生物操纵技术在西北地区水库水体富营养化防治应用前景

西北地区是我国最干旱的地区,水库在西北地区的工农业生产、渔业养殖、水利调度、防洪以及气候调节等方面发挥着极为重要的作用。外源污染的过量输入、来水量下降和补水不足、气温升高、生态系统受损是西北地区水库水体富营养化的成因。应对西北地区不同类型水库进行基础调查,了解水库水质状况和营养水平,有针对性的实施投放鱼食性鱼类或人工控制浮游动物食性鱼类、投放滤食性鱼类、投放螺、蚌、贝类等水生动物和人工调控水生植被等生物操纵技术。     

小型水库化肥养鱼要点(上)

水库化肥养鱼主要是通过人工手段向水库投放氮、磷、钾等营养元素,培肥水质,促使水体中浮游植物大量繁殖,为鲢鳙等滤食性鱼类提供充足的饲料生物,以达到提高水库鱼产量的养鱼技术。一、水库化肥养鱼技术措施     

拟饵延绳钓具（羊毛钩）在梅山水库清捕鳡、鮊鱼类的应用

水库作为一种开放型的养殖水域，除水体自然环境的变化和拦、养设备的设置情况等因素的影响之外，水体中凶猛鱼类种群和数量的多寡也是影响水库投放鱼类成活率、回捕率的主要制约因素之一。梅山水库曾因鳡、鮊等凶猛鱼类的大量繁衍，形成种群优势，抑制了投放鱼类的生长，导致水库成鱼产量急骤下降，影响了水库渔业生产的正常发展。     

苏联水库放养植物食性鱼类概况

内陆淡水水库放养植物食性鱼类，即鲢鱼、鳙鱼、草鱼，这是提高优质鱼类产量的最大潜力之一。植物食性鱼类活跃利用水域的初级产品，即浮游生物、大型植物。     

胭脂鱼移养试验情况的报告

胭脂鱼地方名黄排，在长江上游是一种主要的经济鱼类之一，属底栖性鱼类；具有生长快、个体大、食性广、味尚鲜美等优点，长江上游、金沙江和岷江等都有它的产卵场。早在1958年宜宾市渔业社在江边进行过采卵授精试验，获得成功。1962年我站在金沙江捕得胭脂鱼苗投放本站126亩的水库中，仅一年时间，大的长到2斤多，小的也有1斤多。     

利用网箱在水库中培育夏花鱼种的初步试验

水库鱼类资源增殖的主要手段，一方面是搞好经济鱼类的繁殖保护，另一方面则是投放足够数量的鲢，鳙、草鱼、青鱼等大规格鱼种。在一些大型水库因受培育池面积、饲料等条件的限制，鱼种培育数量往往不能满足投放需要，致使水库的生产潜力不能充分发挥，鱼产量上不去。因此，利用水库本身来培育鱼种，扩大鱼种来源     

网箱滤食性鱼类越冬死亡原因及预防

滤食性鱼类由于当年投放网箱的鱼种达不到商品鱼规格,需越冬后继续养殖。但近年来网箱鱼种经越冬后发生大量死亡,给养殖户造成严重损失。笔者对蒙阴县云蒙湖（岸堤水库）滤食性鱼类网箱越冬死亡现象进行了调查,对死亡原因进行了分析,并提出了相应的防治措施。     

水库网箱养殖鳙鱼失败的原因及对策

水库中鳙鱼的负载量过大 ,枝角类、桡足类等饵料不足 ,鱼种搭配比例不合理 ,鱼种质量较差等是导致陆浑水库网箱养殖鳙鱼失败的主要原因 ;目前陆浑水库应以吃食性鱼类及青虾的网箱养殖替代滤食性鱼类的网箱养殖。     

拟饵延绳钓具(羊毛钩)在梅山水库清捕鳡、鲌鱼类的应用

水库作为一种开放型的养殖水域,除水体自然环境的变化和拦、养设备的设置情况等因素的影响之外,水体中凶猛鱼类种群和数量的多寡也是影响水库投放鱼类成活率、回捕率的主要制约因素之一.梅山水库曾因鳡、鲌等凶猛鱼类的大量繁衍,形成种群优势,抑制了投放鱼类的生长,导致水库成鱼产量急骤下降,影响了水库渔业生产的正常发展.     

