合理运用渔业补贴促进我国渔业经济发展

1 补贴和渔业补贴概述 WTO的《补贴与反补贴协议》(以下简称反补贴协议)对补贴的概念和范围是从形式和效果2个方面来界定的。补贴就其形式来说有2种:(1)政府或任何公共机构提供的财政捐助(financial contribution);(2)任何形式的收入或价格支持(income or price support)。但具备这2种形式并不一定构成补贴,构成补贴还要求上述行为的结果是使有关企业或个人获得利益,而这种利益是正常商业条件下,企业或个人无法获得的。     

明晰渔业产权强化渔业管理

渔业产权是指海洋捕捞资源,如何分配准入权或其它权利,不同国家采取不同的手段来处理这一问题,明确界定和有效实施渔业产权,被大多数渔业经济学家视为最有效的措施之一。本文介绍了渔业产权的基本概念、类型及其特征,并指出强化我国渔业管理应构建怎样的渔业产权管理机制。     

休闲渔业内涵界定及其市场特性论析

休闲渔业作为21世纪水产业的“朝阳产业”，已普遍而又深刻地融入到世界上许多国家的渔业发展规划之中。尽管如此，许多学者在休闲渔业一些理论问题上，仍然观点纷呈，认识各异。文章首先对休闲渔业的内涵进行界定，并引出其概念特征；其次，对休闲渔业赋予应有的定位，进而重新审视其发展形态；再次，对休闲渔业的市场特性进行论析；最后，对休闲渔业的发展动因进行剖析。     

世界主要渔业国家水产品生产与贸易特征分析

渔业不仅为人类提供大量优质动物蛋白,同时还关乎世界数亿人口的收入和生计问题。借助FAO统计数据,对2000～2009年世界主要渔业国家水产品生产发展趋势进行了分析,得出以下结论:(1)总体而言,全球水产品产量呈现增长率下降、年均增长量上升、产量与贸易结构稳定的态势;(2)在水产品产量位居前15位的国家中,一半以上国家的产量仍呈现增长趋势,其中产量居前六位的国家约占世界水产品总量的比重超过50%;(3)从不同结构来看,海洋捕捞水生动物产量呈现下降趋势,而养殖产量则呈现上升趋势,按照水产品进出口数量与价值的对应关系,认为日本和德国属于进口均衡型国家,而中国、挪威和西班牙属于水产品出口均衡型国家。     

合理运用渔业补贴促进我国渔业经济的发展

一、补贴和渔业补贴的概述WTO的《补贴与反补贴协议》对补贴的概念和范围是从形式和效果两个方面来界定的。补贴就其形式来说有两种:(1)政府或任何公共机构提供的财政捐助;(2)任何形式的收入或价格支持。但具备这两种形式并不一定构成补贴,构成补贴还要求上述两种政府行为的结果是使有关企业或个人获得利益。而这种利益是正常商业条件下,企业或个人无法获得的。《协议》根据补贴对国际贸易的扭曲程度将补贴分为三类:不可申诉补贴、可申诉性补贴和禁止性补贴。学者们用交通中的红、黄、绿灯的规则作比喻,将上述三类补贴分别形象的称为“绿…     

试辨渔政管理的概念

<正> 渔政管理,即渔业行政管理,它从属于渔业管理和行政管理,是二者的交叉重叠部分。它既具备管理学,特别是行政管理学和经济管理学的共性,又有其自身的特点。就其概念而言,目前已有几种表述,但尚无科学的、权威的定义。本文将列举和分析现有几种说法,并提出个人的观点,供同行讨论参考。 原上海市水产局于1987年编写的《渔政工作手册》中对渔政的涵义描述为:“渔政管理是通过渔业立法和执法,实施对渔业、渔业水域和水产资源进行监督、检查和管理,使渔业得到振兴和发展。”这也许是我国最早对     

推行渔业养殖证制度有关问题的探讨

渔业养殖证制度足建国以来国家在渔业上推行的一项涉及面最广、政策性最强的渔业管理基本制度，是加强渔业管理的核心制度。养殖证制度的关键是养殖证以及围绕养殖证的申请、核发、变更、废止等一系列管理过程。养殖证是渔业生产者使用水域、滩涂从事养殖生产活动的法律凭证，是判断水域、滩涂养殖功能的基础依据，是单位或者个人从事养殖生产活动的行为准则，同时也是渔业养殖生产者申办水产苗种生产证、水生野生动物驯养繁殖证、无公害水产品基地认证等相关生产与管理的前置条件。因此，养殖证可以说是从事渔业养殖生产者的“身份证”和“护身符”，是保护养殖者合法权益的有力武器。     

第三届环太平洋渔业会议在北京举行

由美国和中国联合主办的第三届环太平洋渔业会议于1994年3月8日至10日在北京举行。今次会议的宗旨是通过交流,加强环太平洋国家的相互了解和合作,更好地管理渔业资源。会议的主要议题是:国家渔业政策、国际海域渔业管理、新市场的开发和商业纠纷的解决。     

