首页 | 本学科首页   官方微博 | 高级检索  
相似文献
 共查询到19条相似文献,搜索用时 140 毫秒
1.
大亚湾海域生态系统模型研究I:能量流动模型初探   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
主要根据1984~1986年和1986~1987年在大亚湾进行的环境、资源和生态调查资料,应用EcopathwithEcosim(EwE)软件,构建大亚湾海域生态系统初步能量流动模型。文中根据大亚湾游泳动物的食物组成特点,把该海域生态系划分15个功能组,分别是海洋哺乳动物、肉食性鱼类、底栖捕食鱼类、滤食性鱼类、草食性鱼类、蟹类、虾类、头足类、底栖动物、水母、浮游动物、珊瑚、沉水植物、浮游植物和有机碎屑,功能组的划分基本能覆盖大亚湾海域生态系统的能量流动过程。经EwE软件模拟,结果表明:大亚湾海域生态系统的营养级范围为1~3.88级;各营养级的能量转换效率分别为7.2%,11.2%,8.7%,2.9%,可用构建金字塔形状来描述营养流动的转换效率;大亚湾生态系统的总能量传递效率为8·9%,略低于林德曼转换效率(10%左右),可能是由于在该海域大量的沉水植物(马尾藻)未能被充分利用而腐烂所造成;在能量流动过程中,直接来源于碎屑的比例占总流量的48%,而直接来源于初级生产者的比例为52%。  相似文献   

2.
东海南部海区生态系统结构与功能的模型分析   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
根据1999~2002年间对东海南部海区的渔业资源和生态环境进行调查后所获得的数据和资料,应用Ecopath with Ecosim5.1软件构建了该海区生态系统的生态通道模型,基于该模型对生态系统结构特征进行了量化分析。生态通道模型由20个功能组构成,基本覆盖了东海南部海区生态系统能量流动的主要过程。分析结果表明,东海南部海区生态系统各功能组的营养级为1.00~4.23,能量流动主要由6个整合营养级构成,营养级I的利用效率颇为低下,大量初级生产力未进入更高层次的营养流动,造成生态系统下层营养流动的"阻塞"。鲹科鱼类、沙丁鱼、鳀科鱼类和其他小型鱼类的生产量较高,占鱼类总生产量的85.6%,而其他大中型肉食性鱼类的生产量都较低。混合营养分析表明,在能量从低级向高层次转化的食物网中,底层功能组起关键作用。反映系统成熟度的指标,包括较高的净初级生产力(NPP)和净初级生产力/呼吸(NPP/R),以及较低的连接指数(CI)、系统杂食指数(SOI)和Finn’s循环指数(FCI)等,均表明该海区处在一个"幼态化"的生态系统。  相似文献   

3.
大亚湾海域生态系统模型研究Ⅰ:能量流动模型初探   总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10  
主要根据1984~1986年和1986~1987年在大亚湾进行的环境、资源和生态调查资料,应用Ecopath with Ecosim(EwE)软件,构建大亚湾海域生态系统初步能量流动模型.文中根据大亚湾游泳动物的食物组成特点,把该海域生态系划分15个功能组,分别是海洋哺乳动物、肉食性鱼类、底栖捕食鱼类、滤食性鱼类、草食性鱼类、蟹类、虾类、头足类、底栖动物、水母、浮游动物、珊瑚、沉水植物、浮游植物和有机碎屑,功能组的划分基本能覆盖大亚湾海域生态系统的能量流动过程.经EwE软件模拟,结果表明大亚湾海域生态系统的营养级范围为1~3.88级;各营养级的能量转换效率分别为7.2%,11.2%,8.7%,2.9%,可用构建金字塔形状来描述营养流动的转换效率;大亚湾生态系统的总能量传递效率为8.9%,略低于林德曼转换效率(10%左右),可能是由于在该海域大量的沉水植物(马尾藻)未能被充分利用而腐烂所造成;在能量流动过程中,直接来源于碎屑的比例占总流量的48%,而直接来源于初级生产者的比例为52%.  相似文献   

