科技信息

<正>"云纹石斑鱼规模化苗种繁育技术"成为长江以北首个通过验收的工厂化养殖石斑鱼技术由山东省莱州市明波水产有限公司、福建省海洋水产研究所共同承担的"云纹石斑鱼规模化苗种繁育技术"于10月通过由中国水产科学研究院黄海水产研究所组织的现场验收。     

云纹石斑鱼人工育苗技术初探

正近几年来,石斑鱼养殖业发展迅速,天然野生石斑鱼苗种资源量较少,无法满足石斑鱼产业发展需求。目前云纹石斑鱼的人工育苗已能达到稳定的批量生产水平。云纹石斑鱼苗在养殖过程中已表现出生长迅速、抗病力强等优点,成品云纹石斑鱼价格与赤点石斑鱼相近,养殖经济效益高。近年来开展云纹石斑鱼人工育苗,取得较好的成效,现将云纹石斑鱼的人工育苗技术总结介绍如下。一、材料与方法1.亲鱼选择与培育(1)亲鱼选择:选择体质健壮,无伤病、畸     

山东烟台：石斑鱼成工厂化养殖新宠

中国水产门户网据烟台市海洋与渔业局讯：自2009年烟台莱州明波公司与中国水产科学研究院黄海水产研究所联合开展石斑鱼繁育技术研究以来，陆续突破赤点石斑鱼、云纹石斑鱼、     

点带石斑鱼生态高效繁育技术

通过多年来的点带石斑鱼人工繁殖与池塘生态苗种培育生产实践,总结了点带石斑鱼人工繁殖与苗种培育技术;亲鱼的强化培育和受精卵的选优,以及各种生物活饵料大量培养及育苗生态环境的调控等技术;讨论了点带石斑鱼生态高效繁育技术过程中存在的问题和解决措施。     

点带石斑鱼生态高效繁育技术

通过多年来的点带石斑鱼人工繁殖与池塘生态苗种培育生产实践，总结了点带石斑鱼人工繁殖与苗种培育技术；亲鱼的强化培育和受精卵的选优，以及各种生物活饵料大量培养及育苗生态环境的调控等技术；讨论了点带石斑鱼生态高效繁育技术过程中存在的问题和解决措施。     

云龙石斑鱼与云纹石斑鱼、珍珠龙胆石斑鱼的生长性状及对比分析

为了对云纹石斑鱼与鞍带石斑鱼的杂交种云龙石斑鱼生长特性进行分析，本研究对工厂化养殖条件下云龙石斑鱼与云纹石斑鱼、珍珠龙胆石斑鱼的生长特性进行了对比。通过云龙石斑鱼家系与云纹石斑鱼家系建立和培育，对不同家系的受精率、正常发育率和畸形率进行统计；分别对45~245日龄的云龙石斑鱼与云纹石斑鱼的生长性状进行了测量；分别对云龙石斑鱼与珍珠龙胆石斑鱼在生长时间跨度为2~13月龄的生长性状进行测量，并于13月龄时统计成活率(苗种为2016年繁育)；利用单因素方差分析法和多重比较分析对测定的生长性状进行比较分析，同时利用Excel软件拟合云龙石斑鱼、云纹石斑鱼的生长曲线。结果显示，杂交种云龙石斑鱼受精率平均为55.5%±26.7%，正常发育率平均为33.9%±23.6%，畸形率平均为8.3%±0.9%。至245日龄时云龙石斑鱼体长、体质量的平均值分别为(22.5±1.7) cm、(316.7±57.3) g，云纹石斑鱼的体长与体质量的平均值分别为(16.8±1.3) cm、(123.2±30.2) g，云龙石斑鱼比云纹石斑鱼生长快，云龙石斑鱼的体长为云纹石斑鱼的1.3倍，体质量为云纹石斑鱼的2.6倍。云龙石斑鱼在45~245日龄阶段的生长曲线为W=0.039 2L^{2.891 2}(R²=0.986 9)，云纹石斑鱼生长曲线为W=0.025 5L^{3.021 6} (R²=0.990 8)，在本阶段云龙石斑鱼为异速生长型，云纹石斑鱼为等速生长型。经过12个月的对比养殖，云龙石斑鱼成活率为97.2%，珍珠龙胆石斑鱼的成活率为93.2%~94.5%，云龙石斑鱼全长与体质量平均值分别为(35.3±4.1) cm、(700.0±247.2) g，珍珠龙胆石斑鱼全长与体质量平均值分别为(28.6±3.5) cm、(550.0±224.8) g，云龙石斑鱼体质量是珍珠龙胆石斑鱼的1.3倍，全长为1.2倍。研究表明，云纹石斑鱼(♀)×鞍带石斑鱼(♂)是一个比较理想的杂交组合，杂交后代云龙石斑鱼具有生长快、畸形率低、成活率高的杂交优势，为杂种优势的研究提供了基础材料，同时也为新品种云龙石斑鱼的推广提供了科学依据。     