水库群渔业的开发

<正> 1 水库群渔业的概念水库群渔业的提出,最早见于1979年,但限于当时的生产水平和认识水平,其内涵并不明确,没有引起足够的重视。其完整概念是陈敬存(1987)提出并发展的。水库群渔业是指地理位置相近、自然条件、社会条件和经济条件相似、并通过经济手段组织起来的若干个水厍进行渔业开发的统称。其管理体制可以县水厍主管部门牵头,     

全球主要渔业国家2011年水产品生产和与国际贸易回顾

2011年,全球渔业生产和水产品国际贸易基本保持平稳。渔业捕捞产量出现上升,水产品国际贸易保持活跃。全球主要渔业国家的渔业生产大多呈现了不同程度的增长。本文针对不同国家的渔业特征,对全球主要渔业国家2011年的渔业生产和国际贸易状况进行了回顾与分析。由于发达国家经济滞长,亚洲和拉美的新兴经济体和国家将成为今后全球渔业发展的主要推动力。     

印度尼西亚渔业发展概况

印度尼西亚海域辽阔,渔业资源丰富,具有极大的发展潜力。本文在查阅近年来国内外相关文献基础上,着重介绍了印尼的渔业资源状况、管理方式、产品加工和国际合作等。印度尼西亚主要渔业类型为海洋捕捞和水产养殖业,其中金枪鱼渔业是最主要的捕捞业。近年来,水产养殖（如虾类、海藻等）逐渐成为印尼渔业的主要支柱;印尼渔业管理的主要部门为海洋事务与渔业部,地方各级渔业行政机构和渔业协会组织共同参与管理;印尼政府鼓励国外投资渔业,并大力促进海外渔业合作。     

Does unreported catch lead to overfishing?

Catches are commonly misreported in many fisheries worldwide, resulting in inaccurate data that hinder our ability to assess population status and manage fisheries sustainably. Under‐reported catch is generally perceived to lead to overfishing, and hence, catch reconstructions are increasingly used to account for sectors that may be unreliably reported, including illegal harvest, recreational and subsistence fisheries, and discards. However, improved monitoring and/or catch reconstructions only aid in the first step of a fisheries management plan: collecting data to make inferences on stock status. Misreported catch impacts estimates of population parameters, which in turn influences management decisions, but the pattern and degree of these impacts are not necessarily intuitive. We conducted a simulation study to test the effect of different patterns of catch misreporting on estimated fishery status and recommended catches. If, for example, 50% of all fishery catches are consistently unreported, estimates of population size and sustainable yield will be 50% lower, but estimates of current exploitation rate and fishery status will be unbiased. As a result, constant under‐ or over‐reporting of catches results in recommended catches that are sustainable. However, when there are trends in catch reporting over time, the estimates of important parameters are inaccurate, generally leading to underutilization when reporting rates improve, and overfishing when reporting rates degrade. Thus, while quantifying total catch is necessary for understanding the impact of fisheries on businesses, communities and ecosystems, detecting trends in reporting rates is more important for estimating fishery status and setting sustainable catches into the future.     

青岛市崂山湾公益性人工鱼礁建设的探索与实践

人工鱼礁建设是指在自然海区营造适宜于水产经济生物生长繁殖的环境,从而吸引野生或人工放养的海洋生物定居,促进水生生态系统健康发展与海洋渔业资源的增殖与养护。青岛崂山湾公益性人工鱼礁区位于崂山湾南部海域,建设周期三年（2012年~2015年）,工程建设采用了混凝土和废旧渔船两类鱼礁体,共建设三处人工鱼礁群,每处人工鱼礁群使用海域200 hm2。项目建设期间需要采取多项安全防治和环保治理措施,后期管理工作也要同步展开。该项目建成后具有显著的生态效益、经济效益和社会效益,并将为修复海洋生态环境和渔业资源、发展生态休闲渔业、实现渔业可持续发展发挥重要的促进作用。     

世界主要金枪鱼捕捞产量分析

根据FA0 1950 ～ 2011年世界主要金枪鱼类渔业生产数据统计,将长鳍金枪鱼、黄鳍金枪鱼、大眼金枪鱼和鲣鱼等8种世界主要金枪鱼类每10年的产量总和按不同鱼种和海域进行了总结.结果显示,鲣鱼的累计总产量最高,其平均年产量涨幅最快;除马苏金枪鱼年平均产量有所下降,北方蓝鳍金枪鱼保持稳定外,其他主要金枪鱼类均有增长,但平均增长率最高的是青干金枪鱼.各主要渔区中以中西太平洋海域累计总产量最高,平均年产量有上升趋势,大西洋海域以中东大西洋为产量最高,印度洋海域以西印度洋为产量最高,平均增长率以印度洋海域为最高,其他海域相对持平.我国（包括台湾省）捕获累计总产量最高的是鲣鱼,为418×104 t,占世界总产量比例最高的是长鳍金枪鱼,为22.9％.我国（包括台湾省）主要金枪鱼类捕获总产量占世界总产量比例最高为东南大西洋海域,最低为东南太平洋海域.论文结合世界主要金枪鱼类以及主要捕捞海域的开发现状和我国国情,提出我国目前面临的几点困难以及发展壮大我国金枪鱼渔业的建议.     

