植酸酶对鲤鱼生长及磷利用率的影响

选用300尾体重为50 g左右的鲤鱼鱼种,随机分为5组:对照组、Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组和Ⅳ组。对照组饲喂基础饲料,Ⅰ组饲喂每千克添加1500 U植酸酶的基础饲料,Ⅱ组饲喂每千克添加3000 U植酸酶的基础饲料,Ⅲ组饲喂每千克添加4.5 g Ca(H2PO4)2的基础饲料,Ⅳ组饲喂每千克添加8.9 g Ca(H2PO4)2的基础饲料。结果显示:饲料中添加3000 U/kg和1500 U/kg植酸酶显著地促进了鲤鱼生长,降低了饲料系数,提高了饲料中磷的利用率。与对照组相比,3000 U/kg和1500 U/kg植酸酶组鲤鱼的增重率分别提高61.06%和52.81%,鲤鱼对饲料中磷的表观消化率分别提高65.63%和61.65%,粪磷含量分别下降24.58%和22.88%。本试验表明:植酸酶可以显著地促进鲤鱼的生长和提高磷的利用率。     

植酸酶对异育银鲫生长避料中磷利用率的影响

在植物性饲料中 ,磷主要以植酸及其盐的形式存在 ,而单胃动物缺乏分解植酸的植酸酶 ,故植酸磷基本上不能被单胃动物所利用[1] 。因此 ,必须在饲料中添加无机磷酸盐 ,这样不仅提高了饲料的成本 ,而且饲料中不能被利用的植酸磷排出体外 ,造成了环境的污染。大量的研究表明 ,在猪、鸡和小鼠植物性饲料中添加微生物植酸酶能提高这些动物对植酸磷的利用率 ,降低磷的排泄量。但是目前商品化生产的植酸酶最适活性 ｐＨ值和温度范围与鱼体胃肠道内的ｐＨ值和温度范围不相接近 ,尤其是鲤科鱼类属无胃鱼类 ,无胃酸分泌 ,消化道中 ｐＨ值为 6 .5～ 8.4[…     

饲料中添加植酸酶对南美白对虾生长及磷利用率的影响

在半精制饲料中分别添加1000IU／kg、2000IU／kg、3000IU／kg的植酸酶以及2％Ca(H2PO4)2，以不添加外源磷及植酸酶组为对照，研究以植物蛋白为主要蛋白源的饲料中添加植酸酶对南美白对虾生长和磷消化率的影响。40天的养殖实验结果表明，饲料中添加2％Ca(H2PO4)2，能提高南美白对虾的增重率，但与对照组无显著差异。饲料中添加1000IU／kg植酸酶组的南美白对虾增重率达到最高，但与其它各组没有显著差异。饲料的磷消化率在2％Ca(H2PO4)2组达到最高，蛋白质消化率在各组之间没有明显差异。综上所述，饲料中添加1000IU／kg植酸酶即能有效改善南美白对虾的生长和磷利用率，降低磷排泄。     

植酸酶对异育银鲫生长及饲料中磷利用率的影响

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添加植酸酶日粮不同磷水平和钙磷比对生长肥育猪血液生化指标和骨骼性能的影响

本试验利用饲养试验方法,研究玉米-豆粕型日粮中添加植酸酶时不同磷水平和钙磷比对生长肥育猪血清指标和骨骼性能的影响。试验选用162头20kg左右的杜长大三元杂交猪进行2×3(磷水平×钙磷比)因子饲养试验,试验分2个阶段进行,前期为生长期体重在20-60kg,后期为肥育期体重为为60-100kg。结果表明:添加植酸酶日粮磷水平对血清磷含量和碱性磷酸酶的活性影响显著(P<0.05);钙磷比对血清钙和血清磷含量的影响显著(P<0.05);添加植酸酶日粮磷水平和钙磷比对生长肥育猪骨骼性能的影响不显著(P>0.05)。在添加植酸酶条件下,降低日粮磷水平不影响猪的正常生长发育。     

