邻苯二甲酸二丁酯对红鳍笛鲷幼鱼的胁迫效应

为了探讨邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)对红鳍笛鲷(Lutjanus erythropterus)幼鱼的胁迫效应,于DBP暴露后0、6、12、24、48和96 h时检测红鳍笛鲷鳃、肝和脑组织中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)和乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)活性。结果表明,DBP对红鳍笛鲷的24 h、48 h和96 h LC50分别为7.10 mg/L、6.98 mg/L和6.66 mg/L,安全质量浓度为2.04 mg/L。随着浓度增加,鳃组织中的SOD酶活性表现为先升高后下降,具有明显的时间效应;肝组织中的SOD酶活性在0.5 mg/L和2.0 mg/L浓度组交替表现为升高和降低,与对照组比较有显著性差异(P<0.05);而0.125 mg/L浓度组肝SOD没有明显变化。鳃组织中MDA含量在DBP暴露6 h后显著性增加(P<0.05),之后随时间延长而下降;DBP暴露6 h和12 h后,0.5 mg/L和2.0 mg/L浓度组肝组织中的MDA含量都显著升高(P<0.05),之后随时间延长MDA含量下降并趋于稳定。与对照组比较,DBP暴露48 h后,红鳍笛鲷脑组织中AChE酶活性显著升高(P<0.01),96 ...     

不同质量浓度铅对草鱼鱼种抗氧化性能的影响

将草鱼暴露于不同水平(0、72、144、288 mg/L)的硝酸铅水溶液中,分别于12、24、48、96 h测定草鱼肝、鳃组织中谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量.试验结果表明,当鱼经不同质量浓度Pb2+处理24 h后,其肝脏的GSH-Px活性表现为诱导效应;而鳃在低质量浓度(72 mg/L)Pb2+处理也表现诱导效应,但高质量浓度Pb2+(144、288 mg/L)处理24 h后,其GSH-Px活性表现为抑制效应.与肝GSH-Px相比,草鱼肝SOD经Pb2+处理后其活性抑制更加明显,表明肝SOD对Pb2+的毒性反应比肝GSH-Px敏感.同时,草鱼经不同质量浓度Pb2+处理12 h后,肝与鳃的MDA含量均比对照组明显增加.上述研究结果表明,水体铅可能通过诱导草鱼肝脏与鳃发生氧化损伤而发挥毒性作用,并进一步损伤机体结构及其生理功能.     

汞离子胁迫对红鳍笛鲷抗氧化酶及乙酰胆碱酯酶活性的影响

为探讨鱼体抗氧化系统以及神经系统对水体中汞胁迫的响应机制,在实验条件下研究了汞离子对红鳍笛鲷幼鱼[体长为(4.95±0.79)cm,体重为(4.57±2.02)g]的急性毒性及对鱼体肝脏、鳃组织的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)及脑组织乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)活力的影响。结果表明:半静水实验条件下,汞离子对红鳍笛鲷幼鱼的安全浓度为0.040mg/L。汞离子暴露6h时,各浓度组的肝脏SOD酶活均比对照组有显著升高(P<0.05)。随暴露时间的增加,低浓度组SOD的活性变化较小,而高浓度组鱼体肝脏SOD的活性出现被诱导或被抑制的现象,表明鱼体在高浓度汞胁迫下抗氧化系统出现一定程度的紊乱。鳃的SOD活力在暴露6h亦显著升高,随时间的延长,各浓度组SOD的活性具不同程度的下降趋势。MDA含量的变化表明,鳃组织在暴露6h时已开始受到显著损伤(P<0.05),而肝在6h时无显著变化,在12h时开始受损伤。脑组织AChE活性在暴露6h时略受抑制(P>0.05);暴露12h时高浓度组显著增加(P<0.05),诱导率平均为36%;汞离子暴露24h时,鱼脑AChE的抑制率分别为28%～38%;暴露48h、96h时抑制率...     

对二甲苯对大弹涂鱼肝脏和白肌抗氧化酶活性的影响

设定对照组和3个对二甲苯浓度组(0.16,0.80,4.00μmol/L),研究不同浓度对二甲苯对大弹涂鱼肝脏、白肌组织的过氧化氢酶(CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPx)和抗氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)含量的影响.试验结果表明,大弹涂鱼肝脏、白肌在对二甲苯暴露下表现出不同...     

