9种诱食剂对水产动物诱食效果对比试验

<正>诱食剂是一类改善动物适口性的非营养性添加剂，诱食剂的作用原理是通过刺激视觉、嗅觉和味觉等生理基础反应，引起水产动物摄食行为。目前水产动物饲料诱食剂主要有甜菜碱、含硫化合物、动物产品及其提取物、植物及其提取物、中草药诱食剂、核苷酸诱食剂(贾晶莹，2020)。基于不同水产动物采食嗜好，在饲料中添加诱食剂，不但能诱导水产动物摄食、改善饲料适口性、增加饲料原料使用种类范围、利于饵料资源开发利用，还能减少饲料浪费、促进水产动物消化吸收、降低饵料系数、减少水质污染。     

诱食剂在水产饲料中的应用

在水产饲料中添加适量的诱食剂可改善饲料的适口性，增进水产动物的食欲，提高饲料的消化吸收率，降低饲料系数，促进水产动物生长，并减轻水质的污染。本文论述了水产动物诱食剂的作用、种类及其在水产饲料中的应用效果。     

水产养殖动物用诱食剂的种类与作用

正诱食剂又称引诱剂,是为了改善鱼虾人工配合饲料的适口性,引诱和促进鱼虾摄食而添加于饲料中的特殊添加剂。它能提高动物的摄食量和饲料的利用率,并可减轻水体污染,降低动物发病率、死亡率,增加经济效益。诱食剂的种类很多,主要包括香味剂(风味剂、增香剂)、调味剂(呈味剂)和水产诱食剂。水产养殖动物用诱食剂,是将其最喜食的动植物提取的化学成分配合     

南美白对虾健康养殖技术之三病害防治技术（下）

一、诱食剂作用机理水产用诱食剂是根据不同动物的生活习性及动物味觉和嗅觉的特点，结合动物生态学、心理学诸方面的要求研制。一般都是根据鱼类最喜食的动植物提取物中所含的化学成份，配成人工合成提取物，通过因子除去试验，而逐渐确定下来的。它往往含有二种以上的化合物，这些化合物对鱼的摄食刺激有协同作用。诱食剂通过刺激鱼类的嗅觉、味觉和视觉等，使其聚集到饲料周围，加快摄食，提高采食量。二、诱食剂主要功能中国农业科学院、中国水产科学院等多家科研单位研究，证实在水产动物饲料中添加该诱食剂有以下功能：①诱食增重效果…     

水产动物诱食剂的种类及应用

诱食剂（Feeding Promoting Agent）又称引诱剂、食欲增进剂，是一种具有使鱼虾趋向饲料周围的化学物质，具有改善饲料适口性、增强动物食欲、提高动物采食量、促进饲料消化吸收与利用的作用，而添加于饲料中的特殊添加物。因此，诱食剂在水产养殖生产中的应用日趋广泛。     

水产饲料诱食剂的应用

近年来，随着淡水和海水养殖业的迅速发展，鱼、虾、蟹类等水产动物人工养殖规模化和集约化生产的形成，水产饲料诱食剂在饲料工业和水产养殖业中的应用及研究得到了长足的发展。使用水产饲料诱食剂是控制水产养殖水质和降低养殖成本、适量投料、减少残饵的措施之～，也是诱捕和垂钓水产动物的有效手段。因此，研究和发展水产饲料诱食剂的应用技术和产品开发对提高水产品质量，推动水产饲料工业与水产养殖业的发展和最大程度地提高水产动物的生产水平有着十分重要现实的意义。     

诱食剂在水产饲料中的应用

近年来,随着水产养殖业的迅速发展和鱼、虾、蟹等各类水产动物人工养殖规模化和集约化生产的形成,水产饲料诱食剂在饲料工业和水产养殖业中的应用及研究得到了长足的发展.自上世纪70年代以来,国外许多学者(特别是日本)纷纷开展了对鱼用饲料诱食成分的研究,鱼类的索饵、摄饵行为与化学刺激的关系日益明了.在鱼用饲料诱食成分的分离、分析、诱食活性成分定量分析、诱食成分人工模拟等方面取得了很大的进展.诱食剂已投入工业化生产,在养殖业中广泛应用,并已取得了明显的经济效益.我国在这一领域的研究偏少,近10年来才开始投入力量,而且主要以复配、仿制和摸索为主,自主研制和创新较少.因此,研究和发展水产饲料诱食剂的应用技术和开发产品对推动水产饲料工业与水产养殖业的发展和最大程度地提高养殖业水平有着十分重要的现实意义.     