无鱼粉饲料中添加磷和植酸酶对奥尼罗非鱼生长性能及体成分的影响

奥尼罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus×O.aureus)幼鱼的初始体重约5.0 g,试验共设5组饲料,以全鱼粉饲料为对照组(D0),以豆粕和花生粕完全替代鱼粉为试验组,其中两组为不补充磷酸二氢钙的情况下不添加植酸酶(D1)和添加植酸酶(D2),另两组为在补充磷酸二氢钙的情况下不添加植酸酶(D3)和添加植酸酶(D4)。每一饲料组设3个重复,每箱养鱼30尾,在流水系统中饲养,表观饱食投喂,投喂率为5%~6%。饲养实验周期为8周。试验结果表明,添加磷组(D3、D4)和全鱼粉组(D0)的特定生长率和饲料系数在组间差异不显著(P>0.05),但显著高于不添加磷组(D1、D2)(P<0.05);磷的表观消化率在添加植酸酶组(D2、D4)均显著高于不添加植酸酶(D1、D3),但与全鱼粉组(D0)差异不显著;鱼体粗蛋白含量在不添加磷和植酸酶组(D1)显著低于其他4组;体粗脂肪含量在不添加磷(D1、D2)组显著高于其他组;体灰分含量由高到低依次为全鱼粉组(D0)、添加磷和植酸酶组(D4)、添加磷不添加植酸酶组(D3)、不添加磷添加植酸酶组(D2)和不添加磷不添加植酸酶组(D1),且两两组间差异显著;体钙、磷、镁、锌含量和脱脂骨灰分、钙、磷含量在全鱼粉组(D0)最高。不添加磷组(D1、D2)血清磷含量显著低于其他3组,而血清碱性磷酸酶活性显著地高。试验结果说明,无鱼粉饲料中补充磷可保持奥尼罗非鱼幼鱼生长率,饲料利用和全鱼可食部分营养成分含量;同时添加植酸酶,能显著提高饲料中磷的利用率,促进磷、锌和镁在鱼体内沉积,并有进一步提高奥尼罗非鱼幼鱼生长和饲料利用的趋势。[中国水产科学,2006,13(1):112-118]     

植酸酶对黄河鲤鱼生长性能及植酸磷代谢的影响

选用120尾当年鱼种,体重50.10±1.43g,随机分为四组:对照组、Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组,每组 30尾、对照组饲喂基础日粮,Ⅰ组饲喂基础日粮+500U植酸酶,Ⅱ组饲喂基础日粮+1000U植酸酶, Ⅲ组饲喂基础日粮+1500U植酸酶。结果表明:与对照组相比,Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组鲤鱼的平均日增重、平均日 采食量都有升高,而饵料系数、死亡率都降低了。而且,饲料中添加植酸酶,提高了植酸磷的利用率, 减少饲料中无机磷的添加量,减少植酸磷对养殖水体的污染。本试验证实:在黄河鲤鱼的饲料中添加 植酸酶可促进鲤鱼的生长和提高植酸磷的利用率。     

饲料中添加氧化鱼油对黑鲷幼鱼生长的影响

研究了饲料中添加氧化鱼油对黑鲷（Acanthopagrus schlegeli）生长性能、脂质过氧化及肝组织结构的影响。分别以新鲜鱼油（过氧化物值POV，1．27meq O2·kg^-1油）与氧化酸败鱼油（POV，45meq O2·kg^-油）为脂肪源配制等蛋等能的两种配合饲料，投喂平均体重18．9g的黑鲷幼鱼9周。结果显示，氧化鱼油显著降低了黑鲷幼鱼的增重率（WG）、饲料效率（FE）及蛋白质效率（PER）（P〈0．05）。饲料中添加氧化鱼油导致鱼体蛋白质含量极显著降低（P〈0．01）、肝脏与肌肉中脂肪含量显著升高（P〈0．05），而对鱼体、肝脏及肌肉中的水分及灰分含量无显著影响（P〉0．05）。氧化鱼油组肝脏中脂质过氧化产物丙二醛（MDA）含量显著高于对照组，而维生素E含量则显著低于对照组（P〈0．05）。饲料中添加氧化鱼油显著影响黑鲷肝脏内主要抗氧化酶活性，氧化鱼油组肝脏中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）与过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性显著高于对照组（P〈0．05）；组织学结果显示氧化鱼油组肝脏出现明显病变，细胞核多集中在肝细胞边缘，肝细胞变大。统计分析表明，氧化酸败油脂显著降低了黑鲷的生长性能，加重了组织中脂质过氧化的程度，并导致肝脏组织发生病变。     