4.
为了解1980s蓝藻水华等环境干扰期间武汉东湖生态系统的结构和特征,依据1980s武汉东湖生态环境及鱼类资源的调查数据构建东湖湖泊生态系统Ecopath模型,定量分析东湖生态系统食物网结构及能量流动特征。该生态系统模型由大型鲌类、其他肉食性鱼类、红鳍原鲌(Chanodichthys erythropterus)、杂食性鱼类、其他小型鱼类、浮游生物食性鱼类、虾类、底栖生物、浮游生物、大型沉水植物和碎屑等14个生物组分构成,基本覆盖整个东湖生态系统食物网。Ecopath模型结果表明,武汉东湖生态系统主要由4个整合营养级构成,鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)、鳙(Aristichthys nobilis)和浮游植物的营养转换效率很低。系统的香农多样性指数为1.47,说明系统在该时期的组分简单,抵抗能力弱;系统的循环指数为3.541%,远小于10%,说明系统整体的再循环能力低。系统的总初级生产量/总呼吸量(TPP/TR)、连接指数(CI)、Finn’s循环指数(FCI)、Finn’s平均能流路径长度(FML)和系统杂食性指数(SOI)分别为3.802 2、0.331...  相似文献   

5.
渤海鱼类的食物关系   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
本研究通过对2010~2011年渤海大面调查所获得的渔获物进行胃含物分析,了解当前渤海鱼类的食物关系及其变化。结果显示,渤海生态系统的27种鱼类有12种低营养级鱼类、12种中营养级鱼类和3种高营养级鱼类,包括了杂食性鱼类、浮游动物食性鱼类、底栖动物食性鱼类、混合动物食性鱼类和鱼食性鱼类,各鱼种营养级较20世纪90年代变化不大。3种高营养级鱼类均为鱼食性鱼类,饵料生境宽度值均很低,属于狭食性鱼类;矛尾虾虎鱼(Chaeturichthys stigmatias)和小黄鱼(Pseudosciaena polyactis)是渤海饵料生境宽度最大的2种鱼,同时也是当前渤海生态系统食物网中最重要的饵料种类,其广食性有利于食物网各营养层次的物质、能量流动。当前渤海食物网中浮游食物链削弱,主要食物链转变为"植物、有机碎屑→鼓虾→鱼类"和"底栖动物→虾虎鱼、小黄鱼→大型经济鱼类"。  相似文献   

6.
渤海鱼类的食物关系   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1       下载免费PDF全文
本研究通过对2010~2011年渤海大面调查所获得的渔获物进行胃含物分析,了解当前渤海鱼类的食物关系及其变化。结果显示,渤海生态系统的27种鱼类有12种低营养级鱼类、12种中营养级鱼类和3种高营养级鱼类,包括了杂食性鱼类、浮游动物食性鱼类、底栖动物食性鱼类、混合动物食性鱼类和鱼食性鱼类,各鱼种营养级较20世纪90年代变化不大。3种高营养级鱼类均为鱼食性鱼类,饵料生境宽度值均很低,属于狭食性鱼类;矛尾虾虎鱼(Chaeturichthys stigmatias)和小黄鱼(Pseudosciaena polyactis)是渤海饵料生境宽度最大的2种鱼,同时也是当前渤海生态系统食物网中最重要的饵料种类,其广食性有利于食物网各营养层次的物质、能量流动。当前渤海食物网中浮游食物链削弱,主要食物链转变为“植物、有机碎屑→鼓虾→鱼类”和“底栖动物→虾虎鱼、小黄鱼→大型经济鱼类”。  相似文献   