水产动物高效诱食剂的应用

目前的水产养殖中,饲料主要是以植物性原料为主的配合饲料,花生麸、豆饼、小麦为主,黄粉、麦皮、玉米等次之.这种饲料尽管营养齐全,但却失去了水中活饵的风味和诱惑力,致使水产动物觅食兴趣淡化,摄食量下降,饲料浪费大,成为水产动物快速增长的重要障碍因素.随着养殖技术的进一步发展,一种新型的生物制品--水产动物诱食剂应运而生.这种诱食促长剂,如甘氨酸三甲丙脂、甜菜碱、肌醇、醋酸镁,已运用于集约化养殖.下面分别做一下简单介绍:……     

高效诱食剂——苷氨酸三甲丙脂及其使用技术

水产动物诱食增重剂是近年来开发的一项人工高产高效养殖新技术产品。水产动物喜食水中活饵 ,可是在集约化养殖中主要依靠以植物原料为主的配合饲料。这种饲料尽管营养成分完全 ,但却失去了水中活饵的风味和诱惑力 ,致使养殖中出现两大弊端 :一是水产动物觅食兴趣淡化 ,摄食量下降 ,经常处于半饱半饥状态 ,成为水产动物增长的重要障碍 ;二是饲料浪费大 ,加大了成本。为此 ,科学家开发出水产动物最有效的诱食增重剂—苷氨酸三甲丙脂（化学名称）,较好地解决了以上问题。１性质苷氨酸三甲丙脂是一种存在于生物体中的天然生物碱化合物 ,性质稳…     

水产动物诱食剂的研究进展

一、诱食剂研究方法日本、美国、前苏联早在60年代就采用多种方法对水产动物诱食剂进行了研究,主要方法有以下几种:1.电生理学方法这种方法的基本原理是水产动物接触到某些化学物质后,其嗅觉、味觉器官的兴奋性会产生变化,并引起感受器官电位的变化,这种电位变化可以用仪器记录观察,从而判断某些物质是否可以成为该种动物的诱食剂。2摄食行为法此法是诱食剂活性的生物鉴定法,主要有以下三种:     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.     

Involvement of gonadal steroids in final oocyte maturation of white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops): in vivo and in vitro studies

Plasma estradiol-17 (E₂), testosterone (T), 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) and 17,20,21-tri-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20-S) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops) that were induced to undergo final oocyte maturation (FOM) with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Plasma DHP levels increased in females of both species in association with oocyte germinal vesicle migration (GVM) and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and decreased thereafter. Plasma 20-S levels also increased with oocyte GVM in white bass, but were several-fold lower than DHP levels. Circulating E₂ and T levels were greatest during GVM and GVBD in both species and decreased to low levels during oocyte hydration and ovulation. Follicles from white perch and white bass which received a priming injection of hCG in vivo, produced both DHP and 20-S in vitro after exposure to hCG and their oocytes underwent GVBD. Ovarian incubates from unprimed fish of either species produced only E₂ and T and their oocytes did not complete GVBD. Oocytes from unprimed bass, but not perch, matured when follicles were exposed to hCG in vitro. Both trilostane and cycloheximide blocked in vitro production of DHP and 20-S and oocyte GVBD by white perch follices. DHP and 20-S were equipotent inducers of FOM in the GVBD bioassay. None of several other structurally-related steroids tested were effective within a physiological range of concentrations. These results indicate a role for DHP and 20-S in the control of FOM in white perch and white bass.     

