三道河水库浮游甲壳动物群落结构特征的初步研究

研究了湖北省三道河水库２００７年８月至２００８年４月浮游甲壳动物的群落结构及现存量的时空变化。三道河水库６个采样点（Ⅰ ～Ⅵ）共鉴定出浮游甲壳动物８科、１３属、２１种，其中枝角类５科、９属、１４种，优势种为简弧象鼻蟤（Ｂｏｓｍｉｎａｃｏｒｅｇｏｎｉ）、短尾秀体蟤（Ｄｉａｐｈａｎｏｓｏｍａｂｒａｃｈｙｕｒｕｍ）和透明蟤（Ｄａｐｈｎｉａｈｙａｌｉｎ）；桡足类３科、４属、７种，优势种为广布中剑水蚤（Ｍｉｃｒｏｃｙｃｌｏｐｓｌｅｕｃｋａｒｔｉ）和汤匙华哲水蚤（Ｓｉｎｏｃａｌａｎｕｓｄｏｒｒｉｉ）。浮游甲壳动物年平均密度为９２．６个／Ｌ，枝角类和桡足类分别为３６．９个／Ｌ和５５．７个／Ｌ；平均生物量为１．１２６ｍｇ／Ｌ，枝角类和桡足类分别为０．７３７ｍｇ／Ｌ和０．３８９ｍｇ／Ｌ。浮游甲壳动物现存量的季节变化明显，密度和生物量由高到低依次为秋季＞夏季＞冬季＞春季。浮游甲壳动物密度的水平分布差异明显，采样点的密度和生物量由高到低为Ⅱ ＞Ⅵ ＞Ⅲ ＞Ⅰ ＞Ⅳ ＞Ⅴ。     

人工繁殖蟹苗淡化方法的初步研究

人工繁殖蟹苗淡化方法的初步研究陆开宏，徐如卫，江锦坡（浙江水产学院养殖系，宁波３１５０１０）河蟹（Ｅｒｉｏｃｈｅｉｒｓｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ）系海水繁殖、淡水生长的洄游性甲壳动物，人工繁殖的蟹苗（大眼幼体）由于自身调节渗透压的需要，一般均需淡化后才移入淡水放...     

十足目甲壳动物精子冷冻保存

杂交育种、种质优选、雌核发育及物种保护等研究都要涉及到精液冷冻保存。精液的长期保存 ,可以保证基因长时间的稳定性 ,能以较少的时间和空间保证精子的供应 ,没有季节限制 ,也不需较高的饲养亲本的花费 ,大大提高了选择育种的可行性。和其他水生生物大量精子冷冻研究相比 (Ｍｉｓｔｕｔｏｓｈｉ,2 0 0 0 ) ,甲壳动物精子冷冻保存研究很少 ,主要集中在十足目甲壳动物。虽然十足目甲壳动物最近在养殖上越来越重要 ,但其精子冷冻保存技术依然很少(Ｃｈｏｗ ,1985 ;Ａｎｃｈｏｒｄｏｇｙ等 ,1988;Ｊｅｙａｌｅｃｔｕｍｉｅ和Ｓｕｂ ｒａｍｏ…     

我国淡水青虾养殖生物学研究的若干进展

我国淡水青虾养殖生物学研究的若干进展丛宁，臧素娟，姜增华（江苏省扬州市水产技术指导站２２５００３）淡水青虾学名日本沼虾（Ｍａｃｒｏｂｒａｃｈｉｕｍｎｉｐｐｏｎｅｎｓｉｓ），是我国一种重要的经济甲壳动物。其营养价值早已为人们所认识，特别是近年来，由于其...     

甲壳动物胚胎学的研究

甲壳动物胚胎学的研究薛俊增堵南山赖伟（华东师范大学生物系，上海２０００６２关键词：甲壳动物胚胎学综述甲壳动物胚胎学的知识，对甲壳动物的起源、演化、分类及幼体培育都有重要的意义。虽然甲壳动物胚胎学的研究始于１９世纪早期，但真正广泛的研究则从１９世纪后半...     

