浅谈池塘溶氧的变化规律

浅谈池塘溶氧的变化规律溶氧不仅是鱼类赖以生存的首要条件，而且其高低对鱼类的摄食率、饲料利用率和消化率，鱼体增重率都有很大影响，因此，了解和掌握溶氧的变化规律，对搞好池塘养鱼有着十分重要的意义。１．池塘溶氧的水平变化。由于风力的作用，下风处浮游生物和有...     

一种池塘养殖溶氧调控系统的研制及应用

为解决池塘高密度养殖存在的缺氧风险问题,设计了池塘溶氧调控系统.根据池塘夜间需氧模型,确定鲤科混养鱼类池塘溶氧安全浓度在3 mg/L以上,增氧时间高于6.2 h/(m2·W·d),增氧时滞为0.2～1.0h.池塘溶氧调控系统由水质在线监测系统、数据信息处理系统、电路控制系统和增氧设备组成,系统对水体溶氧的分辨率为±0.2%,可以有效调控池塘溶氧设备.试验运行发现,池塘溶氧调控系统比传统增氧方式约可节省运行时间33.4%,试验池塘的饲料系数降低了21.6%.系统具有良好的节能、增效效果.     

池塘养殖水体不同水层水质变化研究

为探讨池塘养殖水体时间和空间上的变化特征,在上海市标准化养殖池塘里进行了水质参数监测和分析,研究了池塘上层、中层、下层不同水层的水质变化情况。结果表明:一年中池塘水质呈季节性变化,氨氮均值在9—11月最高,在5月份最低;溶氧均值在9—11月最低,在12月至次年3月最高;pH无明显季节性变化。不同水质参数日变化研究发现,一天中氨氮值在6:00左右最高,在17:00左右最低;溶氧最高值出现在15:00—17:00,最低值在5:00左右;pH在1:00最低,14:00左右最高。养鱼池塘水体有较明显的分层现象,上层、中层、下层不同水层的氨氮、溶氧、pH均有差异。一天中氨氮与溶氧总体呈负相关性(t<0.05),溶氧值升高时氨氮值下降。     

投饵区微孔增氧对水体溶氧含量和鱼体生长性能的影响试验

正池塘水体溶氧含量的变化是水体中溶氧来源和溶氧消耗共同作用的结果,其变化对养殖对象会产生直接的影响,是水产养殖的重要指标之一。传统精养池塘中,养殖产量和效益的提高主要是通过提高养殖密度和增加商品饲料投入量来实现,在养殖过程中,极易造成池塘缺氧,尤其在投饵区,鱼类大量聚集摄食时会导致投饵区水     

池塘溶氧昼夜变化对鳜葡萄糖代谢和血糖含量的影响

为探究池塘溶氧昼夜变化对鳜(Siniperca chuatsi)葡萄糖代谢和血糖含量的影响,本研究分别在17:00 (T1)、23:00 (T2)、次日07:00 (T3)、11:00 (T4)、17:00 (T5)共5个连续时间点采样并测定分析,比较了鳜池塘常氧组(>5 mg/L)与昼夜溶氧变化组葡萄糖代谢相关指标的时序差异。结果显示,1 d中,池塘溶氧经历常氧与低氧的周期性变化,T3时,池塘溶氧最低,平均为0.93 mg/L;T5时,池塘溶氧最高,平均为10.58 mg/L。T3和T4时,血浆中葡萄糖显著降低,乳酸含量显著升高;肝脏中肝糖原含量下降,乳酸含量显著升高,ATP含量显著降低;肝脏有氧代谢柠檬酸合酶(CS)活性显著降低,无氧代谢酶乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活性显著升高;糖酵解酶中己糖激酶(HK)、磷酸果糖激酶(PFK)、丙酮酸激酶(PK)活性显著升高,糖原分解酶糖原磷酸化酶(GP)活性无显著变化;hk、pfk、pk、ldh-a和gp基因表达量显著上升,cs表达量显著下降,葡萄糖转运蛋白glut2表达量无显著变化。研究表明,鳜养殖池塘中,溶氧存在昼夜周期性交替变化,溶氧水平的下降会引起鳜葡萄糖代谢发生变化,由有氧代谢转变为无氧代谢而导致能量利用方式发生变化。     

罗非鱼池塘投放光合细菌后水质研究

本文利用光合细菌改善池塘水质的作用,测定了池塘水质(溶氧、NH 4-N、NO-2-N、COD)、透明度、pH及异养细菌总数,研究水质和浮游生物的变化情况.实验结果表明:投放光合细菌后,对降低水中COD、氨氮、透明度,提高亚硝酸态氮等有一定的效果;但是对水中溶氧、pH值、硝酸态氮等的变化并没有起太大的作用.     