0#柴油水溶性成分对黑鲷肝脏、鳃、肌肉组织中抗氧化酶活性的影响

采用室内实验方法,研究了不同浓度(0 mg·L-1、0.015 mg·L-1、0.03 mg·L-1、0.06 mg·L-1)0#柴油水溶性成分(WSF)对黑鲷(Sparus macrocephalus)肝脏、鳃和肌肉谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶(GST)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)的影响。结果显示:(1)肝脏、鳃、肌肉和组织中GST活性与0#柴油具有明显的时间-效应和剂量-效应关系,肝脏组织中GST活性较肌肉和鳃组织中的更为灵敏;(2)各组织中SOD活性随时间和剂量的变化整体无明显规律;(3)肝脏组织中CAT活性先诱导后抑制,肌肉中始终被诱导,鳃中始终被抑制。CAT活性变化幅度不如GST明显。实验表明,黑鲷肝脏组织中GST更适合作为0#柴油污染响应的生物标志物,用作早期海洋石油污染的预警和监测的指标之一。     

低浓度Cd2+胁迫对青鱼组织SOD活性和MT诱导的影响

采用静水试验方法,研究了Cd2+对青鱼的急性毒性效应以及Cd2+安全浓度胁迫对青鱼鳃丝、肌肉和肝脏的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和金属硫蛋白(MT)的影响。结果表明:Cd2+对青鱼的96 h LC50为1.434 mg/L,Cd2+对青鱼的生态毒性为高毒。在0.143 mg/L(安全浓度)Cd2+胁迫下,各组织中SOD活性和MT含量在6 h、12 h内显著上升,呈现出一定时间-效应关系,以暴露6 h时最为显著(P0.05);暴露12 h后,MT的含量基本上趋于平衡,而SOD活性却是快速下降,表明了12 h后该浓度Cd2+污染胁迫对SOD活性的抑制作用。整个试验期间,对照组青鱼各组织中的SOD活性和MT含量大小顺序皆为肝脏鳃丝肌肉,同种组织内相对比较稳定;肌肉中的SOD活性要显著低于鳃丝和肝脏,而肝脏中的MT含量要显著高于肌肉和鳃丝。     

水体铅对胚胎-仔鱼期南方鲇的氧化应答及神经毒性作用

为了解水体中铅(Pb)对鱼类早期发育阶段的毒性影响,使用人工受精获得南方鲇(Silurus meridionalis Chen)胚胎和仔鱼为研究对象,以硝酸铅(Pb(NO3)2)为毒物源,探讨研究对象在胚胎期和仔鱼期受到5个(0~400μg/L)不同浓度水平铅持续暴露、半持续暴露以及暴露后恢复处理条件下,实验鱼鳃、肝脏和肾脏抗氧酶的活性变化以及脑组织中乙酰胆碱酯酶活性情况。结果表明,恢复组实验鱼鳃、肝脏和肾脏组织中总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性在后期恢复过程中呈升高趋势;三种组织中丙二醛(MDA)含量随着胚胎期水体Pb浓度升高而升高。持续组和半持续组实验鱼鳃、肝脏和肾脏组织中TAOC、SOD、CAT活性随着水体铅浓度升高而降低,显著低于对照组(P<0.05),丙二醛含量随着Pb浓度升高而升高,脂质过氧化程度加剧;而相同Pb浓度水平之间,持续组和半持续组实验鱼三种组织中,持续组中TAOC、SOD、CAT的活性和MDA的含量变化大于半持续组。发现:南方鲇胚胎期受重金属暴露,后期恢复饲养,其鳃、肝脏和肾脏组织中T-AOC、SOD、CAT的活性会出现恢复效应;胚胎期和仔鱼期重金属暴露存在叠加效应,且重金属对仔鱼的毒性作用更加剧烈。     

