海南地区鱼虾混养模式下密度对罗非鱼的生长、代谢和免疫的影响

为优化鱼虾混养模式,设置不同的罗非鱼(Oreochromis)养殖密度(6 000、8 000和10 000尾/667 m~2),凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)轮捕轮放,每次每口5 000尾,通过150 d的养殖比较分析罗非鱼生长、血清代谢和非特异性免疫。结果显示:3个密度下罗非鱼增重率分别为71 194%、69 285%和49 977%,特定生长率分别为4.37%/d、4.36%/d和4.14%/d;10 000尾/667 m~2密度下罗非鱼血清中葡萄糖、甘油三脂和总胆固醇浓度均低于6 000尾/667 m~2和8 000尾/667 m~2密度组,而血清谷草转氨酶、谷丙转氨酶含量则呈现相反的趋势;肝脏免疫基因C-LZM表达量随着养殖密度的上升显著下调,而IL-1β、TNF-α则与之相反,6 000尾/667 m~2密度下罗非鱼肝脏表达水平显著低于10 000尾/667 m~2组。结果表明,高密度养殖下养殖密度对罗非鱼生长、血清代谢、肝脏免疫基因表达影响显著,建议罗非鱼密度不高于8 000尾/667 m~2。     

池塘循环水槽一年两造养殖吉富罗非鱼的经济和生态效益分析

为实现池塘循环水槽养殖模式的高效利用,降低养殖风险,文章开展了吉富罗非鱼(GIFT, Oreochromis niloticus)一年两造池塘循环水槽养殖研究。第一造吉富罗非鱼放养密度分别为183尾·m~(-2)和274尾·m~(-2),规格为(36.6±2.8) g,养殖期为122 d;第二造吉富罗非鱼放养密度分别为154尾·m-2和215尾·m~(-2),放养规格为(185.2±15.8) g,养殖期为100 d;外池塘套养罗氏沼虾(Macrobrachium rosenbergii)、鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)和鳙(Aristichthys nobilis)。对养殖过程中的水质、养殖结果和效益进行评价分析。结果显示,第一造吉富罗非鱼成活率为83.38%,饵料系数1.12,养殖产量24 107 kg;第二造吉富罗非鱼成活率为93.35%,饵料系数1.17,养殖产量25 730 kg;外池塘罗氏沼虾2 012 kg,鲢1 789 kg,鳙801 kg;每公顷投入452 566元,收入655 099元,利润202 533元,投资回报率44.75%。研究表明,利用池塘循环水槽养殖模式开展吉富罗非鱼一年两造养殖,降低了链球菌发病率,提高了养殖效益,实现了养殖模式的高效利用。     

罗非鱼池塘循环水槽养殖初探

为探究罗非鱼在池塘循环水槽养殖模式下的养殖效果,于2017年开展池塘循环水槽养殖试验。3条水槽分别投放吉富罗非鱼鱼种19 950尾、34 713尾和40 166尾,规格为(3.5±0.11)g;水槽外池塘投放鳙鱼鱼种700尾、罗氏沼虾苗13.3万尾;试验中对养殖系统的水质指标和养殖产量进行分析测定。结果显示:养殖期间水温25.4~32.6℃,溶氧4.41~7.22 mg/L,p H 7.33~7.94,氨氮质量浓度0.11~2.07 mg/L,亚硝酸盐氮质量浓度0.004~0.107 mg/L,水质指标符合罗非鱼的生长要求;试验共持续165 d,3条水槽产量分别为4 481 kg、8 796 kg和10 632 kg,饲料系数分别为1.19、0.95和0.88,平均产量72.5 kg/m~2,水槽外池塘收获罗氏沼虾850 kg和鳙鱼1 300 kg;每公顷产值189 955.7元、利润40 454.7元,投入产出比为1∶1.25。研究表明,利用池塘循环水槽养殖罗非鱼在改善养殖环境、提高养殖产量和增加养殖效益方面优于传统养殖模式。     