深水池塘中溶解氧的变化规律及调控措施

1池塘水体中溶解氧的来源1.1浮游植物的光合作用是池塘水中溶氧的主要来源,其次是空气的溶解。1.2人为施加增氧剂,增氧机增氧。2池塘水体中溶解氧的变化规律及调控措施2.1水平变化及对策处于不同自然地理条件下的特定池塘,即使水面一般不大,但由于池塘表面上所受的风力风向及生物因素的影响,池塘溶氧水平分布的—个重要     

池塘发生转水的原因及解决办法

转水是指池塘的水体产氧能力、水体自净能力严重不足,导致水体中溶氧的含量极低,有害气体和物质大量积聚,在天气变化时池塘水体突然变黑、变清.     

池塘养殖增氧方式效果比较

为了解微孔增氧对池塘水体能量流动、水质及养殖效益的影响,对2种不同增氧方式下3个河蟹养殖池塘的养殖周期(4—9月份)进行了水质测定,获得了池塘不同水层的水温、溶氧、氨氮、亚硝酸盐及高锰酸钾盐指数数据。结果表明,夏季高温时采用微孔管道增氧能有效降低表层、底层的温差,一定程度上降低底层水温。微孔管道增氧能有效增加水体溶氧,开机90min水体底层溶氧增加速率是普通增氧机的5倍;6—9月份采用微孔增氧的池塘水体较普通增氧,NO2-N低70﹪以上,NH3-N低22.9﹪以上,高锰酸钾盐指数低20﹪以上,取得了较高的经济效益。     

压力式氧溶解装置在凡纳滨对虾养殖方面的应用

研究设试验组和对照组,试验组使用压力式氧溶解装置进行池塘增氧和自动化在线溶氧监测,对照组为常规充气式增氧机。试验证实,试验组能够保证养殖期间凡纳滨对虾对水体溶氧水平(4mg/L)的需求,而对照组则不能完全满足对虾养殖对溶氧的要求。试验组虾的生长情况要明显好于对照组;试验组池塘的水色始终保持茶褐色,而对照组为绿色,并伴有微囊藻水华。     

叶轮式增氧机对鱼池溶氧日变化影响的模拟模型初步研究

针对鲜有鱼池溶氧模型考虑增氧机对鱼池溶氧日变化影响的现实,在传统的描述鱼池水温和溶氧日变化多层模型的基础上,通过分析叶轮式增氧机水跃和液面更新对鱼池多层水体中各能量要素和溶氧变化因子的影响,构建了能反映叶轮式增氧机增氧效果的鱼池水温和溶氧日变化模拟模型。通过实验数据对模型的校参和验证,发现溶氧逐小时模拟值与观测数据的均方根误差为0.267(晴天)和0.420(阴天),Nash-Stucliffe效率系数为0.957(晴天)和0.967(阴天),证明该模型能准确反映溶氧质量浓度的变化规律。同时运用模型模拟数据进行分析,结果显示:叶轮式增氧机增氧1 h后,其影响会持续12 h左右,而且效果主要集中在鱼池中下层,表层水层因高溶氧值和复氧原因,其增氧效果不明显;晴天一天之中最佳开机时间为0:00~10:00;阴天增氧效果不是很理想。     

Computer modeling of the diurnal oxygen levels in a stillwater aquaculture pond

A dynamic model of dissolved oxygen behavior in a stillwater aquaculture pond is presented. Using theories and principles that have been established for aerobic waste-water treatment ponds and shallow lakes and reservoirs, equations were developed to describe the short-term dissolved oxygen fluctuations of an aquaculture pond. Components considered in this model include the consumption and production of oxygen by phytoplankton, fish, detritus, and the process of reaeration. Factors affecting these components can be specified by the user; these include meteorologic and geographic data, and phytoplankton, fish, and detrital characteristics. After comparing the model to field data and analyzing the sensitivity of its components, areas of research which may have an impact on pond management are identified.     

