虾池浮游微藻与养殖水环境调控的研究概况

在对虾养殖过程中,虾池中的浮游微藻群落结构和对虾的健康养殖有着密切关系,一些有益微藻能调节水体溶氧量（DO）和酸碱度（pH）,吸收氨氮（NH4-N）和亚硝氮（NO2-N）等有害物质,有效地调控养殖环境。但一些能分泌毒素的微藻也会给对虾的健康生长带来危害。数量和生物量占微藻总量比例均较高的浮游微藻优势种对整个虾池微藻群落结构的稳定起着重要作用,主导着微藻群落的功能发挥。不同养殖模式、养殖季节、养殖地域以及养殖阶段虾池中浮游微藻的优势种类分布、多样性等群落特征有差异。浮游微藻群落中优势种的变动规律和虾池中各种环境因子的动态密切相关,环境因子的变动会影响浮游微藻群落结构的变动。文章综述了对虾养殖生产实践中浮游微藻群落结构和生态调控特征的研究概况,并对在养殖中构建优良微藻藻相的方法进行了探讨。     

高位虾池养殖后期浮游微藻群落结构特征

2008年7月1～15日,在广东省红海湾对虾养殖区域选取3口养殖84～98 d的高位池,对养殖水体浮游微藻和常规水质因子进行每天1次采样分析.共检出浮游微藻6门25种,其中绿藻10种,硅藻两种,甲藻7种,裸藻4种,蓝藻1种,金藻1种.浮游微藻细胞数量介于5.13×108～4.01×109ind/L,生物量为42.92～181.73 mg/L,数量多样性指数平均为1.01～1.30,生物量多样性指数平均为1.83～2.27.优势种主要是蛋白核小球藻和绿色颤藻,二者的优势度之和高达90%,控制着浮游微藻总数量的变动趋势.从各门藻类生物量对总生物量贡献多少来看,对虾高位池养殖后期是以蓝藻门、绿藻门和硅藻门为优势类群而组成的浮游微藻群落结构.     

粤西凡纳滨对虾海水滩涂养殖池塘浮游微藻群落结构特征

对4个凡纳滨对虾海水滩涂养殖池塘的浮游微藻进行定期跟踪调查,并对其群落结构特征进行了分析。结果共检出浮游微藻6门91种,其中蓝藻30种,绿藻15种,硅藻37种,甲藻5种,裸藻两种,金藻两种。优势种有顿顶节旋藻Arthrospira platensis、蛋白核小球藻Chlorella pyre-noidosa、显微蹄形藻Kirchneriella microscopica、微小多甲藻Peridinium pusillum、新月菱形藻Nitzschia closterium、加德纳鞘丝藻Lyngbya gardneri、绿色颤藻Oscillatoria chlorina、盐泽颤藻Oscillatoria salina、微小念珠藻Nostoc microscopicum、易略颤藻Oscillatoria neglecta、威利颤藻Oscillatoria willei等。在养殖前期浮游微藻的个体数量介于5.12×104~95.41×104ind/L之间,生物量为1.95~118μg/L,多样性指数平均为0.84~2.16,绿藻类和硅藻类较为常见;到养殖中后期浮游微藻的个体数量介于66.11×104~1.28×109...     

缢蛏与对虾立体生态调控养殖技术

黄河三角洲地区位于渤海湾以南、莱州湾以西,其特殊的海域底质条件和水质条件造就了该地区养殖的特殊性。近几年,随着水产养殖业的迅速发展,人们在进行传统虾、蟹单品种养殖的基础上,深入挖掘池塘生产潜力,利用不同生物的生态习性,充分利用水体空间,积极探索虾蛏混养、虾蟹混养等生态调控养殖模式,净化池塘水质,保持生态平衡,有效地提高了池塘的经济效益。     