吉富罗非鱼四种养殖模式对水质的影响

为研究吉富罗非鱼不同养殖模式对水质的影响,对跑道式流水槽养殖、池塘高密度养殖、池塘低密度养殖和罗非鱼-水浮莲共生等4种吉富罗非鱼养殖模式的水质情况进行了为期16周的跟踪检测。试验结果:4种养殖模式水体中的溶解氧为罗非鱼-水浮莲共生组池塘低密度养殖组池塘高密度养殖组跑道式流水槽组,各组间差异显著(P 0. 05);氨氮和亚硝酸盐质量浓度为跑道式流水槽组池塘高密度养殖组池塘低密度养殖组罗非鱼-水浮莲共生组,各组间差异显著(P 0. 05)。结果表明,在池塘高密度养殖吉富罗非鱼时,采用罗非鱼-水浮莲共生模式能显著提高水中的溶解氧,降低氨氮、亚硝酸盐含量,实现生态养殖。     

鱼腥草对无乳链球菌引起吉富罗非鱼肝脏损伤的修复作用

为探讨池塘种植鱼腥草对无乳链球菌引起吉富罗非鱼肝脏损伤的修复作用,在养殖池塘中分别种植0%(对照组)、5%、10%和15%池塘面积的鱼腥草,养殖90 d后进行无乳链球菌人工感染,分别在感染后0、24、48和72 h采集吉富罗非鱼肝脏,进行肝脏生化、抗氧化性能、组织病理和热休克蛋白70基因(HSP 70)表达研究。结果显示,感染后48和72 h对照组肝脏谷丙转氨酶(ALT)和谷草转氨酶(AST)活性最高,种植鱼腥草各组吉富罗非鱼肝脏ALT活性在感染前后均无显著性变化,感染后72 h,10%组吉富罗非鱼肝脏AST活性已恢复到感染前水平。抗氧化指标显示,种植鱼腥草能减缓链球菌感染引起吉富罗非鱼肝脏总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)下降,显著提高肝脏中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和一氧化氮合酶(NOS)等抗氧化酶的活性,增加自由基清除能力,减少脂质过氧化丙二醛(MDA)的产生。组织病理学观察显示,对照组吉富罗非鱼感染后48 h肝窦明显淤血,肝索排列紊乱,肝细胞脂肪变性,而各种植鱼腥草组吉富罗非鱼在感染后仅表现为肝细胞明显嗜酸,肝窦轻度扩张。定量PCR结果显示,每组吉富罗非鱼肝脏HSP 70表达量在感染后都显著升高,感染后各时间点对照组吉富罗非鱼肝脏的HSP 70表达量均显著高于鱼腥草种植组。研究表明,种植鱼腥草能显著改善链球菌感染所造成的吉富罗非鱼肝脏AST和ALT上升,提高抗氧化应激能力,减轻链球菌感染引起的病理损伤;吉富罗非鱼通过肝脏HSP 70高表达促进受损蛋白质的早期修复与降解,种植鱼腥草具有抗炎作用和提高鱼体抵御病原菌的能力。     

海豚链球菌感染对不同品系罗非鱼血液生化指标和肝脏HSP70 mRNA表达的影响

以吉富罗非鱼、新吉富罗非鱼、埃及尼罗罗非鱼和红罗非鱼为研究对象,饲养100d后,进行海豚链球菌(2.95×108CFU/mL)感染试验,分析攻毒前后各品系罗非鱼的血液生化指标和肝脏HSP70 mRNA表达量的变化规律。另从各桶中取20尾鱼进行同样的攻毒试验,统计攻毒后各时间点的累积死亡率。结果表明,感染海豚链球菌96h后,吉富罗非鱼和新吉富罗非鱼对病原较为敏感,累积死亡率分别达到36.67%和38.33%;埃及尼罗罗非鱼对病原敏感性较差,试验期间未见死亡。吉富罗非鱼、新吉富罗非鱼和红罗非鱼血清皮质醇和葡萄糖水平以及肝脏HSP70 mRNA的表达量在攻毒后明显提高,血清谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶与溶菌酶活力也呈上升趋势,碱性磷酸酶活力与甘油三酯和胆固醇水平低于攻毒前。埃及尼罗罗非鱼可以利用糖原和脂类产生的能量,提高了HSPS与一些特定免疫蛋白(溶菌酶、球蛋白等)的合成,增强了鱼体的非特异性免疫力。罗非鱼选育过程中,需要将抗病力与生长性能进行有效的结合,在注重生长速度的同时也要增强其抗应激能力,从而为罗非鱼产业的可持续发展提供保证。     