Production of Oreochromis niloticus (L.) and ecosystem dynamics in manured ponds of three depths

Abstract. During three 5-month experiments in Thailand, earthen ponds of approximately 370m2 surface area were stocked with male Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.), fingerlings of 4–12g weight at densities of 0·5 to l·6fish/m². Stocking and fertilization (with chicken manure, urea and TSP) in triplicated depth treatments of 0·6,1·0 and 1·5m were proportional to pond volume in two experiments (wet and dry seasons) and to pond area in the other (dry season).
Depth showed no direct effect on fish yields of 0·9–6·3t/ha/year, on survival rates of 66 to 98%, nor on final individual weights of 96–313 g/fish. Greater yields were obtained from deeper ponds when they received proportionally greater stocking and fertilizer inputs. Inputs per unit area were the most important factor accounting for yield variation.
Temperature, dissolved N and P, and suspended solids showed little or no relation to depth treatments. Time-averaged chlorophyll concentrations and photosynthetic production of dissolved oxygen were greater in treatments receiving greater inputs of nitrogen per unit pond volume.
Deeper ponds produced the greatest areal yields of fish, when fertilized in proportion to their volumes. Shallow ponds produced fish and dissolved oxygen at least as efficiently per unit input as did deep ponds, which is consistent with models of photosynthesis-depth relations.     

Simulation of food and oxygen limitations on the growth of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus L., in fishponds

A model for dynamic simulation of the growth of the Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.), in relation to food amount and composition, temperature, and dissolved oxygen concentration was applied to tilapia ponds. To model food competition between stocked fish and fingerling recruits, a pond food module was added. Data for model calibration were from uniform experiments with all-male O niloticus ponds fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and chicken manure in Honduras, Rwanda and Thailand. Calibration consisted of iterative determination of two model parameters: (1) CONLEV, the consumption rate without food or oxygen limitations; and (2) TPFS, the total daily food supply by the pond. Calibration results showed that, in most ponds, final fish weight could be simulated with acceptable values for CONLEV and TPFS. Both CONLEV and TPFS were related to natural productivity indicators (net primary production and chlorophyll a concentration). For each pond, an estimate of the degree of food and/or oxygen limitation could be given. Validation of the model with independent data from Indonesia and Panama was unsuccessful. The relationships used to estimate values of CONLEV and TPFS from primary productivity measurements were not satisfactory. A more detailed approach to modeling food competition and oxygen limitation under these conditions is necessary. The model provides a conceptual framework for the analysis of fish growth in ponds, tying together effects of food quantity and composition, temperature, and dissolved oxygen concentration.     

ENERGY CONVERSION EFFICIENCY IN THREE ECOLOGICAL TYPES OF POND IN THE PEARL RIVER DELTA IN CHINA

本文研究了珠江三角洲三种不同生态类型池塘的能量转换效率。三种不同类型的池塘分别是：１）静水塘，面积０．２４７ｈａ，试验期间不换水，也没有其它增氧设施；２）加水塘，面积０．１９３ｈａ，每天加水２，７００－３，０００Ｍ３／ｈａ；３）微流水塘，面积０．１９３ｈａ，每天由潮汐自然进水３０，２５５－４２，４８０Ｍ３／ｈａ。另外，加水塘和微流水塘各配一台３千瓦的叶轮式增氧机，在鱼浮头时使用。结果表明增加池塘的换水量可以增加鱼产量，提高池塘的能量转换效率。还表明换水量大的池塘其生物能占的比例较大，而光合能占的比例则较小。为提高池塘的能量转换效率和鱼产量，必须增加“直食性”鱼类的放养量、减少“滤食性”鱼类的放养量。     

Reaction of common carp (Cyprinus carpio, L.) to oxygen deficiency in winter as an example for the suitability of radio telemetry for monitoring the reaction of fish to stress factors in pond aquaculture

The reaction of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) in an ice‐ and snow‐covered pond to depletion of dissolved oxygen (DO) in winter was recorded using radio telemetry. The carp moved from the deeper parts of the pond to the shallow areas near the tributary in search of better oxygenated water. Evidence was found that feeding occurred until December but ceased with the oxygen crisis. After the carp farmer started aeration to improve the oxygen supply, carp returned towards the deeper parts of the pond. The gross activity was significantly correlated with DO (P<0.001) and was not influenced by water temperature (P>0.05). The clear documentation of the carp's reaction to oxygen depletion suggests, that radio telemetry may be useful for investigating the effects of various stress factors on fish in pond aquaculture.     

