9种诱食剂对水产动物诱食效果对比试验

<正>诱食剂是一类改善动物适口性的非营养性添加剂，诱食剂的作用原理是通过刺激视觉、嗅觉和味觉等生理基础反应，引起水产动物摄食行为。目前水产动物饲料诱食剂主要有甜菜碱、含硫化合物、动物产品及其提取物、植物及其提取物、中草药诱食剂、核苷酸诱食剂(贾晶莹，2020)。基于不同水产动物采食嗜好，在饲料中添加诱食剂，不但能诱导水产动物摄食、改善饲料适口性、增加饲料原料使用种类范围、利于饵料资源开发利用，还能减少饲料浪费、促进水产动物消化吸收、降低饵料系数、减少水质污染。     

水产养殖动物用诱食剂的种类与作用

正诱食剂又称引诱剂,是为了改善鱼虾人工配合饲料的适口性,引诱和促进鱼虾摄食而添加于饲料中的特殊添加剂。它能提高动物的摄食量和饲料的利用率,并可减轻水体污染,降低动物发病率、死亡率,增加经济效益。诱食剂的种类很多,主要包括香味剂(风味剂、增香剂)、调味剂(呈味剂)和水产诱食剂。水产养殖动物用诱食剂,是将其最喜食的动植物提取的化学成分配合     

诱食剂在水产饲料中的应用

在水产饲料中添加适量的诱食剂可改善饲料的适口性，增进水产动物的食欲，提高饲料的消化吸收率，降低饲料系数，促进水产动物生长，并减轻水质的污染。本文论述了水产动物诱食剂的作用、种类及其在水产饲料中的应用效果。     

南美白对虾健康养殖技术之三病害防治技术（下）

一、诱食剂作用机理水产用诱食剂是根据不同动物的生活习性及动物味觉和嗅觉的特点，结合动物生态学、心理学诸方面的要求研制。一般都是根据鱼类最喜食的动植物提取物中所含的化学成份，配成人工合成提取物，通过因子除去试验，而逐渐确定下来的。它往往含有二种以上的化合物，这些化合物对鱼的摄食刺激有协同作用。诱食剂通过刺激鱼类的嗅觉、味觉和视觉等，使其聚集到饲料周围，加快摄食，提高采食量。二、诱食剂主要功能中国农业科学院、中国水产科学院等多家科研单位研究，证实在水产动物饲料中添加该诱食剂有以下功能：①诱食增重效果…     

水产动物诱食剂的种类及应用

诱食剂（Feeding Promoting Agent）又称引诱剂、食欲增进剂，是一种具有使鱼虾趋向饲料周围的化学物质，具有改善饲料适口性、增强动物食欲、提高动物采食量、促进饲料消化吸收与利用的作用，而添加于饲料中的特殊添加物。因此，诱食剂在水产养殖生产中的应用日趋广泛。     

水产饲料诱食剂的应用

近年来，随着淡水和海水养殖业的迅速发展，鱼、虾、蟹类等水产动物人工养殖规模化和集约化生产的形成，水产饲料诱食剂在饲料工业和水产养殖业中的应用及研究得到了长足的发展。使用水产饲料诱食剂是控制水产养殖水质和降低养殖成本、适量投料、减少残饵的措施之～，也是诱捕和垂钓水产动物的有效手段。因此，研究和发展水产饲料诱食剂的应用技术和产品开发对提高水产品质量，推动水产饲料工业与水产养殖业的发展和最大程度地提高水产动物的生产水平有着十分重要现实的意义。     

诱食剂在水产饲料中的应用

近年来,随着水产养殖业的迅速发展和鱼、虾、蟹等各类水产动物人工养殖规模化和集约化生产的形成,水产饲料诱食剂在饲料工业和水产养殖业中的应用及研究得到了长足的发展.自上世纪70年代以来,国外许多学者(特别是日本)纷纷开展了对鱼用饲料诱食成分的研究,鱼类的索饵、摄饵行为与化学刺激的关系日益明了.在鱼用饲料诱食成分的分离、分析、诱食活性成分定量分析、诱食成分人工模拟等方面取得了很大的进展.诱食剂已投入工业化生产,在养殖业中广泛应用,并已取得了明显的经济效益.我国在这一领域的研究偏少,近10年来才开始投入力量,而且主要以复配、仿制和摸索为主,自主研制和创新较少.因此,研究和发展水产饲料诱食剂的应用技术和开发产品对推动水产饲料工业与水产养殖业的发展和最大程度地提高养殖业水平有着十分重要的现实意义.     