黑鲷的生长和生态转换效率及基主要影响因素

黑鲷的特定生长率随温度或摄 食水平升高而减速增长,其关系分别可用公式ＳＧＲ＝１．０７１nＴ－２．４４或ＳＧＲ＝０．４６１n（ＦＬ）－０．０７１定量描述;而生态转换效率则随温度或摄食水平增大而增至一峰值,然后随其进一步增加而降低,其关系则分别可用二次曲线Ｅg＝－０．１２Ｔ＾２＋４．６４Ｔ－２９．７４或Ｅg＝－５．９２ＦＬ＾２＋３５．５７ＦＬ＋２６．６９定量描述,且依据上述公式可分别求得实验条件下的最佳生     

Effect of partial replacement of dietary monocalcium phosphate with neutral phytase on growth performance and phosphorus digestibility in gibel carp,Carassius auratus gibelio (Bloch)

A feeding trial was conducted to study the effect of partial replacement of dietary monocalcium phosphate (MCP) with neutral phytase on growth performance and phosphorus digestibility in gibel carp, Carassius auratus gibelio (Bloch). Control diet was prepared with 2% MCP but without phytase (P0). Other three experimental diets were prepared by replacement of MCP by 25%, 50% and 75% respectively in comparison with control with supplementation of neutral phytase at 500 U kg^?1 diet in each and designated as P25, P50 and P75 respectively. Gibel carp (initial body weight of 30.22 ± 1.98 g) were reared in twelve 300‐L cylindrical fibreglass tanks provided with filtered flow‐through tap water at 26–28°C. After 8‐week experiment, gibel carp fed with P50 had no obvious differences from the control group on weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR), protein efficiency rate (PER) and survival rate. Phytase supplementation did not affect body compositions or muscle compositions. Crude protein and phosphorus (P) contents in the faeces of fish fed with the phytase‐supplemented diets were significantly lower than those of the control group. The apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of crude protein and P in gibel carp were increased when fish fed with the diets in which MCP was replaced by neutral phytase. This study suggested that partial replacement of dietary MCP at 50% with neutral phytase was considered as a recommended dietary supplemental level and increased dietary P and protein availability.     

Compensatory growth of juvenile black sea bream,Acanthopagrus schlegelii with cyclical feed deprivation and refeeding

An 8‐week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate compensatory growth of juvenile black sea bream, Acanthopagrus schlegelii (initial weight 9.56 ± 0.12 g) in fifteen 300 L indoors flow‐through circular fibreglass tanks. Feeding regimes was designed as follows: the control group (fed continuously), and S1, S2, S3 and S4 groups experienced 1, 2, 3 and 4 days of feed deprivation and then refeeding for the remaining days per week respectively. Changes in body weight, specific growth rate (SGR), feed intake (FI) and feed efficiency ratio (FER) were examined biweekly during the trial. At the end of the cyclical feeding periods, survival was not significantly affected by feeding strategy (P > 0.05). Final body weight of fish in S1 group was significantly higher than the control group (P < 0.05) after an 8 weeks trial, and fish in the S2 group reached the same body weight of the control fish (P > 0.05), however, the growth data in the S3 and S4 groups could not catch‐up with the control treatment (P < 0.05). In the first 4 weeks, SGR values of fish with feed deprivation more than 2 days per week were inferior to those of control group (P < 0.05); however, no significant differences of SGR were observed among the groups for the last 4 weeks (P > 0.05). FI increased significantly with the starvation days increasing during the whole feeding trial (P < 0.05). At the periods 2, 4 and 6 weeks, FER values increased significantly with increasing feed‐deprivation days up to S2 group and then levelled off (P < 0.05); however, FER in S2 group was only higher than that in S0 and S1, but no significant differences were found among the other treatments at the end of week 8. Significant differences were found in apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of dry matter and crude protein among the treatments, while ADCs of crude lipid were unaffected. Protein and lipid contents in whole body and dorsal muscle showed declining tendency with increasing food deprivation days, while moisture contents tended to increase (P < 0.05). Serum parameters were markedly affected by feeding regimes except for total protein concentration and thyroxine level. The present results indicated that starvation for 1 and 2 days per week of juvenile black sea bream could achieve over‐compensation and complete compensation respectively. However, in case of longer term feed restriction regime, fish failed to obtain good growth performance.     