对虾养殖围隔生态系浮游细菌的数量动态

对５个对虾养殖围隔生态系浮游细菌的数量动态进行了研究。结果表明：浮游细菌数量波动在（０．４１～１０．６３）×１０６ｍｌ－１之间,平均为（４．２９±２．４４）×１０６ｍｌ－１。随着养殖时间的推移,细菌数量逐渐上升,细菌数量昼夜间呈现较大波动。细菌数量与水温、总有机质的化学需氧量（ＴＣＯＤ）、溶解态有机质的化学需氧量（ＤＣＯＤ）呈现显著正相关,与颗粒态有机质的化学需氧量（ＰＣＯＤ）、浮游动、植物生物量无显著相关性。     

对虾生态养殖综合技术研究

在养殖基地实施生态养虾试验,利用微生物制剂对水质进行调控,用人参皂甙增强虾体免疫力,用绿色环保天然抗病毒剂综合防治虾病。虾体无违规药物残留,产出的虾全部出口美国、日本,具有很好的经济效益和社会效益。     

对虾养殖的水质调控

一、投放虾苗前的水质培养 养虾池清池消毒后注入经过滤的海水,使水深达1～1.2米,然后消毒。可用“鱼安”或“强氯精”2～3克/米~3或漂白粉20克/米~3进行消毒。如果池水夜间出现发光,可用“虾菌清”,或“灭光保水灵”处理。消毒3～4天后,施肥培水。培水可选择“浮游生物生长素”、“肥水     

复合微生物制剂在对虾养殖中的应用

复合微生物制剂在改善水质，促进对虾的生长发育，促进饵料生物的生长繁殖，提高营养价值，防病治病，增加产量等方面有明显的作用；复合微生物制剂混合在饵粒中使用，可显提高对虾的生长和成活率；在对虾养殖过程中，抓好塘底处理、饵粒处理、水质处理三项措施结合进行，更能充分有效发挥其作用，保持运用复合微生物制剂于对虾养殖的全过程，将对虾塘的生态环境形成一个良性循环，有利于对虾养殖的可持续发展。     

对虾养殖的水质调控

池塘水质的调控和管理是对虾养殖过程中非常重要的环节.池塘水质的好坏,直接影响到对虾养殖的成败.目前,随着环境的日益恶化,水质污染日趋严重,造成病害频发,因此,加强养殖过程中的水质管理尤为重要.     

溶藻细菌控藻作用及其在对虾养殖池塘中的应用前景

浮游微藻与养殖池塘的水质及对虾的健康状况密切相关,控制有害微藻的过度繁殖,维持优良的藻相对于养殖水环境的稳定、减少对虾疾病的发生具有重要意义。文章对浮游微藻与对虾养殖的关系及溶藻细菌的研究进展进行了概述,分析了溶藻细菌在对虾养殖中的应用前景,提出了利用溶藻细菌控制对虾养殖池塘有害微藻的研发思路。     

Simulation of inorganic nitrogen dynamics and shrimp survival in an intensive shrimp culture system

Nitrogenous wastes are major concerns in shrimp production and as a component of total farm wastes that impact the aquatic environment. This study describes a simulation model of the role of heterotrophic and nitrifying bacteria on nitrogen dynamics in intensive Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) culture systems using different feeds and feeding strategies. The model represents: (i) use and remineralization by heterotrophic bacteria of nitrogen wastes and ammonia excreted by shrimp; and (ii) nitrification. The model was quantified using published and unpublished information. The model is multivariate, deterministic and uses a compartment model structure based on difference equations. Evaluation of the model consisted of simulating two indoor and one outdoor experiment that examined the effects of different feeds and feeding levels on nitrogen dynamics. In summary, the model is capable of qualitatively following inorganic nitrogen dynamics. Simulations investigating the effect of heterotrophic remineralization on total inorganic nitrogen suggested that this process may contribute up to 97% of the inorganic nitrogen in the system. This indicates that strategies to increase production, such as increases in feed protein levels or feeding rates, should be carefully evaluated before they are implemented. Future studies need to address bacterial community role in these systems and inorganic nitrogen toxicity mechanisms.     

