 1.4 times the selected efficacious concentration. There appeared to be little relationship between size of fish and concentrations or times to induction, recovery times and minimum toxic concentration. The times required for induction and for recovery were increased in rainbow trout as the acclimation temperature was reduced.     

Residues of [14C]-malachite green in eggs and fry of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), after treatment of eggs

Abstract. Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), eggs were exposed to [methane-¹⁴C] malachite green chloride on day 0 and on every third day thereafter through day 24, with a final treatment administered to fry on day 31. Eggs or fry were sampled before each treatment, and at selected times from day 31 to day 59. Malachite green equivalence in eggs and fry was determined by sample oxidation and liquid scintillation counting. Total malachite green residues increased throughout the exposure period to 0.271 ± 0.042 μg g⁻¹ (± SD) on day 31. Residues declined to 0.055 ± 0.011 μg g⁻¹ on day 59. The depuration phase declined monoexponentially with a half-life of 13.3 days for the absolute amount (μg sample⁻¹) and a half-life of 9.7 days for the concentration of malachite green residues (μg g⁻¹). Growth dilution accounted for the 25% increase in the elimination (9.7 days) of malachite green residues. Extracts from treated eggs and fry were analysed by reversed-phase liquid chromatography. Three peaks were resolved in treated eggs: chromatic malachite green, leuco malachite green and an unknown polar metabolite. Only two peaks were resolved in the fry: leuco malachite green and the unknown polar metabolite. The most prominent residue in all samples was leuco malachite green.     

高锰酸钾胁迫及毒后恢复对锦鲤肝脏组织的影响

为了解高锰酸钾消毒对锦鲤幼鱼毒性毒理的影响,采用静水生物测试法研究高锰酸钾(KMnO 4)对锦鲤幼鱼的急性毒性并进行安全评价。以(16.36±0.01)g锦鲤幼鱼为试验对象,设定0.5、1、2 mg·L^-1和3 mg·L^-14个KMnO 4浓度梯度进行48 h急性暴露试验,统计累计死亡率,将剩余幼鱼进行48 h恢复试验。在胁迫0、24 h、48 h和恢复24 h、48 h等5个时间段取样,以肝脏组织超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和谷草转氨酶(GOT)活性以及谷胱甘肽(GSH)和丙二醛(MDA)含量为指标,研究KMnO 4对锦鲤幼鱼的毒理作用。结果表明:2 mg·L^-1以上的高锰酸钾溶液浸泡24 h能使锦鲤幼鱼致死,SOD、CAT、GOT受到抑制。在解除胁迫后基本能恢复到正常水平。而GHS和MDA含量在胁迫过程中是呈升高趋势的,但在解除胁迫后均下降到与对照组相似水平。研究结果表明KMnO 4会造成锦鲤肝脏的损伤,且损伤程度随着浓度和时间的增加而加重,但是解除胁迫后,SOD、CAT、GOT和GSH、MDA等均能达到不同程度的恢复。使用溶液浓度为1 mg·L^-1的高锰酸钾对锦鲤幼鱼消毒最为合适。     

敌百虫和高锰酸钾对草鱼鱼种的急性毒性研究

用渔用敌百虫和高锰酸钾对草鱼鱼种的进行了急性毒性试验。结果表明:渔用敌百虫和高锰酸钾对草鱼鱼种的安全质量浓度分别为4.3191 mg/L、0.6109 mg/L。高锰酸钾不宜作为药浴药物,渔用敌百虫是理想的药物。     

Identification of histones as endogenous antibiotics in fish and quantification in rainbow trout (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Oncorhynchus mykiss</Emphasis>) skin and gill

Antimicrobial polypeptides (AMPPs) are increasingly recognized as a critical component of innate host defense. Among the AMPPs, polypeptides related to histones have been identified from many animals. Using peptide mapping, we further confirm the identity of two histone-like proteins from fish as members of the H2B (sunshine bass) and H1 (rainbow trout) histone groups. We optimized the conditions for measuring rainbow trout HLP-1/H2B via sandwich ELISA. We used two antibodies, one to the amino terminus and one to the carboxyl terminus, of trout histone H2B, as the capture antibodies, and we used peroxidase-labeled antibody raised to calf histone H2B as the secondary antibody. Specificity of the detecting antibody was confirmed by specific reactivity with histone H2B in tissue extracts via western blotting. The test was reproducible and capable of detecting as little as 5 ng of histone H2B (0.05 μg/ml). Histone H2B levels expressed in gill tissue of juvenile, healthy rainbow trout were well within concentrations that are lethal to important fish pathogens. However, there was a significant, age (size)-dependent decline in histone H2B concentrations as fish matured, until levels became virtually undetectable in market-size fish. In contrast, levels in skin appeared to remain high and unchanged in small versus large fish. Antibacterial activity in skin and gill tissues was closely correlated with histone H2B concentration measured via ELISA, which supports our previous finding that histones are the major AMPPs in rainbow trout skin and gill.     

The non-specific activation of rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson, complement by Aeromonas salmonicida extracellular products and the correlation of complement activity with the inactivation of lethal toxicity products

Abstract The possible mechanism of inactivation of the toxicity of Aeromonas salmonicida extracellular products (ECP) by normal rainbow trout serum was investigated using juvenile rainbow trout. ECP was prepared from culture supernatant by an acetone precipitation method. The ECP was incubated with normal rainbow trout serum at 20°C for 2 h, and the interrelationship between ECP proteolytic activity and immune complex-initiating, haemolytic complement activity (CH₅₀) of normal serum against antibody-sensitized goldfish red blood cells was evaluated. When normal serum was incubated with increasing concentrations of ECP, the CH₅₀ activity of serum decreased. The CH₅₀ activity was completely abolished in serum treated with undiluted ECP. ECP treated with serum was administered to trout intraperitoneally to determine mortality. All the fish receiving untreated ECP (0.05 ml = 0.5 mg protein) alone died within 24 h. When ECP was treated with serum at 1:1 to 4:1 (serum: ECP) in volume a similar high mortality was produced. These inocula possessed high protease activity and no or low CH₅₀ activity. However, mortality decreased and finally no mortality was recorded as ECP was treated with large volumes of serum (9:1 to 19:1). These inocula had lower protease activity and considerably higher CH₅₀ activity. Fish receiving ECP treated with heat-inactivated serum at 19:1 showed 100% mortality. A serum: ECP inoculum derived from fish which had been administered lipopolysaccharide from Salmonella enteritidis and which possessed a low CH₅₀ activity also gave a high mortality when used at 19:1. These results suggest that rainbow trout complement is implicated in the inactivation of toxicity of A. salmonicida ECP.