Effect of dietary replacement of fish meal by soybean protein concentrate on growth performance and phosphorus discharging of juvenile black sea bream,Acanthopagrus schlegelii

The 8‐week experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of partial replacement of fish meal (FM) with soybean protein concentrate (SPC) on juvenile black sea bream, Acanthopagrus schlegelii (10.70 ± 0.04 g). Diets were formulated to replace FM protein by SPC at 0, 8, 16, 24, 32 or 40% (designated as T1, T2, T3, T4, T5 and T6, respectively). Diets except T1 were supplemented with phytase at 2000 phytase activity U kg^?1. The results showed that survival rate, growth performance and feed utilization were not significantly affected by increasing dietary SPC. Fish fed diet T3 had higher feed intake compared to those fed T1, T2 and T5 diets. Whole body compositions of black sea bream were significantly influenced by SPC replacing FM except for protein, ash and phosphorus content. Condition factor of fish was significantly lower in T2 than that of fish in T3 group. Apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of dry matter was higher in fish fed T6 diet than those of fish fed T1 and T2 diets, ADCs of phosphorus increased with dietary SPC level up to T3 and then decreased. The results obtained in this study indicate that FM protein could be effectively replaced by SPC protein with phytase in diet of black sea bream.     

Effect of monocalcium phosphate supplementation in a low fish meal diet for rainbow trout based on growth,feed utilization,and total phosphorus loading

ABSTRACT:   In order to verify methods for minimizing waste output of phosphorus (P) into the water and preserve an adequate growth rate in rainbow trout, a succession of two feeding trials were performed employing three test diets that were formulated with a low proportion of fish meal (FM), low-P ingredients (defatted soybean meal, corn gluten meal, feather meal, and blood meal), and varying levels of monocalcium phosphate (MCP) as a P supplement (0, 0.5 and 1% of diet which represent 0, 1 and 2 mg/g of available P, respectively). Total P concentrations achieved were 6.2, 8.7 and 9.6 mg/g, respectively. A control diet was formulated with FM as the main protein source and without MCP (total P content was 17.0 mg/g). Diets were fed until apparent satiation to duplicate groups of 50 (1.5 g) and 15 fish (147.8 g) during 24 and 14 weeks, respectively. In both cases, the lowest growth was observed in fish fed the basal diet without MCP. The test diet supplemented with 0.5% MCP provided growth and feed performance comparable to that obtained in fish fed the control diet. These results suggest that diets formulated with low-P ingredients should be supplemented with an adequate amount of P in order to meet the fish requirements and reduced diet-related P loading.     

Stock enhancement programme for black sea bream, Acanthopagrus schlegelii (Bleeker), in Hiroshima Bay, Japan: a review

This paper reviews the stock enhancement programme for black sea bream ( Acanthopagrus schlegelii ) in Hiroshima Bay. This bay is one of the biggest production areas for black sea bream in Japan, accounting for about 10% of the total catch of the species in this country in 2004. After intensive fishing pressure caused a drastic decline in the catch of the species in this bay in the 1970s, a stock enhancement programme was conducted in its northern part since 1982 to restore the depleted population. The number of black sea bream juveniles released in 1996 surpassed 9 million, representing the third main species stocked in Japan. Almost 1.4 million of these juveniles were released into Hiroshima Bay. The fast acclimatization of hatchery-reared juveniles released into the bay may have contributed to the recovery of landings in the late 1980s and 1990s. However, this recovery was accompanied by a reduction in the market price of black sea bream. Further studies to assess the effectiveness of the stock enhancement programme as well as the carrying capacity of Hiroshima Bay to maintain the stock of black sea bream at a stable, healthy level are desirable. The necessity of evaluating the secondary effects derived from using a reduced number of breeders as well as finding new markets are suggested.     