越南开发南海金枪鱼资源的历史和趋势

近十年来,越南将南海的金枪鱼资源作为其＂外向型＂渔业的重要支撑,不断增加捕捞强度,产量逐年升高。本文总结了越南发展南海金枪鱼渔业的过程,分析了南海金枪鱼资源的开发趋势。越南现代化的金枪鱼捕捞技术主要来自日本,使用的渔具主要有金枪鱼延绳钓、手钓、刺网和小型围网,捕捞的种类主要为鲣鱼、黄鳍金枪鱼和大眼金枪鱼,主要作业区域在西沙群岛南部海域和南沙群岛海域。越南2009年金枪鱼的产量已达到5.9×104t,计划2015年达到30×104t。根据越南海洋渔业研究所（RIMF）的评估,南海中西部的金枪鱼资源量为66~67×104t,可捕量23.3×104t,其中鲣鱼的可捕量21.6×104t,黄鳍金枪鱼和大眼金枪鱼的可捕量1.7×104t。随着全球金枪鱼捕捞配额的缩减和越南＂外向型＂渔业经济的发展,越南将继续加强对南海金枪鱼资源的开发。     

Identification and evaluation of shark bycatch in Georgia’s commercial shrimp trawl fishery with implications for management

Abstract Many US states have recreational and commercial fisheries that occur in nursery areas occupied by subadult sharks and can potentially affect their survival. Georgia is one of few US states without a directed commercial shark fishery, but the state has a large, nearshore penaeid shrimp trawl fishery in which small sharks occur as bycatch. During our 1995–1998 investigation of bycatch in fishery‐dependent sampling events, 34% of 127 trawls contained sharks. This bycatch totalled 217 individuals from six species, with Atlantic sharpnose shark, Rhizoprionodon terraenovae (Richardson), the most common and finetooth shark, Carcharhinus isodon (Müller & Henle) and spinner shark, Carcharhinus brevipinna (Müller & Henle), the least common. The highest catch rates for sharks occurred during June and July and coincided with the peak months of the pupping season for many species. Trawl tow speed and tow time did not significantly influence catch rates for shark species. Gear configurations [net type, turtle excluder device (TED), bycatch reduction device] affected catch rates for shark species. Results of this study indicate gear restrictions, a delayed season opening, or reduced bar spacing on TEDs may reduce shark bycatch in this fishery.     

Spatio‐temporal management of fisheries to reduce by‐catch and increase fishing selectivity

Time/area closures have been widely used in fisheries management to prevent overfishing and the destruction of marine biodiversity. To a lesser degree, such spatio‐temporal management measures have been used to reduce by‐catch of finfish or protected species. However, as ecosystem‐based management approaches are employed and more fisheries are managed through multispecies, multiobjective models, the management of by‐catch will likely become increasingly important. The elimination of by‐catch has become a primary goal of the fishing policies of many countries. It is particularly relevant in the United States, as the deadline for setting annual catch limits (ACLs) in all fisheries passes in 2011. This will result in a dramatic expansion of the number of catch and by‐catch quotas. Such catch measures may result in the early closure of otherwise sustainable fisheries when by‐catch quotas are exceeded. To prevent such closures and the consequent economic hardship to fishers and the economy, it is imperative that managers be given the tools necessary to reduce by‐catch and improve fishing selectivity. Targeted spatio‐temporal fishery closures are one solution open to managers. Here, we examine how the spatio‐temporal and oceanographic characteristics of by‐catch may be used by managers to design fishery closures, and place these methods within a decision tree to assist managers to identify appropriate management measures. We argue that the current movement towards marine spatial planning (MSP) presents an important impetus to examine how we manage fisheries spatially, and we offer a first step towards the objective participation of fisheries in the MSP process.     

Putting the fish into inland fisheries – A global allocation of historic inland fish catch

Inland waters support the livelihoods of up to 820 million people and provide fisheries that make an essential contribution towards food security, particularly in the developing world where 90% of inland fisheries catch is consumed. Despite their importance, inland fisheries are overlooked in favour of other water use sectors deemed more economically important. Inland fisheries are also driven by external factors such as climate change and habitat loss, which impedes our ability to manage them sustainably. Using a river basin approach to allocate fish catch, we have provided an integrated picture of how different inland water bodies contribute to global inland fisheries catches. There is a substantial amount of information available on inland fisheries, but it has never been synthesised to build this global picture. Fishery statistics from river basins, lakes, floodplains, hydrobasins, and countries covering a time span from 1960–2018 were analysed. Collation of basin-scale fisheries statistics suggests a global inland catch of ≈17.4 million tonnes (PSE = ±3.93 million tonnes) in 2010, considerably more than the 10.8 million tonnes published by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), but in line with estimates based on household consumption. The figure is considered a likely maximum due to recent reductions in catches because of closures, threats, and fisheries declines in the most productive fisheries. It is recommended that sentinel fisheries, which are important for food provision, employment, or where threats facing a fishery could cause a deterioration in catch, are identified to provide the baseline for a global monitoring programme.