7.
基于营养通道模型的淀山湖生态系统结构与能量流动特征   总被引:3,自引:2,他引:1  
根据2008-2009年间对淀山湖湖区水生生物资源调查的结果,运用Ecopath with Ecosim 6.1软件构建了淀山湖生态系统的营养通道模型,初步分析了淀山湖水域生态系统的结构和能量流动特征.模型中涉及水鸟、鱼类、虾类、软体动物、底栖动物、浮游动物、浮游植物、碎屑等21个功能组分,基本涵盖了淀山湖生态系统的主要能量流动过程,分析结果表明,淀山湖生态系统总流量为4 098.50 t·km-2·a-1.从混合营养效应分析来看,渔业捕捞会对该生态系统的鱼类功能组产生负效应.生态网络分析显示,淀山湖生态系统各功能组的营养级范围为1~ 3.92,水鸟占据了营养层的最高层.系统的能量流动主要有5级,各营养级之间平均能量转换效率为11.7%.淀山湖生态系统的整体再循环率较低,能量利用效率有待改善和提高.生态系统参数:系统初级生产力/总呼吸量(TPP/TR)、连接指数CI和能量循环指数FCI分别为2.80、0.19和0.0189,表明淀山湖生态系统目前仍然处于幼态化生态系统状态.  相似文献   

8.
利用 Ecopath with Ecosim (EWE)模拟生态系统能量通道模型, 比较分析了鲥鯸淀生态修复区和对照区的生态系统结构、食物网变化和能量流动特征。结果表明, 生态修复区同种鱼类营养级略低于对照区; 修复区牧食链与腐食链增加了鲇、鳜以及团头鲂、草鱼, 相比对照区更为复杂。生态修复区各营养级之间能量的转换效率( ~ Ⅱ Ⅱ依次为 0.0521、0.0205、0.0144)高于对照区( ~ Ⅱ Ⅱ依次为 0.0406、0.0138、0.00854), 且总能量转换效率(2.5%)也高于后者(1.7%)。生态修复区连接系数(0.22)略低于对照区(0.27), 但系统杂食性指数则相反(0.15>0.14); 生态修复区 Finn’s 循环指数(0.61)、Finn’s 平均路径长度(0.08)低于对照区(分别为 1.73、2.20)。两区域生态系统的总体特征表明, 生态修复区食物网结构更为复杂, 能量传递效率有所提高; 但生态系统的营养流经食物链的长度缩短了, 物质再循环的比例有所下降。同时, 生态修复区存在生产量大于呼吸量的情况, 鲥鯸淀区域应该适当放流肉食性、草食性鱼类, 定期捕捞滤食性鱼类, 增加生态系统的能量流动, 促进生态系统的良性发展。  相似文献   

9.
基于Ecopath模型的大亚湾黑鲷生态容量评估   总被引:3,自引:2,他引:1       下载免费PDF全文
为评估大亚湾黑鲷(Sparusmacrocephalus)的生态容量,根据2015年渔业资源和生态环境调查数据,利用Ecopathwith Ecosim6.5(EwE)软件构建了由26个功能组组成的大亚湾Ecopath模型,分析了大亚湾生态系统的基本特征,并结合食物网结构和能量流动估算了黑鲷的增殖生态容量。结果显示,黑鲷营养级为3.44,营养转化效率为0.302;大亚湾生态系统各功能组的营养级在1~3.95之间,系统总转化效率为7.636%,总初级生产量/总呼吸量为2.142,系统连接指数为0.364,系统杂食性指数为0.210,表明系统各营养级转化效率较低,能量未被充分利用;系统总转化效率低于10%,营养级I、II流向碎屑量占总流向碎屑量的98.11%,说明能量传递发生阻塞,具有增殖空间。经估算黑鲷生态容量为0.034 t/km2,是现存生物量的1.4倍,此时其他浮游生物食性鱼类的转化效率等于1,系统处于平衡状态;达到生态容量前后大亚湾生态系统的总初级生产量/总呼吸量变化很小(变化值为0.001),系统杂食性指数和系统连接指数均没有变化,因此认为放流黑鲷至生态容量对大亚湾生态系统的稳定性和营养结构未产生影响。  相似文献   