Evaluation of pea proteins and poultry protein as fish meal alternatives in the diets for juvenile black sea bream,Acanthopagrus schlegelii

The potential of three different protein resources (pea protein isolate, PPI; pea protein concentrate, PPC; enzyme treated poultry protein, ETPP) as fish meal (FM) alternative protein in diets for juvenile black sea bream, Acanthopagrus schlegelii. (initial average weight 7.90 ± 0.13 g) was evaluated. Seven isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets were formulated to replace FM at 0% (T0, control diet), 8% (designated as T1‐T3) and 16% (designated as T4‐T6) using PPI, PPC and ETPP respectively. Each diet was randomly assigned to triplicate groups of 25 juvenile fish for 8 weeks. At the end of the feeding period, survival rate was not significantly affected by dietary treatments. Growth performance in T6 (16% ETPP) group was significantly inferior to T0 group, however, weight gain and specific growth rate in other treatments showed no significant differences (P > 0.05). Mean feed intake, feed efficiency ratio and protein efficiency ratio were also poorer in fish fed in T6 than those of fish fed with the control diet respectively. Apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of dry matter and crude protein for fish fed ETPP diets were significant lower than those of fish fed with the control diet, whereas ADCs of lipid were unaffected by dietary treatments. ADC's of dietary Leu, Ile, His and Lys was also significantly influenced. There were no marked variations in proximate compositions of dorsal muscle. With regard to plasma characteristics, significant difference was observed in triacylglycerol content. Ammonia concentration in plasma tended to increase in alternative protein diets as substitution level increased. There were significant differences in aspartate aminotransferase activities among groups, but alanine aminotransferase levels were unaffected by treatments. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that PPI and PPC were potential protein sources for using in juvenile black sea bream diet. However, the substitution level of FM by ETPP should be limited within 16%.     

Tributyrin‐supplemented high‐soya bean meal diets of juvenile black sea bream,Acanthopagrus schlegelii: Study on growth performance and intestinal morphology and structure

An 8‐week growth trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of different levels of tributyrin supplementation in a high‐soya bean meal diet on juvenile black sea bream (11.30 ± 0.16 g). The positive control (PC) diet contained 45% fishmeal and 20% soya bean meal, while the negative control (NC) contained 12% fishmeal and 45% soya bean meal. Graded levels of tributyrin were added to the NC diet at 0.05% (TB 0.05), 0.1% (TB 0.1), 0.2% (TB 0.2), 0.4% (TB 0.4) and 0.8% (TB 0.8). Ultimately, the fish fed the PC diet had a higher weight gain and specific growth rate than the fish fed other diets. The fish fed the NC diet had the lowest growth, and TB 0.05–TB 0.2 diets increased growth performance while TB 0.4–TB 0.8 diets caused reduction in growth. Dietary tributyrin supplementation improved protease activity and enhanced antioxidant capacity. Compared with the fish fed the NC diet, the fish fed the tributyrin‐supplemented diets had improved gut morphology and structure, and the results were similar to those of the fish fed the PC diet. Furthermore, the analysis of the dose response with second‐order polynomial regression indicated that the optimum tributyrin supplementation for juvenile black sea bream is 2.24 g/kg in the 45% soya bean meal diet.     