养殖密度对食用褐鳟Salmo trutta生长和水质的影响

在涌泉水温度5.6~10.5℃下,将体质量(17.52±0.22)g的2龄褐鳟Salmo trutta饲养在流水圆柱形平底玻璃钢(半径45cm,高60cm)水槽中,水深40cm,密度分别为6.8kg/m~3(SD1)、10.4kg/m~3(SD2)、14.0kg/m~3(SD3)、17.5kg/m~3(SD4)、21.0kg/m~3(SD5)和24.5kg/m~3(SD6),每个密度组设3个重复,探讨养殖密度对褐鳟生长的影响。70d的饲养结果表明:本试验范围内的放养密度未显著影响2龄褐鳟的存活率(P0.05),净增重随养殖密度的增加而增大。SD5组褐鳟净增重(116.55g/(m~2·d))最大;SD4组褐鳟的日增重(0.25g/d)、增重率(102.07%)和特定生长率(1%/d)显著高于SD3组(P0.05)。随着养殖密度的增加,溶解氧含量(DO)呈极显著下降趋势(P0.01),SD1、SD2、SD3(10.14~11.84mg/L)组极显著高于SD5、SD6组(9.62~11.53mg/L)(P0.05);养殖29d和50d时SD1组NO_2~-含量(0.02~0.06mg/L)与SD3、SD5、SD6组(0.04~0.06mg/L)差异显著(P0.05),其他时间不显著;36d后SD2、SD3(0.17~0.22mg/L)组的NH4-NT显著低于SD6组(0.25~0.38mg/L)(P0.05)。比较分析认为,2龄褐鳟的最佳养殖密度应为17.5kg/m~3,不要低于10.4kg/m~3。     

培育密度对四倍体异育银鲫新品种“长丰鲫”苗种生长及成活的影响

以平均体长(0.92±0.034)cm、平均体重(8.10±0.120)mg的四倍体异育银鲫新品种"长丰鲫"苗种为研究对象,研究了不同培育密度下鱼苗的生长及成活情况。试验结果显示:较低密度(300尾/m~2)的池塘和中间密度(600尾/m~2)的池塘苗种生长效果(特定生长率分别为13.3%/d和13.2%/d)显著高于高密度(1 200尾/m~2)池塘,苗种成活率随着密度的增大从74.7%下降到66.5%。研究表明,放养密度的增大不利于长丰鲫苗种的生长和成活,密度过小不适宜实际生产的运行,因此控制合适的放养密度能促进鱼苗的快速生长以及提高产出投入比。     

封闭循环水系统中养殖密度对黄姑鱼代谢和血清免疫的影响

在封闭循环水养殖系统中,选取平均体质量(416.1±0.73)g的黄姑鱼(Nibea albiflora),设置3个养殖密度组,分别为低密度组D_1(12.0 kg/m~3±0.03 kg/m~3)、中密度组D_2(15.0 kg/m~3±0.02 kg/m~3)和高密度组D_3(18.0 kg/m~3±0.03 kg/m~3),研究养殖密度对黄姑鱼代谢和血清免疫的影响。结果表明:各养殖密度组黄姑鱼成活率、特定生长率(SGR)和饲料系数(FCR)分别差异不显著(P0.05),其中D_1组的成活率、特定生长率和饲料系数略优于D_2、D_3组;谷草转氨酶(AST)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)和乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活性在各养殖密度组之间差异不显著(P0.05),但随着养殖密度增加而略有增大;溶菌酶(LZM)、免疫球蛋白M(Ig M)和补体C3等血清免疫指标稍有变化,但均没有显著性差异(P0.05),D_2、D_3较高养殖密度组的补体C4与D_1低密度组差异显著(P0.05)。本研究表明,试验设置的养殖密度不会引起黄姑鱼血清代谢酶和免疫指标显著差异,不会出现密度胁迫。     

池塘工程化循环水养殖模式下养殖密度对大口黑鲈生长性能和生理指标的影响

为研究池塘工程化循环水养殖模式下养殖密度对大口黑鲈(Micropterus salmoides)生长性能、血清生化指标的影响,设置15 000和25 000尾/槽2个养殖密度,经过120 d的养殖实验。结果显示:养殖密度对大口黑鲈生长性能、血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶、碱性磷酸酶、皮质醇和溶菌酶含量无显著影响;高养殖密度组血清总蛋白、胆固醇、甘油三酯和葡萄糖含量显著低于低养殖密度组。在低、高密度养殖条件下,体重与体长之间呈幂函数关系,生长方程分别为y=0.031 6x~(2.903 8)(R~2=0.980 1)和y=0.032 1x~(2.898 5)(R~2=0.982 4)。结果表明,池塘工程化循环水养殖模式下,高密度养殖而不影响大口黑鲈生长。     