二龙山水库化肥养鱼增产试验

化肥养鱼是指在一定的水温、水质条件下,主要通过人工手段,向水库投放化肥,培肥水质,增加浮游植物生长繁殖所需的氮磷等营养元素,促使浮游生物大 增殖,为滤食性、杂食性鱼类提供充足的饵料,从而促使鱼产量大幅度提高的一项技术措施。     

莱州湾春季鱼类群落关键种的长期变化

关键种对生态系统结构和功能发挥了重要作用,其变化可以引起群落结构振荡和演替,导致生态系统功能紊乱乃至崩溃,因此,了解生态关键种的长期变化有助于解析整个生态系统演替过程。本研究基于莱州湾1959年、1982年、1993年、2003年和2015年春季(5月)底拖网渔业资源调查数据,构建了莱州湾春季鱼类群落食物网拓扑结构,分析了其关键种的长期变化。1959~2015年莱州湾鱼类食物网包含物种21~46个,摄食关系范围70~296个,食物网拓扑结构密度范围为0.155~0.300,种间关联度0.140~0.182,符合自然条件下群落种间摄食关系。1959~2015年莱州湾鱼类群落关键种如下:1959年为六丝矛尾虾虎鱼(Amblychaeturichthys hexanema)、花鲈(Lateolabrax japonicus)、蓝点马鲛(Scomberomorus niphonius)和黄(Lophius litulon),1982年为鳀(Engraulis japonicus)、黄和小黄鱼(Larimichthys polyactis),1993年为带鱼(Trichiurus lepturus)、鳀和蓝点马鲛,2003年为细纹狮子鱼(Liparis tanakae)、鳀和黄,2015年为细纹狮子鱼、大泷六线鱼(Hexagrammos otakii)和六丝矛尾虾虎鱼;关键种由经济价值较高的花鲈、小黄鱼和蓝点马鲛等演变为细纹狮子鱼、鳀和六丝矛尾虾虎鱼等经济价值较低的种类;同时,关键种的栖息环境也由中上层与底层生境(蓝点马鲛、花鲈、鳀等)演变为底层单一生境(细纹狮子鱼、大泷六线鱼和六丝矛尾虾虎鱼);关键种的这种更替导致食物网拓扑结构向简单化发展,在某种程度上也增加了鱼类群落结构脆弱性。     

Examining changes in participation in recreational fisheries in England and Wales

Abstract Inland fisheries in England and Wales have high economic and social values. Managing participation to maximise fishery performance is key to maintaining this status. The capital value of fishing rights for migratory salmonid fisheries is €165 million. Coarse fisheries contribute €1030 million to the economy. The central tenet to increasing participation in recreational salmonid fisheries is that an increase in stock size will result in more anglers accessing the fishery. This was examined for salmon on the rivers Usk and Lune where exploitation restrictions increased the number of salmon available to anglers. On the River Lune, the number of salmon available post‐intervention increased by 66%. There was no significant increase in catch while the number of anglers decreased by 16.3%. On the River Usk, the closure of the net fishery potentially resulted in an additional ～1200 salmon being available. Following closure, there was no significant change in rod catch or in the number of anglers. Increased participation is dependent less upon stock manipulation for coarse fisheries and more upon facilitating the activity. In recent years, urban fishery development programmes have provided improved access to local fishing opportunity. Also, new anglers have been targeted through campaigns such as Get Hooked on Fishing and the Scout Angler Badge.     

武汉南湖的浮游植物

调查了武汉南湖浮游植物的群落结构,在5个采样站鉴定出浮游植物67种,隶属于7门24科43属,其中绿藻门种类最多(28种),金藻门最少(1种)。浮游植物平均密度为2.489×106ind./L,秋季最高为2.979×106ind./L,夏季最低为1.949×106ind./L;平均生物量为7.94 mg/L,其中隐藻生物量最高,为2.33 mg/L,甲藻和金藻最低,分别为0.06 mg/L和0.01 mg/L;浮游植物的密度和生物量在5个采样站之间无显著性差异,其M argalef多样性指数较低,在1~2之间。     