水产动物高效诱食剂的应用

目前的水产养殖中,饲料主要是以植物性原料为主的配合饲料,花生麸、豆饼、小麦为主,黄粉、麦皮、玉米等次之.这种饲料尽管营养齐全,但却失去了水中活饵的风味和诱惑力,致使水产动物觅食兴趣淡化,摄食量下降,饲料浪费大,成为水产动物快速增长的重要障碍因素.随着养殖技术的进一步发展,一种新型的生物制品--水产动物诱食剂应运而生.这种诱食促长剂,如甘氨酸三甲丙脂、甜菜碱、肌醇、醋酸镁,已运用于集约化养殖.下面分别做一下简单介绍:……     

高效诱食剂——苷氨酸三甲丙脂及其使用技术

水产动物诱食增重剂是近年来开发的一项人工高产高效养殖新技术产品。水产动物喜食水中活饵 ,可是在集约化养殖中主要依靠以植物原料为主的配合饲料。这种饲料尽管营养成分完全 ,但却失去了水中活饵的风味和诱惑力 ,致使养殖中出现两大弊端 :一是水产动物觅食兴趣淡化 ,摄食量下降 ,经常处于半饱半饥状态 ,成为水产动物增长的重要障碍 ;二是饲料浪费大 ,加大了成本。为此 ,科学家开发出水产动物最有效的诱食增重剂—苷氨酸三甲丙脂（化学名称）,较好地解决了以上问题。１性质苷氨酸三甲丙脂是一种存在于生物体中的天然生物碱化合物 ,性质稳…     

水产动物诱食剂的研究进展

一、诱食剂研究方法日本、美国、前苏联早在60年代就采用多种方法对水产动物诱食剂进行了研究,主要方法有以下几种:1.电生理学方法这种方法的基本原理是水产动物接触到某些化学物质后,其嗅觉、味觉器官的兴奋性会产生变化,并引起感受器官电位的变化,这种电位变化可以用仪器记录观察,从而判断某些物质是否可以成为该种动物的诱食剂。2摄食行为法此法是诱食剂活性的生物鉴定法,主要有以下三种:     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

美人鱼发光杆菌对凡纳滨对虾非特异性 免疫功能及抗病力的影响

在基础饲料中分别添加0.1%和1%美人鱼发光杆菌灭活菌、0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌配制成3种免疫实验饲料,以基础饲料为空白对照组饲料,每组设3个平行样。对个体质量为(4.83±0.36)g的凡纳滨对虾进行为期20 d的饲养实验,分别在0、5、10、15和20d进行取样,以血清中的酚氧化酶(PO)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和溶菌酶(UL)活性为免疫指标,探讨了美人鱼发光杆菌作为免疫制剂对凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫效应的影响;在投喂免疫饲料后的第22天,按0.004 2 kg/kg体重的剂量,直接投喂对虾白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)病料,并记录累积死亡率。结果表明,美人鱼发光杆菌免疫实验组对凡纳滨对虾血清中PO、ACP、AKP、UL和SOD活性影响明显高于对照组,并且在饲料中添加美人鱼发光杆菌后,明显提高了对虾抵御WSSV感染的能力。其中0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌实验组的抗病毒感染能力最强,WSSV感染14d内累计死亡率为63.3%±5.8%;而对照组为96.7%±3.3%。研究表明,美人鱼发光杆菌添加在对虾饲料中能提高凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫水平,增强抵抗疾病的能力,将其作为对虾免疫增强剂具有良好的应用前景。     

Effects of Spirulina platensis as a feed additive on growth and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii Boulunger, 1902)

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of replacing fish meal with dietary Spirulina as a feed supplement on the growth performance and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii). Five isonitrogenous (47% crude protein) and isocaloric (17.36 kJ/g digestible energy) diets were for formulated to replace FM with 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% Spirulina (designated as Control, SP5, SP10, SP15 and SP20 respectively) and fed to the fish (initial body weight, 3.15 ± 0.01 g). Fish were randomly distributed into fifteen 120 L aquariums (26.5 ± 1.00°C), 15 fish per aquarium. The diets were tested in triplicate for 12 weeks. Experimental groups were fed twice daily (09:00 and 17:00) by hand to satiation. At the end of the feeding trial, significantly (p < 0.05) higher weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and lower feed conversion ratio (FCR) were observed in fish fed the SP10 diet when compared to the SP20 diet. There was no significant difference in these parameters between the other groups. The skin coloration of blue dolphin cichlid fed a diet containing Spirulina meal was enhanced. The best coloration was observed in the SP15 group. These impressions were objectively validated by chemical determinations of carotenoids extracted from fish skins and passed statistical tests of significance. The study findings show that Spirulina meal does not diminish growth rates except at very high levels.     