氨氮对牙鲆幼鱼肝中超氧化物歧化酶活性及脂质过氧化物含量的影晌

本实验研究了短期内不同氨氮(NH4-N)浓度(1～4 mg.L-1)暴露对牙鲆幼鱼肝组织中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和脂质过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)含量的影响。结果表明,在本实验剂量及实验时间范围内,牙鲆肝组织中SOD活性随暴露浓度的增加及时间的延长而升高,表现为明显的诱导效应;NH4-N对牙鲆肝组织中MDA含量变化没有明显的影响。     

锐钛型纳米二氧化钛对河蚬氧化应激的影响

为评价纳米二氧化钛（TiO2-NPs）对河蚬（Corbicula fluminea）的毒性效应,采用5、50、100 mg/L浓度锐钛型TiO2-NPs对河蚬暴露处理24 h、48 h、96 h和192 h,测定其鳃、消化腺和斧足肌肉组织中钛含量以及谷胱甘肽S转移酶（GST）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）的活性。结果表明：（1）在相同暴露时间下,河蚬3种组织的平均钛含量均显著上升并高于空白对照组（P<0.05）;随暴露时间延长,消化腺和斧足肌肉中平均钛含量总体上呈上升趋势,且消化腺中钛含量高于斧足组织,而低、中浓度组鳃组织平均钛含量处于较稳定水平;暴露24～192 h,鳃、消化腺和斧足肌肉中平均钛含量分别为0.73～3.50、2.88～32.37、1.15～3.11 μg/g;（2）在暴露初期,河蚬3种组织的GST活性不同程度上升;随暴露时间延长,鳃和消化腺中GST活性先显著下降、后上升,斧足肌肉中GST活性呈现逐步下降趋势;暴露24～192 h,鳃、消化腺和斧足肌肉中GST活性分别为97.39～371.44、164.92～837.22、63.39～247.75 U/mg;（3）暴露24 h后,3个浓度组河蚬鳃和斧足肌肉中SOD活性均明显上升,低浓度组消化腺SOD活性也显著上升;随暴露时间延长,3种组织中SOD活性均呈现逐渐下降趋势,且SOD活性下降幅度与处理浓度呈正相关;暴露24～192 h,鳃、消化腺和斧足肌肉中SOD活性分别为7.68～27.05、3.63～16.92、4.25～43.08 U/mg。研究表明,3种浓度TiO2-NPs暴露导致钛在河蚬体内显著富集并引起氧化应激反应,其对河蚬具有明显的毒性效应。     

镉对绿鳍马面鲀幼鱼急性毒性、肝脏抗氧化能力及组织结构的影响

本研究采用静水生物测试法测定了镉(Cd2+)对绿鳍马面鲀(Thamnaconus septentrionalis)幼鱼的急性毒性。根据预实验结果,设定8.19、9.18、10.30、11.56 mg/L共4个Cd2+浓度梯度进行急性毒性实验,根据急性毒性实验结果,设定1.84、2.76、3.68和4.60 mg/L 4个不同浓度Cd2+急性暴露实验,分别在6、12、24、48、72和96 h检测肝脏中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽抗氧化酶(GSH-PX)活性及丙二醛(MDA)含量,观察肝脏、鳃组织结构的变化。结果显示,随着Cd2+浓度的增加,急性毒性效应逐渐增强,24、48、72和96 h半致死浓度 (LC50)分别为11.47、10.82、9.84和9.19 mg/L,Cd2+对绿鳍马面鲀幼鱼的96 h安全浓度为0.92 mg/L。6 h时,各浓度组SOD和CAT活性与对照组相比显著升高;6—48 h时,SOD、CAT、GSH-PX活性均呈先上升后下降的趋势;48—96 h时,各浓度组酶活性均呈下降趋势,且时间越长,浓度越大,活性越低。与对照组相比,MDA含量整体呈先降低后增加的趋势,12—48 h时,1.84和2.76 mg/L组MDA含量有波动,3.68、4.60 mg/L组MDA含量与时间和浓度成正比。24 h时,1.84 mg/L组肝脏组织未见明显变化,2.76、3.68和4.60 mg/L组肝脏组织开始受到明显损伤,表现为细胞体积增大且形状不规则,细胞膜边界模糊,1.84和2.76 mg/L组鳃组织相比无显著变化,3.68和4.60 mg/L组出现鳃小片弯曲,上皮细胞水肿膨大,相邻鳃小片相互黏连融合,无游离端,细胞坏死脱落等损伤现象。在安全浓度为0.92 mg/L内绿鳍马面鲀幼鱼可健康生长,SOD、CAT和GSH-PX活性变化及MDA含量反映了绿鳍马面鲀幼鱼受损害程度,可作为安全性风险评价的参考依据。     