10.
基于鱼类食性的白洋淀食物网研究   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
2009年6月至2010年5月,对白洋淀8个典型采样点进行了调查,分析了白洋淀鱼类的食性、营养级和食物网特征,绘制了鱼类食物网及能量流动途径。结果显示,白洋淀现有鱼类25种,其食性类型分为草食性、浮游生物食性、底栖生物食性、游泳动物食性、浮游生物+底栖生物、底栖生物和游泳动物食性共6种;白洋淀的鱼类营养级可分为草食性、杂食性、低级肉食性、中级肉食性和高级肉食性共5种。与历史资料相比,白洋淀鱼类食物网趋于简单,中级肉食性鱼类匮乏,能量流动出现越级现象,食物网结构不完整,说明其渔业资源遭受严重破坏。  相似文献   

11.
根据2000年和2006年秋季长江口及毗邻水域渔业资源和生态环境调查数据,利用Ecopath with Ecosim软件,构建2个时期的长江口及毗邻水域生态能量通道模型,比较分析了三峡工程蓄水前后长江口及毗邻水域生态系统的结构和能量流动特征.模型包含鱼类、虾类、蟹类、头足类、浮游动物、浮游植物、底栖动物、碎屑等17个功能群,基本覆盖了能量流动的途径.分析结果表明,2006年秋季长江口及毗邻水域生态系统的总生物量、系统总流量比2000年秋季有所下降,碎屑链的重要性略有降低;由于低营养级层次渔获物数量的增加,渔获物平均营养级有所下降.2个时期长江口及毗邻水域生态系统的再循环率较低,仍有较高的剩余生产量有待利用,均处于不成熟的发育期.  相似文献   

12.
2009年6月至2010年5月,对白洋淀8个典型采样点进行了调查,分析了白洋淀鱼类的食性、营养级和食物网特征,绘制了鱼类食物网及能量流动途径。结果显示,白洋淀现有鱼类25种,其食性类型分为草食性、浮游生物食性、底栖生物食性、游泳动物食性、浮游生物+底栖生物、底栖生物和游泳动物食性共6种;白洋淀的鱼类营养级可分为草食性、...  相似文献   

13.
杂食性鱼类往往是修复后浅水湖泊的优势鱼类。大鳍鱊是一种小型杂食性鱼类,在无锡蠡湖生态修复区内发展成为优势种;虽主要以沉水植物为食,但对不同沉水植物的选择性目前尚不清楚.目前有关杂食性鱼类对沉水植物影响的研究多集中在个体较大的种类(如鲤、鲫),而对小型杂食性鱼类的研究较少。本文通过受控实验,研究了大鳍鱊对4种沉水植物(轮叶黑藻Hydrilla verticillata、密刺苦草Vallisneria denseserrulata、金鱼藻Ceratophyllum demersum和穗花狐尾藻Myriophyllum spicatum)的选择性摄食,分析了大鳍鱊对这些沉水植物生长的影响。结果显示:1)大鳍鱊组的水体营养盐浓度显著高于对照组,而pH值则显著低于对照组;2)肠道内含物分析结果显示:穗花狐尾藻和金鱼藻是大鳍鱊的主要食物,其所占肠道内含物的体积比分别为75%和17%;而大鳍鱊对密刺苦草的选择性较低(8%),且内含物中未出现黑藻;3)大鳍鱊显著抑制了穗花狐尾藻和金鱼藻的生长(RGR),而对轮叶黑藻和密刺苦草的RGR有促进作用。沉水植物在维持湖泊生态系统结构稳定与湖泊生态修复中发挥重要作用,大鳍鱊等小型鱼类与沉水植物关系密切,主要生活在沉水植物丰富的水域。我们的研究结果发现大鳍鱊可显著增加水体营养盐浓度,对不同沉水植物有明显的摄食选择性,其摄食活动可显著降低沉水植物的生物量。因此,大鳍鱊或者其它小型杂食性鱼类(如麦穗鱼和鲹等)可能会通过选择性摄食沉水植物的途径影响沉水植物群落结构和生物量,严重时可能会对湖泊生态系统结构的稳定性产生负面影响。所以,在湖泊管理与生态修复中,需要关注此类小型杂食性鱼类的种群规模,将其控制在较低生物量水平。该研究探讨了大鳍鱊的选择性摄食行为以及该行为带来的影响,为浅水湖泊的修复提供了参考。  相似文献   