豢养斑海豹生长规律研究

为研究斑海豹生长规律,达到科学饲养的目的,对大连圣亚旅游控股股份有限公司豢养斑海豹进行体检,获取动物性别、年龄、体质量和体长等信息;通过SPSS 13．0软件对动物的生长曲线、体长-体质量关系和雌雄间生长差异进行分析。试验共获得30头豢养斑海豹的体检数据,雌性11头,雄性19头。统计分析发现：logistic、Gompertz和von Bertalanffy三种模型回归的斑海豹最大体长、体质量依次为167、170、171 cm和153、175、191 kg ;体质量-体长关系为（r2＝0．908）;研究还发现体长-年龄、体质量-体长间的相关关系模型能够较准确的反映斑海豹的生长规律,而体质量年龄模型准确度较差。控制年龄的协方差分析未发现雌雄斑海豹生长规律间的差异（体长：P ＞0．05;体质量：P ＞0．05）。     

Innovation in small-scale aquaculture in Chile

In light of the current depletion of extractive marine resources and the sustainability issues that have arisen in the aquaculture industry, the small-scale aquaculture sector has emerged as a viable and sustainable alternative for generating income. To integrate the small-scale aquaculture sector into the food value chain, understanding the decision-making process to innovate becomes essential. This paper explores the factors underlying both innovation choices and intensity among small-scale aquaculture producers by utilizing exclusive census data from the small-scale aquaculture sector in Chile. The results indicate that education, secure property rights, internet access, participation in organizations, commercialization methods, government instruments, understanding of credit, and social learning promote innovation decisions. We also find that largest producers innovate in more areas, suggesting a role of size for both technological and non-technological innovations.     

Genetic variation in tilapia populations in man-made reservoirs in Sri Lanka

An electrophoretic analysis of six populations of Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters) and four populations of O. niloticus (L.) from several rivers and a fish hatchery in Sri Lanka was conducted to determine the degree of mixing within and between stocks. Genetic characterization of the O. mossambicus stocks showed that some degree of mixing with O. niloticus occurred in all but two of the populations examined, while in the case of the O. niloticus, all the populations had some degree of mixing of O. mossambicus alleles. Genetic identity calculated using Nei's coefficient gave values ranging from 0.9484 to 0.9895 for O. niloticus populations and 1.0 to 0.9940 for O. mossambicus populations, while interspecies comparisons ranged from 0.7531 to 0.9002. The implications of these results for fisheries management and aquaculture are discussed.     

鱼类补偿生长的研究进展

本文综述了鱼类补偿生长的概念、影响因素及其生理机制,以通过其理论探讨建立科学的饲养模式,为水产养殖生产提供新的投喂途径。     

Declines in chinook salmon catches in the Strait of Georgia in relation to shifts in the marine environment

Chinook, Oncurhynchus tshawytscha, catches in the Strait of Georgia increased in the 1970s and reached maximum levels from 1976 to 1978. Catches then declined until they stabilized through regulation at levels approximately one-quarter of the 1976 to 1978 levels. The timing of the decline in catch was synchronous with an increase in the mean temperature of the Strait of Georgia, a decline in annual Fraser River flows, and an abrupt decrease in the marine survival of hatchery-reared chinook released into the Strait of Georgia. Surprisingly, the number of young chinook salmon (smolts) more than doubled over the period of declining catches compared with the number produced during the period of high catches. The increase in smolt abundance was a consequence of the production from hatcheries that was approximately equal to wild production. We conclude that there was a change in the carrying capacity for chinook salmon in the Strait of Georgia in the late 1970s that contributed to the declines in abundance and that rebuilding stocks to the high abundance of the late 1970s is unlikely until the carrying capacity for chinook salmon changes either naturally or through manipulation. Although we did not separate density-dependent and density-independent effects on marine survival, the current total number of chinook smolts produced appears larger than required for the current marine carrying capacity.     

枝角类生态毒理学研究进展

对枝角类生态毒理学研究作了概述,主要包括枝角类生态毒理学研究常用种类、生态毒理学研究的领域、毒性试验常用方法,分析了目前枝角类生态毒理研究存在优点和不足,指出其生态毒理学研究需要加强的方面。     

我国海产贝类附着变态的化学诱导研究进展

近二十年来,海产贝类幼体附着和变态的化学诱导研究取得了十分显著的进展,发现了许多天然和人工诱导物质。据统计,部分金属离子(K 、Ca2 、Cr6 、)、肾上腺素(EPI)、L-多巴(L-DOPA)、多巴胺(DA)、去甲肾上腺素(NE)、γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)、5-羟色胺(5-HT)及某些氨基酸与脂肪酸等都已用于约20种贝类附着变态的研究中,成果显著。现在对海产贝类的研究已深入到分子生物学水平,并已成功地用于生产中。