Swimming activities of zoospores in Laminaria japonica (Phaeophyceae)

ABSTRACT: The release of zoospores from zoosporangia in Laminaria japonica mainly occurred at night. The maximum swimming speed of the zoospores was observed immediately after release (~160 μm/s), and then decreased with time. The zoospores exhibited clear chemotaxis to high concentrations of nitrate-N and phosphate-P. Only half of the zoospores were observed to swim against seawater with a flow velocity of 124 μm/s. The zoospores became floating spores after they stopped swimming in the seawater. Low light and low water temperature conditions prolonged the swimming period of the zoospores. However, the photosynthesis of the zoospores was suppressed in low water temperatures, and was also limited under high light irradiance. These results suggest that photosynthesis in zoospores does not prolong their swimming period, and that when their swimming energy is exhausted, floating spores appear.     

Constitutive nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activities in big-head carp (Aristichthys nobilis)

Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) is an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of nitric oxide (NO), an important biological messenger from L-arginine. There are considerable evidence showing the expression of NOS in mammalian tissues. Information on distribution of NOS activities in various organs and tissues of fish is rare. Non-functional NOS activities were documented in fish semi-quantitatively either by an indirect nicotine-adenine-dinucleotide-phosphate diaphorase (NADPH-d) activity histochemical staining method or by an immunohistochemical method using a cross-reacting antibody to brain NOS. Report on the functional levels of NOS activities in fish is lacking. This report represent the first attempt to document the functional NOS levels in various fish organs and tissues. Constitutive NOS (cNOS) activities in various organs of big-head carp (Aristichthys nobilis) was measured by a chemiluminescence method with a detection limit as low as 10 mol of NO produced. It was found that constitutive NOS activity was highest in the brain, followed by the intestine, stomach, retina, olfactory lobe, swim bladder, skeletal muscle, heart, kidney, ovary and liver. NOS activity could not be detected in the gill filaments. Omission of NADPH in the reaction mixture caused a 57–100% decrease in cNOS activities. However, omission of arginine in the mixture only caused a 56–87% drop in cNOS activities. When compared with cNOS activities documented from other species, a similar pattern of cNOS activities in the various organs and tissues of big-head carp could be seen.     

Effect of probiotics on digestive enzyme activities and growth of cichlids,Etroplus suratensis (Pearl spot) and Oreochromis mossambicus (Tilapia)

In aquaculture, exposure to stressful conditions and problems related to diseases often occur resulting in serious economic loss. The use of probiotics that control pathogens through different mechanisms, aiding digestion by exoenzyme supply and establishment of beneficial microflora in the digestive tract has got increased attention recently. Two different bacterial species Micrococcus MCCB 104 and Bacillus MCCB 101 were tested as probiotics for two cichlid species Etroplus suratensis and Oreochromis mossambicus. The strains were administered separately and together, at a rate of 10³ CFU animal^?1 day^?1 for 28 days. The effects on digestive enzyme activity and growth were compared with those fed on control diet. FCR of E. suratensis was high in case of Bacillus alone as well as the mixed culture (Micrococcus and Bacillus together) than that of control. However, the SGR of E. suratensis was slightly lower than that of control during 14 days trial. SGR of both the treatments (Bacillus alone and mixed culture) was higher than that of the control on 28th day, and this might be due to the reason that specific duration is needed for the assimilation and conversion of nutrients into proteins. The intestinal digestive hydrolases of E. suratensis were profoundly enhanced mainly by Bacillus and mixed cultures. The hepatopancreatic versions of major digestive enzymes in E. suratensis were influenced variously by different probiotic treatments. The alpha‐amylase activity of hepatopancreas has been elevated significantly by mixed culture during 14 days experiments while on 28 days trials both Bacillus and mixed culture showed an enhancing effect. During 14 days feeding trials, the intestinal lipase activity has been prominently enhanced by all probiotic treatments. It is found that, in O. mossambicus, both 14 days and 28 days feeding experiments, the pepsin as well as intestinal digestive enzymes such as amylase, total alkaline protease, lipase and their hepatopancreatic counter parts showed a significant elevation in their specific activity. Intestinal alpha‐amylase and total alkaline proteases of O. mossambicus showed an increase in specific activities on both 14 days and 28 days feeding experiments with the Bacillus and Micrococcus combination. The hepatopancreatic enzymes were highly influenced by the Bacillus species in O. mossambicus. The results of this study suggest that live probiotic microorganisms such as Micrococcus MCCB 104 and Bacillus MCCB 101 may be incorporated while formulating the cost‐effective, nutritionally balanced diet of E. suratensis and O. mossambicus for better growth performance and nutrient utilization.     