14.
Abstract – Aquatic macrophytes form the most productive habitat of the Amazon floodplain and account for more than 60% of the net primary production of the ecosystem. Aquatic grasses are the dominant macrophytes and the main feeding ground of Amazonian larval fish. The present study used stable isotopes of nitrogen and carbon to measure the contribution of aquatic grasses to the production of eight larval fish, and describes the structure of the trophic chain. The carnivore larvae were at the third trophic level, and the detritivores were at the second and third trophic levels. The contribution of aquatic grasses to larval fish production was variable. It could reach a mean value of 25% for three species, but its contribution probably did not exceed 12% in the other five species.  相似文献   

15.
Abstract – Common carp Cyprinus carpio is a widespread invasive species that, in high abundance, can impose numerous deleterious effects in aquatic ecosystems. Common carp increase turbidity and nutrient availability while reducing invertebrate prey resources and aquatic macrophytes, transforming shallow lakes from the clear‐ to turbid‐water state. However, potential effects of common carp on native fish communities have received limited attention. We evaluated the relationships among relative abundances of nine native fishes and common carp for 81 lakes in eastern South Dakota and their associated physicochemical characteristics. Inverse threshold relationships among relative abundances of native fishes and common carp were identified for black bullhead Ameiurus melas, black crappie Pomoxis nigromaculatus, bluegill Lepomis macrochirus, white bass Morone chrysops and northern pike Esox lucius, while marginally significant relationships were detected for largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides and smallmouth bass M. dolomieu. Lakes where common carp relative abundance exceeded 0.6 fish per net night had low abundance of native fishes, whereas lower abundance of common carp resulted in variable abundance of native fishes. Lakes with abundance of common carp surpassing 0.6 fish per net night were also characterised by larger surface areas and watersheds and impaired water quality (higher dissolved solids and chlorophyll a concentrations and lower secchi depth). Our results are consistent with the biotic‐abiotic constraining hypothesis that proposes biotic factors can regulate fish populations regardless of abiotic conditions. Thus, common carp abundance may need to be reduced and sustained below ecological thresholds to improve water quality and increase abundance of native fishes.  相似文献   

16.
  1. Invasive carp are widely reported to harm ecosystems. In Australia, carp are a serious pest and, consequently, investigations of biocontrol options are under way.
  2. Best practice biocontrol requires cost/risk:benefit evaluation. To assist this, the impacts of carp on aquatic ecosystems have been summarized.
  3. To aid the evaluation of benefits, general predictions were tested by comparing dryland river ecosystems with and without carp, and ecosystem responses to a gradient in local carp density.
  4. Expectations were that in the presence of carp, and with increasing density, there would be increasing turbidity, decreasing densities of macrophytes and macroinvertebrates, and associated changes in assemblage composition, resulting in decreasing native fish density.
  5. Not all expected responses were found, indicating that the general understanding of carp impact requires modification for dryland rivers. Notably, carp did not increase turbidity or reduce macroinvertebrate density or composition, probably because of key attributes of dryland rivers. In contrast, there were large impacts on native fish biomass, not from the mechanisms expected, but from food resource monopolization by carp. Macrophyte occurrence was reduced, but macrophytes are naturally rare in these rivers. It is likely that the extirpation of an endangered river snail resulted from carp predation.
  6. Impacts on native fish may be reversible by carp control, but reversal of impacts on the snail may require carp elimination and snail reintroduction. Modelling is necessary to predict the probability of beneficial versus undesirable outcomes from carp control, and complementary measures to control other stressors may be needed.
  7. Benefits of carp control on dryland river ecosystems are fewer than generally predicted. This reinforces the point that ecological understanding cannot always be transferred between diverse settings and highlights the need to understand system characteristics relevant to causal impact pathways when applying generic carp impact models to specific settings. This has global relevance to future carp control efforts.
  相似文献   