Cardiac,ventilatory and metabolic responses of two ecologically dissimilar species of fish to waterborne cyanide

Changes in heart rate, ventilatory activity and oxygen consumption were determined in trout (Salmo gairdneri) and brown bullhead catfish (Ictalurus nebulosus) during exposure to a steadily increasing concentration of waterborne cyanide selected to produce death in 8–9 hours for each species. The lethal cyanide concentration for the bullheads was an order of magnitude higher than for trout. Trout developed an immediate and gradually increasing bradycardia throughout the exposure period. Cyanide produced tachycardia in the bullhead followed by a gradual onset of bradycardia as the concentration of cyanide was raised. Pericardial injection of atropine (a muscarinic cholinergic antagonist) indicated that bradycardia in the trout was due initially to increased vagal tone but later due to the direct effect of cyanide on the heart. Hyperventilation in the trout persisted throughout the exposure period, although the rate and amplitude fluctuated and was variable between individual fish. During the last hour of exposure (highest cyanide concentration), ventilation was characterized by rapid, shallow breaths followed by a sudden respiratory arrest. The bullheads exhibited hyperventilation during the first 3 hours of exposure followed by a gradual, linear drop in ventilation rate and amplitude until death occurred. Cardiac and ventilatory responses in both species were attributed to stimulation of central and peripheral chemoreceptors by cyanide. Evidence is presented which suggests the initial response in the bullheads was due, at least in part, to gustatory stimulation by the cyanide. Oxygen consumption of the trout remained above pre-exposure levels for the majority of the test period. Oxygen consumption in the bullhead paralleled the changes in heart and ventilatory rates. Whole-body lactate levels of fingerlings of both species during cyanide exposure were measured to estimate the extent of anaerobiosis. Whole-body lactate levels were much greater in the bullheads than the trout, indicating a higher capacity for anaerobiosis, possibly due to a greater fuel supply. Overall, the trout responded to cyanide in a manner similar to that produced by environmental hypoxia whereas the bullheads experienced a gustatory stimulus which masked the hypoxia-like response.     

美人鱼发光杆菌对凡纳滨对虾非特异性 免疫功能及抗病力的影响

在基础饲料中分别添加0.1%和1%美人鱼发光杆菌灭活菌、0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌配制成3种免疫实验饲料,以基础饲料为空白对照组饲料,每组设3个平行样。对个体质量为(4.83±0.36)g的凡纳滨对虾进行为期20 d的饲养实验,分别在0、5、10、15和20d进行取样,以血清中的酚氧化酶(PO)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和溶菌酶(UL)活性为免疫指标,探讨了美人鱼发光杆菌作为免疫制剂对凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫效应的影响;在投喂免疫饲料后的第22天,按0.004 2 kg/kg体重的剂量,直接投喂对虾白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)病料,并记录累积死亡率。结果表明,美人鱼发光杆菌免疫实验组对凡纳滨对虾血清中PO、ACP、AKP、UL和SOD活性影响明显高于对照组,并且在饲料中添加美人鱼发光杆菌后,明显提高了对虾抵御WSSV感染的能力。其中0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌实验组的抗病毒感染能力最强,WSSV感染14d内累计死亡率为63.3%±5.8%;而对照组为96.7%±3.3%。研究表明,美人鱼发光杆菌添加在对虾饲料中能提高凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫水平,增强抵抗疾病的能力,将其作为对虾免疫增强剂具有良好的应用前景。     

An overview of stress physiology of fish transport: changes in water quality as a function of transport duration

This study brings an integrated analysis about the relationship between water deterioration and its physiological consequences in live fish transport. The analysis was focused on the transport water and its deterioration, and physiological challenges imposed on the fish. Usual commercial handling procedures employed to mitigate fish stress during transport were discussed. Future topics of research for the establishment of safer fish transport protocols were proposed. Transport was classified into short (≤8 h) or long transport (>8 h). The main issue in short transports should be the prevention of water pH reduction, while in long transports it is the increase in ammonia. Plasma cortisol is the most employed marker for stress and is acutely elevated upon short episodes of transport, but remains elevated even in long‐transport events. Plasma glucose is perhaps a better marker for handling stress. Plasma lactate, pH, osmolality CO₂ and ions should be more often evaluated. Plasma Na⁺ and Cl^‐ are very useful markers of acidosis, due to their respective exchange for H⁺ and , for acid–base regulation. The establishment of species‐specific transport protocols should be preceded by such combined analyses of water and physiological parameters.     