Neutral lipase and phospholipase activities in scallop juveniles (Pecten maximus) and dietary algae

Activities of the digestive enzymes neutral lipase and phospholipase A₂ were present in 2‐mm scallop juveniles, indicating an endogenous ability to digest lipids. When determined in the dietary microalgae, lipolytic activities of both enzymes differed significantly, being highest in Isochrysis galbana and Tetraselmis sp. and lowest in Chaetoceros mülleri. Compared with the activities found in scallop juveniles, enzyme activities from the microalgae were rather low and did not seem to contribute considerably to their digestive process. However, ingested algae seemed to have a regulating effect on the phospholipase activity in scallops, as juveniles fed I. galbana had a significantly lower activity than juveniles of the other treatments. No such effect was evident for neutral lipase, indicating different regulation mechanisms for both enzymes. Dietary effects on digestive enzymes in scallop juveniles should be considered when choosing new potential algal species as feed or for future formulation of artificial diets.     

Seasonal changes in the immune activities of common carp (Cyprinus carpio)

Various endocrinological and immunological parameters involved with the seasonal changes of immunocompetence in common carp, Cyprinus carpio reared under natural conditions were investigated. Plasma concentrations of steroid hormones, IgM levels, IgM-secreting cell (IgMSC) numbers, and water temperature were considered as major parameters. Testosterone, 11-ketotestosterone in males and estradiol-17β in females detected by RIA, increased simultaneously with gonadal maturation, but no significant correlation was found with IgM production measured by ELISA. IgM levels were very high during the spawning season, but did not fluctuate much during the other seasons even at high water temperatures. These changes of IgM are certainly related to sexual maturation. In addition, IgMSC numbers were also high during the spawning season. This positive interaction between endocrine and immune parameters could contribute to the immune systems of common carp being more effective during spawning season. Interestingly, cortisol levels increased with the water temperature and were high during the spawning season, but had no suppressive effect on the IgM levels and IgMSC numbers.     

白斑综合征病毒卵黄抗体对凡纳滨对虾免疫相关酶活力和抗病毒能力的影响

摘要：免疫活性物质可以调动或激活虾类自身的免疫系统，提高动物的免疫机能，增强动物的抗病毒能力。有关卵黄抗体对对虾体内酶活力及抗病毒能力的影响，国内外尚未见报道。本实验通过连续投喂的方法，用3个水平(1%、0.5%、0.1%)的Ig-Guard(shrimp)制成的试验饲料，同时以基础饲料为空白对照饲喂凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei) 20 d，分别测定了第5，10，15，20 d血淋巴的酚氧化酶(PO)、溶菌酶(UL)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)及肌肉匀浆液的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)等非特异性免疫因子活性，并对血清及肌肉匀浆液中蛋白进行定量。结果表明，免疫组的PO、UL、ACP、SOD活力均显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。免疫20 d后，用白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)投喂感染。攻毒后第7 d各免疫组的相对免疫保护率分别为17.95%、23.08%、35.90%。实验结果说明，Ig-Guard(shrimp)能有效提高对虾免疫因子的活性，对于提高抗WSSV感染能力也有一定作用。将对虾免疫因子活性和累计死亡率协同分析，摄食低浓度Ig-Guard(shrimp)组较之高浓度组的酶活力高，其累计死亡率低，故笔者建议适当地投喂低浓度Ig-Guard(shrimp)更为合理。     