水车式增氧机性能试验研究

研究了水车式增氧机在清水试验中的增氧能力、动力效率以及实际养殖池塘试验中上下水层溶解氧变化。结果表明,水车式增氧机对于水深为1 m以内的养殖水体具有良好的增氧和搅拌效果,开启100 min左右,可使距增氧机10 m、水深0.9 m处水体溶氧值从6.5 mg/L左右上升到8.7 mg/L左右,和上层水体溶氧值趋于一致;运转时可形成一股较大的定向水流,对鳗鱼等喜好水流的鱼类较为适合。但水车式增氧机对<1.5 m的底层水体增氧作用较弱。本研究为水车式增氧机池塘养殖的运用提供了有益的借鉴。     

Description of the water quality conditions in a semi-intensively cultured marine fish pond in Eilat,Israel

Monthly sampling showed typically a large diurnal trend in dissolved oxygen and temperature with a slight trend also in dissolved inorganic nitrogen but not in phosphate or silica. There is a high uptake of all these nutrients in the pond as shown by the difference between the input water and pond water. Temperature in the pond decreased to a minimum of 15°C in February and then increased to 33°C in July. In the autumn there was relatively high primary productivity (PP) supported mainly by nutrients in the inflow. PP decreased to a minimum in winter, probably due to decreasing temperature and light, then increased to a summer maximum together with planktonic biomass, and diurnal oxygen variation. The increase was due mainly to increased temperature and nutrient supply from food input. These data were used to explain the incidence of fish mortalities mainly in mid-summer. The importance of frequency of sampling in such a dynamic system is discussed.     

Effect of fish species combinations on water chemistry and plankton composition in earthen fish ponds

Fish-environment relationships in ponds with several different combinations of fish species are analysed. The study was carried out in 18 earthen fish ponds in a farm at Lohamei HaGetaot, Israel, during the 1986 fish culture season. Water was analysed for temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, ammonium, nitrite, nitrate, and phyto- and zooplankton. Factor analysis was applied to the physico-chemical and plankton datasets to identify respectively the main ecological processes and species groups in the ponds. The general linear model was applied to analyse the effect of fish species combination and month on the ecological and plankton factors identified. The main source of water quality variability was accounted for by three factors: pond loading (CHF1), oxygenation of the water (CHF2), and pH effect on the second step of nitrification (CHF3). The main source of variability in the plankton composition was due to presence or absence of a blue-green algal bloom (PLF1). Another four plankton factors were identified. Each factor was differently affected by the fish species combination in the pond and the month. The complex nets of interactions between common carp, tilapia and mullet, and how these fish in different cominations affect pond water quality and food webs are discussed.     

枯草芽孢杆菌对海水鱼塘生态因子的影响

为探讨枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)在鱼类养殖池塘中的生态作用,采用直接往养殖水体中投放该制剂的方法,研究分析微生物数量及其与环境因子的相关关系。结果显示,枯草芽孢杆菌,实验池数量为0.35×10~3~1.45×10~3cfu/m L,对照池为0.04×10~3~0.08×10~3cfu/m L;浮游植物生物量,实验池为0.094~1.521 mg/L,对照池为0.103~0.763 mg/L,实验池中枯草芽孢杆菌数量和浮游植物生物量均高于对照组。试验鱼塘中枯草芽孢杆菌与硅藻数量呈显著正相关,相关系数0.844(P0.05);当溶氧≥6 mg/L时,枯草芽孢杆菌与亚硝酸盐氮含量呈显著负相关,相关系数-0.915(P0.05)。溶氧过低(2 mg/L)时,枯草芽孢杆菌对亚硝酸盐氮、氨氮没有明显的降解作用;溶氧≥6 mg/L时,对亚硝酸盐氮、氨氮的降解作用明显。研究表明,投放适量浓度的枯草芽孢杆菌能有效改善养殖水体状况,对水质起到进一步净化作用。