云纹石斑鱼(♀)×七带石斑鱼(♂)杂交F1形态特征与其亲本子代的比较分析

为研究云纹石斑鱼(♀)×七带石斑鱼(♂)杂交F1的形态特征以及与其亲本子代的关系,运用常规测量方法和聚类分析法对云纹石斑鱼、七带石斑鱼及云纹石斑鱼(♀)×七带石斑鱼(♂)杂交F1 3个群体6月龄幼鱼的形态特征进行测量和分析,对3个群体的12项可量、可数性状进行指数分析。结果显示,杂交F1体型呈椭圆形,侧扁而粗壮,体侧具7条灰褐色横向条带,杂交F1在体色条纹上均具有云纹石斑鱼与七带石斑鱼的特征;可量、可数的性状中有6项性状偏向于云纹石斑鱼,5项性状偏向于七带石斑鱼,1项与二者相同;聚类分析结果表明,杂交F1与云纹石斑鱼聚为一类。研究表明,杂交F1在体色条纹上表现为二者的中间态,在形态上较接近于母本云纹石斑鱼。     

云纹石斑鱼工厂化健康育苗技术初探

云纹石斑鱼（Epinephelus moara）俗称草斑、油斑，属鲈形目、石斑鱼属，为冷暖水性（适应水温5～32℃）礁栖鱼类，其肉味鲜美、是海水石斑鱼类中的极品。它具有生长快、适应性强、经济价值高，适应于池塘、网箱和室内水泥池工厂化等养殖。近年来已成为我国浙江、福建、广东、广西等东南沿海的重要发展养殖对象。有关云纹石斑鱼人工繁殖和苗种培育至今尚未见到报道。近年来，我们进行了云纹石斑鱼工厂化健康育苗技术的试验探索，取得显著的成效。现将主要技术措施总结介绍如下。     

云纹石斑鱼(♀)×七带石斑鱼(♂)杂交F_1形态特征与其亲本子代的比较分析

为研究云纹石斑鱼(♀)×七带石斑鱼(♂)杂交F1的形态特征以及与其亲本子代的关系,运用常规测量方法和聚类分析法对云纹石斑鱼、七带石斑鱼及云纹石斑鱼(♀)×七带石斑鱼(♂)杂交F1 3个群体6月龄幼鱼的形态特征进行测量和分析,对3个群体的12项可量、可数性状进行指数分析。结果显示,杂交F1体型呈椭圆形,侧扁而粗壮,体侧具7条灰褐色横向条带,杂交F1在体色条纹上均具有云纹石斑鱼与七带石斑鱼的特征;可量、可数的性状中有6项性状偏向于云纹石斑鱼,5项性状偏向于七带石斑鱼,1项与二者相同;聚类分析结果表明,杂交F1与云纹石斑鱼聚为一类。研究表明,杂交F1在体色条纹上表现为二者的中间态,在形态上较接近于母本云纹石斑鱼。     

云纹石斑鱼网箱养殖技术

石斑鱼肉质细嫩、味道鲜美、营养丰富,深受消费者青睐。我国沿海主要有青石斑鱼、云纹石斑鱼和赤点石斑鱼等,养殖方式有池塘养殖和网箱养殖。现将云纹石斑鱼网箱养殖技术介绍如下：     

Space use and inferred spawning activity of three exploited gamefish species on a large artificial reef

Intense fishing pressure has led to changes in species composition, demography and the over‐exploitation of many coastal fishes. To restore populations, artificial reefs (ARs) are used with the assumption that new habitat will increase fish productivity. Kelp bass (Paralabrax clathratus), barred sand bass (P. nebulifer) and California sheephead (Semicossyphus pulcher) are three important recreational gamefish species in southern California. Home ranging behaviour, space use and spawning‐related activity of these three species were quantified on a large AR. Kelp bass used the largest amount of area, but space use was similar among species. While no spawning behaviour could be determined for sheephead, kelp bass exhibited two different activity patterns during spawning months and barred sand bass migrated (indicative of spawning). Results of this study indicate that this large AR is providing suitable habitat for these species, and spawning‐related activity could be a sign that this AR is meeting essential life history demands.     