Dietary thiamin and pyridoxine requirements of fingerling Indian major carp,Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton)

Two experiments were conducted to quantify the dietary thiamin (experiment I) and pyridoxine (experiment II) requirements of fingerling Cirrhinus mrigala for 16 weeks. In experiment I, dietary thiamin requirement was determined by feeding seven casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) with graded levels of thiamin (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 mg kg^?1 diet) to triplicate groups of fish (6.15 ± 0.37 cm; 1.89 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet with 2 mg kg^?1 thiamin had highest specific growth rate (SGR), protein retention (PR), RNA/DNA ratio, haemoglobin (Hb), haematocrit (Hct), RBCs and best feed conversion ratio (FCR). However, highest liver thiamin concentration was recorded in fish fed 4 mg thiamin kg^?1 diet. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver thiamin concentrations exhibited the thiamin requirement in the range of 1.79–3.34 mg kg^?1 diet (0.096–0.179 μg thiamin kJ^?1 gross energy). In experiment II, six casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) containing graded levels of pyridoxine (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 mg kg^?1 diet) were fed to triplicate groups of fish (6.35 ± 0.37 cm; 1.97 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet containing 6 mg kg^?1 pyridoxine showed best SGR, FCR, PR, RNA/DNA ratio, Hb, Hct and RBCs, whereas maximum liver pyridoxine concentration was recorded in fish fed 8 mg kg^?1 dietary pyridoxine. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver pyridoxine concentrations reflected the pyridoxine requirement from 5.63 to 8.61 mg kg^?1 diet. Data generated during this study would be useful in formulating thiamin‐ and pyridoxine‐balanced feeds for the intensive culture of this fish.     

Sea bream culture in Egypt; status, constraints and potential

Marine fish farming in Egypt began in 1976 with the culture of gilthead sea bream, (Sparus aurata) as this fish was notably adaptable to brackish and marine pond conditions. Today, marine fish and shrimp farms amount to about 19,000 ha, out of which 42% is already in production while the rest, i.e., 58% is still under construction. In 1997, cultured gilthead sea bream production of 2,250 tons made up 3% of the 75,000 tons total aquaculture catch. In polyculture, usually with the grey mullet and sea bass, gilthead sea bream contributed 440 kg ha^–1 to the total yield of 1,700 kg ha^–1 (26%) over a period of 16 months. For the same period, the yield of monoculture ponds averaged 100 kg ha^–1, while in marine cages, yields ranged from 4–10 kg m³. In 1996–1997, fry of 0.25–1 g and fingerlings 1–10 g with a total of 3 million, were collected from the wild and 1 million fry were produced in the three marine hatcheries out of the four existing ones. The development of sea bream culture in Egypt is now severely inhibited by the shortage of seeds and adequate feeds. Exports of both sea bream and sea bass, during 1994–1996 averaged 1,300 tons per year.     

A Minchinia mercenariae‐like parasite infects cockles Cerastoderma edule in Galicia (NW Spain)

The cockle Cerastoderma edule fishery has traditionally been the most important shellfish species in terms of biomass in Galicia (NW Spain). In the course of a survey of the histopathological conditions affecting this species in the Ria of Arousa, a haplosporidan parasite that had not been observed in Galicia was detected in one of the most productive cockle beds of Galicia. Uni‐ and binucleate cells and multinucleate plasmodia were observed in the connective tissue mainly in the digestive area, gills and gonad. The parasite showed low prevalence, and it was not associated with abnormal cockle mortality. Molecular identification showed that this parasite was closely related to the haplosporidan Minchinia mercenariae that had been reported infecting hard clams Mercenaria mercenaria from the Atlantic coast of the United States. The molecular characterization of its SSU rDNA region allowed obtaining a fragment of 1,796 bp showing 98% homology with M. mercenariae parasite. Phylogenetic analysis supported this identification as this parasite was clustered in the same clade as M. mercenariae from the United States and other M. mercenariae‐like sequences from the UK, with bootstrap value of 99%. The occurrence of M. mercenariae‐like parasites infecting molluscs outside the United States is confirmed.     

Involvement of gonadal steroids in final oocyte maturation of white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops): in vivo and in vitro studies

Plasma estradiol-17 (E₂), testosterone (T), 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) and 17,20,21-tri-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20-S) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops) that were induced to undergo final oocyte maturation (FOM) with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Plasma DHP levels increased in females of both species in association with oocyte germinal vesicle migration (GVM) and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and decreased thereafter. Plasma 20-S levels also increased with oocyte GVM in white bass, but were several-fold lower than DHP levels. Circulating E₂ and T levels were greatest during GVM and GVBD in both species and decreased to low levels during oocyte hydration and ovulation. Follicles from white perch and white bass which received a priming injection of hCG in vivo, produced both DHP and 20-S in vitro after exposure to hCG and their oocytes underwent GVBD. Ovarian incubates from unprimed fish of either species produced only E₂ and T and their oocytes did not complete GVBD. Oocytes from unprimed bass, but not perch, matured when follicles were exposed to hCG in vitro. Both trilostane and cycloheximide blocked in vitro production of DHP and 20-S and oocyte GVBD by white perch follices. DHP and 20-S were equipotent inducers of FOM in the GVBD bioassay. None of several other structurally-related steroids tested were effective within a physiological range of concentrations. These results indicate a role for DHP and 20-S in the control of FOM in white perch and white bass.