中国对虾大颚器官超微结构及保幼激素_类似物的分离

甲壳动物内分泌学的研究起步较晚但发展迅速,ＬｅＲｏｕｘ[1968]首次对蓝蟹(Ｃａｌｌｉｎｅｃｔｅｓｓａｐｉｄｕ)的大颚器官(ＭＯ)进行了描述。Ｌａｕｆｅｒ等[1987]人确定了ＭＯ的分泌产物是法呢酸甲酯(ＭＦ),它是一种倍半萜类化合物,它的化学结构与昆虫的保幼激素Ⅲ相似,为保幼激素Ⅲ的去半环氧基形式。目前已证明,有25种以上的甲壳动物的ＭＯ能够合成ＭＦ[Ｌａｕｆｅｒ等1993],但尚未见中国对虾大颚器官及其分泌物的报道。ＭＦ被认为是甲壳动物的保幼激素,它对甲壳动物的生长发育和生殖有调节作用。实验证明,大颚器官的移植能明显缩短甲…     

泛甲壳动物激素调控卵黄蛋白原合成的分子机制研究进展

昆虫和甲壳动物由于进化上亲缘关系近统称泛甲壳动物，大多数泛甲壳动物卵黄蛋白原为雌性特异性蛋白，是卵母细胞中储存的卵黄蛋白的前体，可为胚胎发育提供营养和能量，是决定繁殖性能的关键因素，在生殖发育起着十分重要作用。业已证明，调控泛甲壳动物卵黄蛋白原的主要激素有保幼激素、蜕皮激素、神经肽和胰岛素样肽等。昆虫保幼激素和蜕皮激素发挥促进作用，而神经肽和胰岛素样肽对卵黄蛋白原合成的调控作用因种类不同存在不同。除了以上激素，甲壳动物特有的眼柄高血糖激素家族以及促雄腺激素对卵黄蛋白原的合成起负调控作用。本文总结了近年来泛甲壳动物卵黄蛋白原合成的调控机制的相关研究，概括并比较了调控昆虫与甲壳动物的卵黄蛋白原合成的主要激素及调控机制，为养殖虾蟹甲壳动物生殖调控相关研究提供参考。     

甲壳动物幼体蜕皮的调控

甲壳动物生长发育总是与蜕皮联系在一起的 ,而其胚后发育具有一系列形态各异的幼体期 ,每一期幼体的形态和生理特点通过蜕皮而改变 ,或者通过蜕皮变态发育成为后期幼体或具有成体的形态。各期幼体的这种发育类型一般是与蜕皮周期相关的[1] ,蜕皮周期可分为蜕皮 (ｍｏｌｔ或ｅｃｄｙｓｉｓ)、蜕皮后 (ｐｏｓｔｍｏｌｔ或ｍｅｔｅｃｄｙｓｉｓ)、蜕皮间 (ｉｎｔｅｒｍｏｌｔ或ａｎｅｃｄｙｓｉｓ)和蜕皮前 (ｐｒｅｍｏｌｔ或ｐｒｏｅｃｄｙｓｉｓ) ;对于甲壳动物 ,根据Ｄｒａｃｈ和Ｔｃｈｅｒｎｉｇｏｖｔｚｅｆｆ[2 ] 的标准可把蜕皮周期进一…     

不同养殖条件下—秋龄蟹种性腺发育比较

不同养殖条件下—秋龄蟹种性腺发育比较温周瑞，陈洪达（湖北省水产科学研究所）河蟹（ＥｒｉｏｃｈｅｉｒＳｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ）是一种重要的经济甲壳动物，在自然环境下，性成熟年龄多数为二秋龄，少数在当年或第三年成熟（赵乃刚等，１９８７）。在近几年的养殖生产中普遍...     

渔业简讯

<正>近日，中国科学院海洋研究所研究员李富花和李新正课题组合作破译了国际上首个深海甲壳动物——深海水虱（Bathynomus jamesi）的基因组，并揭示了深海水虱体形巨大化和深海寡营养环境适应的独特分子遗传机制。该研究是继深海软体动物和深海管虫等深海物种之后首次报导深海甲壳动物基因组，为揭示甲壳动物独特的深海环境适应性进化和遗传机制提供了重要分子证据。     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.     

美人鱼发光杆菌对凡纳滨对虾非特异性 免疫功能及抗病力的影响

在基础饲料中分别添加0.1%和1%美人鱼发光杆菌灭活菌、0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌配制成3种免疫实验饲料,以基础饲料为空白对照组饲料,每组设3个平行样。对个体质量为(4.83±0.36)g的凡纳滨对虾进行为期20 d的饲养实验,分别在0、5、10、15和20d进行取样,以血清中的酚氧化酶(PO)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和溶菌酶(UL)活性为免疫指标,探讨了美人鱼发光杆菌作为免疫制剂对凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫效应的影响;在投喂免疫饲料后的第22天,按0.004 2 kg/kg体重的剂量,直接投喂对虾白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)病料,并记录累积死亡率。结果表明,美人鱼发光杆菌免疫实验组对凡纳滨对虾血清中PO、ACP、AKP、UL和SOD活性影响明显高于对照组,并且在饲料中添加美人鱼发光杆菌后,明显提高了对虾抵御WSSV感染的能力。其中0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌实验组的抗病毒感染能力最强,WSSV感染14d内累计死亡率为63.3%±5.8%;而对照组为96.7%±3.3%。研究表明,美人鱼发光杆菌添加在对虾饲料中能提高凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫水平,增强抵抗疾病的能力,将其作为对虾免疫增强剂具有良好的应用前景。     