Involvement of trypsin and chymotrypsin activities in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) embryogenesis

Proteases play a key role in yolk formation and degradation during embryogenesis of marine fish. This study presents the first clear data on the involvement of trypsin and chymotrypsin activities in the embryogenesis of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). Both enzyme activities were shown to be present in unfertilized eggs followed by a significant decline (P < 0.01) in trypsin activity during the first 4 days post fertilization (dpf). Thereafter, the trypsin- and chymotrypsin activities increased to a maximum around day 9 pf. A decline in trypsin and chymotrypsin activities was observed from day 10 pf with minimal activity just prior to first feeding (day 15 pf). Western blot analysis, using polyclonal antibodies raised to Atlantic cod trypsins I and Y, mostly coincided with the trypsin activity profile. The novel trypsin Y was previously shown to have both trypsin- and chymotrypsin-like activities. Thus, some of the chymotrypsin activity observed in the samples may be originated from trypsin Y. The low trypsin and chymotrypsin activities just prior to first feeding (13–15 dpf) may indicate insufficient digestive function as trypsin has been shown to be a suitable short-term indicator reflecting the nutritional quality of marine fish larvae.     

Effects of Bacillus preparations on immunity and antioxidant activities in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus)

This experiment was conducted to study the effects of Bacillus preparations on immunity and antioxidant activities in grass carp. A total of 315 grass carp, with similar initial weight (average weight of fish 45?g), were randomly divided into three groups with three replicates. The control group was fed the basal diet without Bacillus; treatment group 1 was added Bacillus preparation no. 1 with 1?×?10⁸?cfu/m³ per 7?days in culture water and also fed the basal diet; treatment group 2 was fed the basal diet mixed with 0.5?% Bacillus preparation no. 2, and the culture water was added 1?×?10⁸?cfu/m³ Bacillus preparation no. 1 per 7?days. After 4?weeks of culture, 12 grass carp from each replicate were taken randomly for the determination of immune response and oxidization resistance indices. The results showed that compared with control, the level of globulin and IgM of treatment group 2 was significantly increased (P?<?0.05), which was also significantly higher (P?<?0.05) than that of group 1. For the non-specific immunity index, compared with control, the lysozyme activity and complement (C3) content of treatment group 1 significantly increased (P?<?0.05), and the level of myeloperoxidase and C3 of treatment group 2 was significantly higher (P?<?0.05) than that of control, which was also significantly higher (P?<?0.05) than that of group 1. In the serum, compared with the control, the level of total antioxidant activity (T-AOC), antisuperoxide anion free radical (ASAFR) and glutathione (GSH) of two treatment groups was significantly increased (P?<?0.05); GSH content of treatment group 2 was significantly (P?<?0.05) higher than that of treatment group 1 and control. There was no significant difference between T-AOC and ASAFR among the two treatment groups; no significant effect was found on glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and maleic dialdehyde (MDA) among the three groups. In the liver, T-AOC, SOD, ASAFR, GSH-Px and GSH from two treatment groups were significantly higher (P?<?0.05) than those of control; T-AOC, SOD and catalase from treatment group 2 were significantly higher (P?<?0.05) than those of treatment group 1; and MDA of two treatment groups was significantly decreased (P?<?0.05) as compared with the control. The results indicate that Bacillus preparations added into water can increase serum immunoglobulin levels and most of non-specific immune parameters content and enhance the antioxidant ability of grass carp, while adding Bacillus preparation into the water and feed is much better.     

Antioxidant enzyme activities and immune responses in rainbow trout (Onchorhynchus mykiss) juveniles fed diets supplemented with dandelion (Taraxacum officinalis) and lichen (Usnea barbata) extracts

Fish Physiology and Biochemistry - In the present study, antioxidant activity, immune responses, and growth performance of rainbow trout (Onchorhynchus mykiss) juveniles fed with diets supplemented...