Incentive for shifts in water management systems by shrimp culturists in southern Thailand

ABSTRACT:   Water management systems and other business situations of shrimp culturists were surveyed in two districts in southern Thailand. There were three types of water management systems in southern Thailand, namely closed, semiclosed and open systems, categorized by the frequency of exchange of pond water. Shrimp culturists in those districts tended to shift their system from the open system to the closed system of their own accord, and the average net income ratio decreased due to the change of water management system in a district from more than 2 to less than 1. The reason for this shift, in spite of the decrease in the profit rate, was prevention of infectious disease caused by water exchange. In conclusion, it was proven that independent shrimp culturists, such as medium and small scale shrimp pond owners in southern Thailand, would accept short-term decreases in profit rate in order to stabilize production.     

以海洋微藻为原料提取生物燃料的研究进展与发展趋势

能源短缺已经引起了各国的广泛关注,各国科学家将目光投向生物燃料.然而由于大量使用玉米、大豆等农产品生产生物乙醇等燃料,导致生物燃料"与人争粮"和"与粮争地"现象严重.文章综述了用于提取生物燃料的海洋微藻藻种的筛选、纯化、大规模培养及采收方法的优缺点以及生物燃料的提取工艺等方面的主要进展,并对该产业的发展趋势进行了初步分析.     

Operating costs and health management strategies in shrimp hatcheries

Abstract

This paper presents a study of operating costs in shrimp hatcheries. Size effects are presented for fixed, variable, unitary, and marginal costs. Cost structures by functional production department and by cost‐category are discussed for a hypothetical 100‐million postlarvae/month hatchery in an industrialized country, and compared to those of a hatchery in a developing country. Health management issues, mainly measures commonly used to manage bacterial diseases, and their economic impact are discussed, focusing on the trade off between survival rates and sanitation down‐time.

Salaries and benefits represent the largest cost‐component (37%) for hatcheries in industrialized countries, while feeds and operating supplies constitute the most important costs in developing countries (60%). The need to import hatchery feeds and other operating supplies into developing countries works against savings from lower labor costs typical of developing countries.

Total fixed costs depend on the size of a hatchery and are constant for all possible levels of output. Average fixed cost per unit (thousand postlarvae) can be reduced by producing high postlarval outputs. Hatcheries in areas with seasonal shrimp crops face the challenge of covering fixed costs with revenue from a short production season. Hatcheries with large fixed costs can operate in a cost‐efficient manner only by producing high levels of output. Average total cost and average variable cost curves follow a U‐shaped curve, in which costs first decline as output increases, then reach a minimum, and finally increase as output increases above a point of diminishing returns.

In hatcheries total costs are independent of larval survival, but lower output resulting from low survival increases unit costs. This effect is more pronounced at lower levels of output. Bacterial diseases decrease survival rates and increase unit costs.     

对虾海水高密度养殖后期水质因子的昼夜变化规律

2008年7月5～6日,对广东汕尾红海湾对虾养殖场养殖87～88d的海水高密度半封闭养殖虾池水质进行每4h监测分析,旨在了解养殖后期昼夜水质变化状况,为合理和即时调控养殖后期水质提供相关理论数据。结果显示,24h内水质指标除化学需氧量（COD）和无机氮（DIN）基本稳定外,其他因子均有较大波动。其中氨氮（NH4＋-N）在3：00达到高峰,5：00落至低谷,9：00又达到高峰;亚硝酸盐氮（NO2--N）的变化却相反,在3：00落至低谷,5：00达到高峰,9：00又落至低谷;pH和溶解氧（DO）均在5：00降至最低,13：00上升到最高。结果表明,3：00～9：00是虾池水质变动的关键时期,应留意水质变化,适时采取合理增氧措施并投洒相应水质调节剂以提高ρ（DO）,减少NH4＋-N和NO2--N产生及降低其毒性。     