Optimum level of dietary monocalcium phosphate determined based on optimal growth and vertebrae phosphate content of juvenile Ussuri catfish,Pseudobagrus ussuriensis

Two experiments were conducted to determine the optimum level of dietary available phosphorus from monocalcium phosphate for juvenile Ussuri catfish Pseudobagrus ussuriensis. Experiment 1 was conducted to estimate phosphorus digestibility from monocalcium phosphate for juvenile Ussuri catfish. The apparent digestibility coefficient of phosphorus from monocalcium phosphate was 86.3%. In the experiment 2, triplicate groups of juvenile Ussuri catfish were fed diets containing graded levels of monocalcium phosphate (MCP: 0 g/kg, 8.2 g/kg, 16.4 g/kg, 24.6 g/kg, 32.8 g/kg and 41.0 g/kg) for 8 weeks. Fish fed the diet containing 16.4 g/kg MCP with available phosphorus of 4.8 g/kg showed the best weight gain (171.5%), feed conversion ratio (1.08) and protein efficiency ratio (2.06). No significant difference was observed in fish survival among the treatments. The best result in terms of phosphorus retention efficiency (46.10%) was observed in fish fed the diet containing 8.2 g/kg MCP with available phosphorus of 3.0 g/kg, which was not different (p > .05) from those fed the diet containing up to 24.6 g/kg MCP, and the highest vertebrae phosphorus content (58.2 g/kg) was observed in fish fed the diet containing 24.6 g/kg MCP with available P of 6.6 g/kg. The whole‐body lipid and protein, as well as phosphorus contents, were significantly affected by dietary available phosphorus (p < .05). Viscerosomatic index (VSI) and condition factor (CF) were inversely correlated with dietary phosphorus levels (p < .05). Quadratic regression analysis based on specific growth rate (SGR) against dietary available phosphorus levels indicated that the optimum available phosphorus requirement for the maximal growth of juvenile Ussuri catfish was 5.9 g/kg, and broken‐line analysis based on vertebrae phosphorus content against dietary available phosphorus levels indicated that a dietary level of 6.0 g/kg available phosphorus will provide optimum vertebrae phosphorus content.     

茜素红与钙黄绿素标记不同规格黑鲷幼鱼的比较研究

采用茜素红(ARS)和钙黄绿素(CAL)以浸染方式对大、小2种规格的黑鲷(Acanthopagrus schlegelii)幼鱼进行荧光标记技术研究。急性染色实验结果显示,2种染料对2种规格黑鲷幼鱼成活率无显著影响;后续养殖实验结果表明,两者对2种规格黑鲷幼鱼生长率亦无显著影响。ARS和CAL 对黑鲷幼鱼硬组织的标记效果随着染料浓度的增加而提高,ARS标记效果优于CAL。比较2种规格的黑鲷幼鱼荧光标记结果,ARS未见显著性差异,CAL小规格标记效果优于大规格。比较各取样组织标记效果,ARS对鳍棘标记取得了最好的标记效果,鳞片和鳍条次之,耳石标记效果最差;CAL对鳍棘、鳍、鳞片的标记效果相似或等级相同,耳石次之。ARS标志技术更具应用和研究价值。     

Effects of butyrate glycerides supplementation in high soybean meal diet on growth performance,intestinal morphology and antioxidative status of juvenile black sea bream,Acanthopagrus schlegelii

This study aimed to investigate the effects of graded butyrate glyceride (BG) supplementation levels in high soybean meal diet on juvenile black sea bream. Three hundred and sixty fish were fed diets containing 199 g/kg fishmeal and 450 g/kg soybean meal, with increasing levels of BG at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 or 16 g/kg for eight weeks. The growth performance of the fish increased with increasing dietary BG supplementation up to 6 g BG/kg, beyond which growth rate reduced significantly (p < .05). Dietary BG supplementation increased the intestinal protease activity, but had no significant (p > .05) effect on lipase and amylase activities. Fish fed the basal diet exhibited villus shortening with a decrease in the number of goblet cells and a reduction in absorptive and digestive epithelial surface, while fish fed ≥4 g BG/kg diets showed a well‐integrated gut, with large absorptive and digestive epithelial surface. Dietary BG supplementation also improved antioxidative capacity by increasing superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities while decreasing malondialdehyde content. The inclusion of BG in high soybean meal diets can improve growth performance, maintain healthy gut morphology and enhance antioxidative capacity of black sea bream.