盐度与pH对云纹石斑鱼胚胎发育和仔鱼活力的影响

为探讨盐度、pH对云纹石斑鱼Epinephelus moara胚胎发育和仔鱼活力的影响,采用单因子实验的方法,在水温22±0．2℃条件下,将受精卵在不同盐度（5、10、15、20、25、30、35、40和45）、不同pH（5．5、6．0、6．5、7．0、7．5、8．0、8．5、9．0和9．5）下孵化,观察比较其孵化率HR、畸形率DR以及对初孵仔鱼活力和仔鱼培育周期的影响。并在上述设定条件下,进行了初孵仔鱼耐受试验,测定其存活率SR及生存活力指数（SAI）。结果表明,云纹石斑鱼胚胎发育的最低和最高临界盐度分别为10和45,最低和最高临界PH分别为6．O和9．5;盐度、PH的适宜范围分别是20～40、6．5～9．0,最适范围分别是30～35、7．5～8．0。仔鱼生存盐度、pH的适宜范围分别是20～35、6．0～9．0,最适范围分别是25～30、7．5～8．0。     

Possible applications of modern fish larviculture technology to ornamental fish production

There has been rapid development in the marine foodfishlarviculture technology in Europe since the early eighties,especially in the flat fish, turbot and halibut, and the bass andbream species. The most significant improvements in the eightieswere the introduction of light control, artificial reproductiontechniques, appropriate water treatment and the use of rotifersand Artemia nauplii of specific sizes and in the late eightiesand early nineties the quality enhancement of live food organismsusing specific enrichment techniques. Present research is focusedon the implementation of several microbial techniques to improvethe hygiene of live prey and fish.Many of the modern larviculture techniques being used in marine foodfish could be adapted for application in the ornamental fish industry. For examples, research in the Onamental Fish Section, Primary Production Department, Singapore has demonstrated that the use of freshwater rotifers and Artemia nauplii would enable artificial rearing of Discus in the absence of the parent fish and improve the larval performance of Gouramis and Tetra larvae. The use of such small live food organisms is likely to facilitate breeding of new fish species with small larvae. Research has also indicated that the use of diets containing vitamin C and certain immuno-stimulants improved the stress resistance of guppy. Such techniques would have important application in the fish transport, an important aspect in the ornamental fish industry     

Evidence of fish spillover from freshwater protected areas in lakes of eastern Ontario

1. Research has identified numerous conservation benefits attributed to the use of marine protected areas (MPAs), yet comparatively less is known about the effectiveness of freshwater protected areas (FPAs).
2. This study assessed multiple long‐standing (>70 years active) intra‐lake FPAs in three lakes in eastern Ontario, Canada, to evaluate their potential conservation benefits. These FPAs were intended initially to protect exploited populations of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides (Lacépède, 1802)), but since their establishment no empirical data have been collected to evaluate the effectiveness of FPAs for protecting bass or the broader fish community.
3. A comparative biological census of fish species abundance, biomass and species richness was conducted using snorkelling surveys within FPAs, along the bordering transition zones, and in more distant non‐protected areas of the lake that had similar habitats to the FPAs.
4. In general, the FPAs yielded benefits that were most obvious (in terms of abundance and biomass) for the focal protected species (i.e. largemouth bass) as well as several shiner species. Largemouth bass and shiner abundance and biomass were highest in the FPA, lowest in the distant non‐protected areas, and intermediate in the transition zone. Species richness was also highest in the FPAs in two of the three lakes.
5. Collectively, these results support the use of FPAs as a viable and effective conservation strategy that extends beyond simply limiting the exploitation of a target species. Beyond the benefits afforded to fish within the FPA, evidence of spillover in adjacent areas was also observed, which is promising. Additional research is needed on the effectiveness of FPAs in a variety of regions and water‐body types facing various threats in an effort to understand when, where and how to best use FPAs to benefit aquatic biodiversity.

     

Diet dynamics of the juvenile piscivorous fish community in Spirit Lake, Iowa, USA, 1997–1998

Abstract – We assessed temporal dynamics and variation among species and age-classes in the diets of age 0 and age 1 piscivorous fish species in Spirit Lake, Iowa, USA during 1997 and 1998. Species included walleye Stizostedion vitreum , yellow perch Perca flavescens , smallmouth bass Micropterus dolomieui , largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides , black crappie Pomoxis nigromaculatus and white bass Morone chrysops. Thirty taxa were identified in diets, including 12 species of fish. We found dramatic differences in diets among species, among age-classes within species and over time. Walleye, largemouth bass, smallmouth bass and white bass were piscivorous at age 0. Black crappie began piscivory at age 1. Yellow perch also began piscivory at age 1, but fish were a very small fraction of age-1 diets. The primary temporal pattern, seen in several species and age-classes, was an increase in piscivory from spring to fall. This pattern was due to the lack of small, age-0 prey fish in spring. Although some patterns were evident, the taxonomic composition of the diets of all species was highly variable over time, making generalizations difficult. A surprising result was the absence of yellow perch in the diet of age-0 walleye, despite their abundance in Spirit Lake and prominence in diets of age-1 walleye and other age 1-piscivores. Age-0 yellow perch were consistently too large to be eaten by age-0 piscivores, which preyed primarily on invertebrates and smaller fish such as johnny darters Etheostoma nigrum and age 0 bluegill Lepomis macrochirus. This finding suggests that predator-prey interactions and resulting population dynamics may be quite different in Spirit Lake than in other systems dominated by walleye and yellow perch.     