Effects of Spirulina platensis as a feed additive on growth and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii Boulunger, 1902)

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of replacing fish meal with dietary Spirulina as a feed supplement on the growth performance and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii). Five isonitrogenous (47% crude protein) and isocaloric (17.36 kJ/g digestible energy) diets were for formulated to replace FM with 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% Spirulina (designated as Control, SP5, SP10, SP15 and SP20 respectively) and fed to the fish (initial body weight, 3.15 ± 0.01 g). Fish were randomly distributed into fifteen 120 L aquariums (26.5 ± 1.00°C), 15 fish per aquarium. The diets were tested in triplicate for 12 weeks. Experimental groups were fed twice daily (09:00 and 17:00) by hand to satiation. At the end of the feeding trial, significantly (p < 0.05) higher weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and lower feed conversion ratio (FCR) were observed in fish fed the SP10 diet when compared to the SP20 diet. There was no significant difference in these parameters between the other groups. The skin coloration of blue dolphin cichlid fed a diet containing Spirulina meal was enhanced. The best coloration was observed in the SP15 group. These impressions were objectively validated by chemical determinations of carotenoids extracted from fish skins and passed statistical tests of significance. The study findings show that Spirulina meal does not diminish growth rates except at very high levels.     

Dietary thiamin and pyridoxine requirements of fingerling Indian major carp,Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton)

Two experiments were conducted to quantify the dietary thiamin (experiment I) and pyridoxine (experiment II) requirements of fingerling Cirrhinus mrigala for 16 weeks. In experiment I, dietary thiamin requirement was determined by feeding seven casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) with graded levels of thiamin (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 mg kg^?1 diet) to triplicate groups of fish (6.15 ± 0.37 cm; 1.89 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet with 2 mg kg^?1 thiamin had highest specific growth rate (SGR), protein retention (PR), RNA/DNA ratio, haemoglobin (Hb), haematocrit (Hct), RBCs and best feed conversion ratio (FCR). However, highest liver thiamin concentration was recorded in fish fed 4 mg thiamin kg^?1 diet. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver thiamin concentrations exhibited the thiamin requirement in the range of 1.79–3.34 mg kg^?1 diet (0.096–0.179 μg thiamin kJ^?1 gross energy). In experiment II, six casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) containing graded levels of pyridoxine (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 mg kg^?1 diet) were fed to triplicate groups of fish (6.35 ± 0.37 cm; 1.97 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet containing 6 mg kg^?1 pyridoxine showed best SGR, FCR, PR, RNA/DNA ratio, Hb, Hct and RBCs, whereas maximum liver pyridoxine concentration was recorded in fish fed 8 mg kg^?1 dietary pyridoxine. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver pyridoxine concentrations reflected the pyridoxine requirement from 5.63 to 8.61 mg kg^?1 diet. Data generated during this study would be useful in formulating thiamin‐ and pyridoxine‐balanced feeds for the intensive culture of this fish.     

Sea bream culture in Egypt; status, constraints and potential

Marine fish farming in Egypt began in 1976 with the culture of gilthead sea bream, (Sparus aurata) as this fish was notably adaptable to brackish and marine pond conditions. Today, marine fish and shrimp farms amount to about 19,000 ha, out of which 42% is already in production while the rest, i.e., 58% is still under construction. In 1997, cultured gilthead sea bream production of 2,250 tons made up 3% of the 75,000 tons total aquaculture catch. In polyculture, usually with the grey mullet and sea bass, gilthead sea bream contributed 440 kg ha^–1 to the total yield of 1,700 kg ha^–1 (26%) over a period of 16 months. For the same period, the yield of monoculture ponds averaged 100 kg ha^–1, while in marine cages, yields ranged from 4–10 kg m³. In 1996–1997, fry of 0.25–1 g and fingerlings 1–10 g with a total of 3 million, were collected from the wild and 1 million fry were produced in the three marine hatcheries out of the four existing ones. The development of sea bream culture in Egypt is now severely inhibited by the shortage of seeds and adequate feeds. Exports of both sea bream and sea bass, during 1994–1996 averaged 1,300 tons per year.     