17.
Comparative estimates of trophic status and energy flow were carried out in a tropical reservoir ecosystem in India to assess the impact of fish stocking. Mass‐balanced models of the reservoir ecosystem were constructed for two periods – 1982–1983 and 2002–2003 – using ecopath software to determine the impacts on different groups before and after stocking. Mixed trophic impact (MTI) analyses indicated that phytoplankton and detritus have a positive impact on most groups. There was a decrease in nutrient flow through the system from pre‐stocking to post‐stocking (22.28%). The baseline was higher by 0.29% in the post‐stock phase indicating maturity. The ecosystem indices tested indicate that the reservoir was in a more resilient state post‐stocking than during the pre‐stocking phase. The ‘health’ of the ecosystem showed an improvement, which indicates a positive impact of stocking.  相似文献   

18.
Hundred-year decline of North Atlantic predatory fishes   总被引:24,自引:1,他引:23  
We estimate the biomass of high‐trophic level fishes in the North Atlantic at a spatial scale of 0.5° latitude by 0.5° longitude based on 23 spatialized ecosystem models, each constructed to represent a given year or short period from 1880 to 1998. We extract over 7800 data points that describe the abundance of high‐trophic level fishes as a function of year, primary production, depth, temperature, latitude, ice cover and catch composition. We then use a multiple linear regression to predict the spatial abundance for all North Atlantic spatial cells for 1900 and for each year from 1950 to 1999. The results indicate that the biomass of high‐trophic level fishes has declined by two‐thirds during the last 50‐year period, and with a factor of nine over the century. Catches of high‐trophic level fishes increased from 2.4 to 4.7 million tonnes annually in the late 1960s, and subsequently declined to below 2 million tonnes annually in the late 1990s. The fishing intensity for high‐trophic level fishes tripled during the first half of the time period and remained high during the last half of the time period. Comparing the fishing intensity to similar measures from 35 assessments of high‐trophic level fish populations from the North Atlantic, we conclude that the trends in the two data series are similar. Our results raise serious concern for the future of the North Atlantic as a diverse, healthy ecosystem; we may soon be left with only low‐trophic level species in the sea.  相似文献   

19.
A non‐classical biomanipulation experiment was carried out in Gonghu Bay of Lake Taihu in 2009. Silver and bighead carp were stocked in a large fish enclosure to control cyanobacterial blooms. Water quality, plankton abundance, and the intracellular and extracellular microcystins (MCs) in lake water were investigated monthly in 2009. The concentrations of nitrogen nutrients were significantly lower in the fish enclosure than in the surrounding lake, while phosphorus (especially total phosphorus) concentration was higher in fish enclosure. During the blooming period, Cyanophyta contributed to more than 90% of the phytoplankton in the surrounding lake, whereas it represented only 40–80% in the fish enclosure. The phytoplankton and crustacean zooplankton biomasses and the zooplankton/phytoplankton ratios were all significantly lower in the fish enclosure than in the lake. This result suggested that silver and bighead carp can effectively suppress the phytoplankton biomass with the initial stocking density of 7.5 g m?3 for silver carp and 1.1 g m?3 for bighead carp, despite a simultaneous decrease in the grazing pressure of the zooplankton on the phytoplankton. During the blooming period, the intracellular and extracellular MCs in the fish enclosure were reduced by 93.8% and 69.8% compared with the surrounding lake. MCs content varied from 0.34 to 18.8 ng (mean 4.8 ng) MC‐LReqg?1 wet weight in the muscle sample of silver and bighead carp in the experimental enclosure, which suggested that these fish were safe to consume for human. However, the long‐term effects of MCs on aquatic ecosystem and on public health cannot be overlooked.  相似文献   

设为首页 | 免责声明 | 关于勤云 | 加入收藏

Copyright©北京勤云科技发展有限公司  京ICP备09084417号