Are hatchery‐reared abalone naïve of predators? Comparing the behaviours of wild and hatchery‐reared northern abalone,Haliotis kamtschatkana (Jonas, 1845)

Abalone populations have declined worldwide, generating interest in enhancement using hatchery‐reared individuals. In many cases, such restoration efforts have met with limited success due to high predator‐induced mortality rates. Furthermore, the mortality rates of outplanted hatchery abalone are often considerably higher than for wild individuals. This study uses northern abalone (Haliotis kamtschatkana) as a case study to determine whether hatchery‐reared abalone behave differently than their wild counterparts. In the field, outplanted hatchery‐reared abalone were significantly less responsive than wild abalone, in terms of number of abalone responding and intensity of response, to nearby movement and to physical contact with an inert probe. Also, when encountering a cue to which all abalone responded (a seastar predator), hatchery‐reared individuals remained subdued. Anti‐predator behavioural deficits in hatchery‐reared abalone were more pronounced in 4‐year‐old individuals than in 1‐year‐old individuals, suggesting an influence of either age or amount of time spent in the hatchery environment. These behavioural differences are expected to increase the vulnerability of hatchery‐reared abalone to predators, and are likely a major cause of their elevated predator‐induced mortality when outplanted.     

Effects of cadmium on the kinetics of calcium uptake in developing tilapia larvae, Oreochromis mossambicus

The toxic effects of Cd²⁺ on Ca²⁺ influx kinetics in developing tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) larvae were evaluated. Addition of 20 µg l^-1 of Cd²⁺ to the environment of 0 and 3 day-old larvae competitively inhibited the Ca²⁺ uptake within 4h resulting in a great increase in K_m values for Ca²⁺ influx (19.3 and 17.4 fold, respectively) as compared with their respective controls. Consequently, the actual Ca²⁺ influx of larvae in solutions of 0.2 mM Ca²⁺ are suppressed by 32–45%. Also, 3 day-old larvae were more sensitive to internally accumulated Cd²⁺ than 0 day-old larvae. Although the Ca²⁺ influx in 0 and 3 day-old larvae may be restored to the levels of their respective controls with 24h of being transferred to a 20 µg l^-1 Cd²⁺ solution, total body Ca²⁺ content was significantly reduced in 3 day-old larvae. Increased Ca²⁺ uptake efficiency ensures sufficient Ca²⁺ for normal growth. However, rapid increase in Ca²⁺ influx after hatching also leads to higher Cd²⁺ uptake. Exposure to Cd²⁺ will lead to a drop in body Ca²⁺ content resulting in retardation of larval growth. Therefore, we conclude that if Ca²⁺ uptake is interfered with at this critical stage of development, larvae will not be able to maintain normal levels of body Ca²⁺ and will show signs of Cd²⁺ poisoning.     

Migratory dynamics of stream-spawning longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus)

Abstract– Literature evidence suggests that lake-dwelling longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus) enter tributary streams to spawn, Until the present study, the dynamics of this breeding migration had never been investigated quantitatively. During the summers of 1991 and 1992, longnose gar were captured as they entered Weaubleau Creek, Missouri, a tributary of Harry S. Truman Reservoir. The in-stream spawning migration began in early April and ended in late May, and was positively correlated with stream flow and water level, and negatively correlated with water temperature. In-stream residence times ranged from 15 to 94 days, with males exhibiting longer residence times than females. Once in-stream, longnose gar travelled as far as 10 km upstream and occupied certain pools at greater relative frequencies. Although the reason for this preferential utilization is not completely understood, it may relate to pool depth and riffle proximity. Longnose gar disperse from the spawning stream great distances, with gar captured in Weaubleau Creek being recaptured up to 48 km away. This information should provide fisheries biologists the means to consider the reproductive ecology of this species in their conservation and management decisions.