A Minchinia mercenariae‐like parasite infects cockles Cerastoderma edule in Galicia (NW Spain)

The cockle Cerastoderma edule fishery has traditionally been the most important shellfish species in terms of biomass in Galicia (NW Spain). In the course of a survey of the histopathological conditions affecting this species in the Ria of Arousa, a haplosporidan parasite that had not been observed in Galicia was detected in one of the most productive cockle beds of Galicia. Uni‐ and binucleate cells and multinucleate plasmodia were observed in the connective tissue mainly in the digestive area, gills and gonad. The parasite showed low prevalence, and it was not associated with abnormal cockle mortality. Molecular identification showed that this parasite was closely related to the haplosporidan Minchinia mercenariae that had been reported infecting hard clams Mercenaria mercenaria from the Atlantic coast of the United States. The molecular characterization of its SSU rDNA region allowed obtaining a fragment of 1,796 bp showing 98% homology with M. mercenariae parasite. Phylogenetic analysis supported this identification as this parasite was clustered in the same clade as M. mercenariae from the United States and other M. mercenariae‐like sequences from the UK, with bootstrap value of 99%. The occurrence of M. mercenariae‐like parasites infecting molluscs outside the United States is confirmed.     

A novel approach to denitrification processes in a zero-discharge recirculating system for small-scale urban aquaculture

This paper presents an innovative process to solve the nitrate build-up problem in recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS). The novel aspects of the process lie in a denitrification bioreactor system that uses solid cotton wool as the primary carbon source and a unique degassing chamber. In the latter, the water is physically stripped of dissolved gaseous O₂ (by means of a Venturi vacuum tube), and the subsequent denitrification becomes more efficient due to elimination of the problems of oxygen inhibition of denitrification and aerobic consumption of cotton wool. The cotton wool medium also serves as a physical barrier that traps organic particles, which, in turn, act as an additional carbon source for denitrification. Operation in the proposed system gives an extremely low C/N ratio of 0.82 g of cotton wool/g of nitrate N, which contributes to a significant reduction of biofilter volume. The additional advantage of using solid cotton wool as the carbon source is that it does not release organic residuals into the liquid to be recycled. Operation of the system over a long period consistently produced effluents with low nitrate levels (below 10 mg N/l), and there was only a very small need to replace system water. The overall treatment scheme, also incorporating an aerobic nitrification biofilter and a granular filtration device, produced water of excellent quality, i.e., with near-zero levels of nitrite and ammonia, a sufficiently high pH for aquaculture, and low turbidity. The proposed system thus provides a solution for sustainable small-scale, urban aquaculture operation with a very high recovery of water (over 99%) and minimal waste disposal.     

Fertilization by refrigerator stored sperm of the Indian major carp, Labeo calbasu (Hamilton, 1822)

This study reports on the spermatological properties, and on the development of a protocol for refrigerator storage (4°C) of Labeo calbasu (Hamilton, 1822) sperm for artificial breeding. Volume, motility, concentration and pH of the freshly collected sperm were 2.21 ± 0.53 (μL g^?1 of fish weight) (mean ± SD), 95 ± 1 (%), 1.93 ± 0.44 × 10⁹ (cells mL^?1) and 7.56 ± 0.17 respectively. Sperm activation was evaluated at different osmolalities of NaCl solution, and motility ceased completely when osmolality of the extender was ≥287 mOsmol kg^?1. Sperm retained motility for 24, 72 and 108 h, after refrigerator storage when sperm were undiluted, suspended in Alsever's solution and suspended in Alsever's solution containing 5% methanol respectively. Fertilization rate of fresh eggs with sperm stored at 4°C in Alsever's solution and Alsever's solution containing 5% methanol was 77% and 60% with a hatching rate of 60% and 43% respectively. The fertilization and hatching success of the stored sperm suggests potential to use refrigeration for transporting genetic material to hatcheries for artificial breeding of L. calbasu in Bangladesh.     

Effects of metomidate anaesthesia or transfer to pur sea water on plasma parameters in ammonia-exposed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L) in sea water

Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L) postsmolts weighing 150 ± 53 g were exposed to 14–15 mg l^–1 TA-N (total ammonia-N) in sea water in 1 m³ tanks for 24h. Blood samples were then taken A) immediately after the fish were netted from the exposure tanks and stunned by a blow to the head; B) 2–20 min after the fish were transferred to 15 l of an anaesthetic solution of metomidate in ammonia-free sea water; or C) 2–20 min after the fish were transferred to 15 l of ammonia-free sea water. Plasma TA-N level was 18% lower in the anaesthetised fish compared to in the fish sampled directly from the exposure tanks (p 0.05), and accordingly 16% lower in the fish transferred to pure sea water although this difference was not significant (p = 0.07). Plasma glucose level was higher in the fish transferred to pure sea water than in the fish receiving the two other treatments (p 0.05), but plasma urea, osmolality, Na^{+, Cl–, Ca2+ or Mg2+} levels did not vary significantly between the different treatments. Plasma TA-N level increased with time in the fish in the metomidate solution (p 0.02).