蜡样芽孢杆菌对对虾养殖水体微藻群落的调控研究

运用实验生态学方法分析了溶藻细菌——蜡样芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus)CZBC1对对虾养殖水体微藻群落的影响。根据用菌量,实验分为J0组(不施菌)、J3组(用菌量3.00×10~3CFU·m L~(-1))和J5组(用菌量3.00×105CFU·m L~(-1)),每组3个平行,各实验水体优势种绿色颤藻(Oscillatoria chlorine)和波吉卵囊藻(Oocystis borgei)的初始优势度为64.14%和16.42%,实验周期15 d。结果显示,经过15 d的实验,J0组绿色颤藻优势度显著高于J3组和J5组(P0.01),波吉卵囊藻优势度显著低于J3组和J5组(P0.01)。其中,J0组绿色颤藻优势度升高至81.86%,J3组和J5组则分别降低至16.7%和14.6%;J0组波吉卵囊藻优势度降低至3.13%,J3组和J5组则分别升高至32.42%和47.14%。J0组、J3组和J5组对虾死亡率在第6天时分别为82.2%、46.7%和31.1%,J0组显著高于J3组和J5组(P0.01),第15天时J0组仍然高于J3组和J5组。可见,CZBC1可有效抑制绿色颤藻(蓝藻)的生长,从而为波吉卵囊藻(绿藻)占据生态优势提供有利空间,为养殖对虾提供良好的水生态环境。     

Marine microalgae from biorefinery as a potential feed protein source for Atlantic salmon,common carp and whiteleg shrimp

Two marine algal products MAP3 and MAP8 were examined for their suitability as fishmeal protein substitutes in feeds of three prominent farmed species, through short‐term feeding studies. Algal meals were tested at 5 and 10% protein replacement levels for Atlantic salmon and at 25 and 40% for common carp and whiteleg shrimp. At the end of the 12‐week period, the growth and feed performance of the two fish species did not reveal any significant difference between those fish offered the algae‐based feed and those offered the control feed. The whole body proximate compositions of Atlantic salmon fed the control and algae‐based feeds were not significantly different. In common carp, the lipid content in the fish fed higher level of MAP3 was significantly lower than that of the fish fed the control feed. In whiteleg shrimp, at the end of the 9‐week feeding period, growth performance and feed utilization did not differ between the treatment groups. Protein content in the shrimp fed the higher level of MAP8 was significantly lower than that of shrimp on the control feed. The three species could accept the algal meals in their feeds at the tested levels, though there were some noticeable effects on body composition at higher inclusion levels.     

流沙湾养殖结构优化与生态环境生物修复技术

建立了一种贝-鱼-藻养殖结构优化与生态环境生物修复系统,该系统通过网栏设置33.3hm2半封闭的养殖海区进行试验研究,在示范海区内设置3个功能不同的养殖区,贝类养殖与珍珠培育区、鱼类网箱养殖区、大型海藻栽培区,进行鱼类与大型海藻间养和珍珠培育。经过10个月的结构优化养殖和生态环境生物修复控制,示范海区水域水质和生物环境得以明显改善。示范海区透明度显著高于毗邻海区(P<0.05),悬浮物含量显著低于毗邻海区(P<0.05);示范海区总氮、总磷营养盐浓度随养殖期的延长逐渐升高,到9月份达到最高值,以后则逐渐下降;示范海区水域浮游生物数量随养殖时间的延长逐渐升高,浮游生物量明显高于毗邻海区(P<0.05)。示范海区养殖生物生长良好,共收获鱼类21365kg、大型海藻3091.3kg、珍珠33.5kg。育珠贝存活率为73.9%、育珠贝留核率为49.9%,优质珠比率13.7%、珠层厚度平均472μm,珍珠质量明显提高。示范海区光能利用率为0.20%,总能量转化效率为34.58%,单位净产量耗总能为2.8919MJ/kg。