七带石斑鱼和云纹石斑鱼幼鱼在封闭循环水条件下的生长特性

观测研究了七带石斑鱼(Epinephelus septemfasciatus)幼鱼和云纹石斑鱼(Epinephelus moara)幼鱼在封闭式循环养殖系统中的生长特性,用SPSS 17.0软件中的Curve Estimation对相关数据进行模型分析与参数估计。结果表明,经过122 d的养殖,七带石斑鱼幼鱼平均体质量由(114.836±25.343)g增加到(213.861±38.604)g,相对增长率为0.707%,全长(TL)与养殖时间(t)的函数关系式为TL=-0.006t3+1.622t+13.954,体质量(W)与体长(BL)的关系式为W=0.436BL2.055;云纹石斑鱼幼鱼平均体质量由(79.620±13.007)g增加到(238.086±46.307)g,相对增长率为1.631%,全长(TL)与养殖时间(t)的函数关系式为TL=-0.013t2+2.008t+11.540,体质量(W)与体长(BL)的关系式为W=0.018BL3.083。两种幼鱼丰满度生长差异不显著(P0.05),都保持在2.2-3.4之间。     

Review on European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax,Linnaeus, 1758) nutrition and feed management: a practical guide for optimizing feed formulation and farming protocols

As increasing amounts of novel raw materials are used in aquafeed production, it is important to measure their quality against existing ingredients and their effects upon production strategies. A first step to achieving this goal begins with an improved understanding of the underlying growth potential of each farmed species across a range of dietary ingredients and farming practices. Species‐specific physiological limitations and metabolic effects of both single chemicals and complex chemical matrixes are factors to be considered in producing robust fish and a healthy aquaculture sector. The industry must also consider ethical, environmental and economic issues and optimize feed management practices. This review summarizes current knowledge on European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) nutritional requirements, presents current feed management practices for this species, gives insights on a secure framework for using plant ingredients in exchange for traditional marine raw materials and outlines its growth potential through a meta‐analysis of the best‐performance results available in peer‐reviewed scientific publications for this species. As the best‐performing fish were mostly those fed high fish meal fish oil control diets, the summarized results have the potential to be used as a quality control for benchmarking future scientific research in this fish species.     

Diet of introduced largemouth bass in Korean rivers and potential interactions with native fishes

Abstract –  A dietary analysis of largemouth bass ( Micropterus salmoides ), an exotic, piscivorous species, was conducted in large South Korean river systems (>third order streams, 31 sites). Micropterus salmoides larger than 100 mm exhibited intense piscivory on native Korean juvenile fishes, with levels of piscivory amongst the highest recorded globally, for native and introduced populations. Largemouth bass exhibited an ontogenetic shift in diet, showing a progressive increase in piscivory with size, typical of this species within its native range but unlike several studies on introduced largemouth bass in Europe and Africa. Sampling of fish communities at the same sites used for diet studies showed that native piscivores and the main food fish species of largemouth bass were significantly less abundant ( P  = 0.049 and 0.045, respectively) at sites where bass were present than at sites where no bass were recorded. Largemouth bass may pose a threat to the structure of fish assemblages in Korean river systems and further study of their population interactions and how to minimise their spread is needed.     

Comparison of the pathogenicity of Francisella orientalis in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer) and largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) through experimental intraperitoneal infection

Francisella orientalis is a highly virulent, emerging bacterium that causes mass mortalities in tilapia. This pathogen also affects numerous other warm-water fish species, including three-line grunt, hybrid striped bass and various ornamental fish. This study sheds light on two new species of fish that are susceptible to F. orientalis. Asian seabass and largemouth bass showed variable levels of susceptibility in a bacterial challenge experiment. After intraperitoneally injected with a dose of 10⁶ CFU/fish, a total of 64.28% and 21.42% mortalities were obtained in Asian seabass and largemouth bass, respectively. Meanwhile, Nile tilapia showed acute mortality of 100%. All fish showed typical lesions of francisellosis, including multifocal granulomas in the spleen and head kidney. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed strong positive signals inside the granulomas of all fish. The bacterial recovery in solid media from infected fish was highest in Nile tilapia (85.71%), followed by Asian seabass (35.71%) and largemouth bass (21.42%). PCR results tested 100% positive for Nile tilapia, and 78.57% and 21.42% for Asian seabass and largemouth bass, respectively. In conclusion, Asian seabass and largemouth bass are susceptible to this pathogen, which warrants new management strategies when employing predation polyculture systems of these species with tilapia.