Understanding the economic and farming practices driving species selection in aquaculture within the Mymensingh division of Bangladesh

Aquaculture is a major supplier of animal protein for Bangladesh’s population, and the Mymensingh division is a major contributor to finfish aquaculture, producing 43% of the total pond pangasius and 9% of the total amount of tilapia (figures from 2018). We conducted a finfish farmer survey covering Netrokona, Jamalpur and Mymensingh districts to understand current finfish farming practices and identify factors that drive farmers in their species choice between pangasius or tilapia cultivation. We found that most finfish farmers in Mymensingh are experienced practitioners and practise polyculture with a range of stocking densities for each species. Using an economic model of polyculture practice, we have shown that over a production cycle, pangasius gain body mass at a rate nearly 4 times greater than that for tilapia, resulting in substantially larger revenues and providing a strong incentive for their culture. High levels of tilapia aquaculture likely persist due to their short production cycle and an associated decreased economic risk due to crop loss from disease, both factors providing a strong incentive for their culture. Our findings also indicate production yield differences through different species selection in polyculture systems. For example, co-culturing pangasius, tilapia and carp together was less productive than co-culture of pangasius with tilapia. Furthermore, higher yields of tilapia were obtained when co-cultured with carp compared with pangasius, the reasons for which are not known and warrant further investigation. Our study uses information provided by finfish farmers to produce a useful guide on fish species choices to maximise production yields, and therefore food production, from their ponds.

     

陆基圆池循环水条件下养殖密度对大口黑鲈生长及养殖效能的影响

为研究陆基圆池循环水养殖条件下大口黑鲈(Micropterus salmoides)适宜的养殖密度,设置55、65、75、85、95尾/m²等5种养殖密度(分别标记为A1、A2、A3、A4、A5组),进行了63 d的大口黑鲈养殖试验,通过测定和分析试验鱼的体质量日增长率、体长日增长率、饲料系数、体质量均匀度和单位面积产量等指标,评价不同养殖密度对大口黑鲈生长和主要养殖效能的影响。结果显示:(1)从次低密度的A2组(65尾/m²)至密度最高的A5组(95尾/m²),试验鱼的体长日增长率基本上随着养殖密度的提高而下降,最高的A2组比A3、A4和A5组分别高了31.6%、82.9%和92.3%,并且差异显著(P<0.05);(2)从A2组至A5组,试验鱼的体质量日增长率和特定生长率均随着养殖密度的提高而下降;(3)A2组的饲料系数比A1、A3、A4和A5组分别降低了16.7%、28.6%、55.4%和56.9%;(4)单位面积产量和产品均匀度均在A2组达到最高。基于生长性能及养殖效能的综合评价,陆基圆池循环水养殖条件下大口黑鲈成鱼养殖阶段较适宜的养殖密度为65尾/m²。     

Effects of stocking density of freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii and addition of different levels of tilapia Oreochromis niloticus on production in C/N controlled periphyton based system

An on-station trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of stocking density of freshwater prawn and addition of different levels of tilapia on production in carbon/nitrogen (C/N) controlled periphyton based system. The experiment had a 2 × 3 factorial design, in which two levels of prawn stocking density (2 and 3 juveniles m^? 2) were investigated in 40 m² earthen ponds with three levels of tilapia density (0, 0.5 and 1 juveniles m^? 2). A locally formulated and prepared feed containing 30% crude protein with C/N ratio close to 10 was applied considering the body weight of prawn only. Additionally, tapioca starch was applied to the water column in all ponds to increase C/N ratio from 10 (as in feed) to 20. Increasing stocking density of tilapia decreased the chlorophyll a concentration in water and total nitrogen in sediment, and increased the bottom dissolved oxygen. The concentrations of inorganic nitrogenous species (NH₃–N, NO₂–N and NO₃–N) were low due to maintaining a high C/N ratio (20) in all treatment ponds. Increasing prawn density decreased periphyton biomass (dry matter, ash free dry matter, chlorophyll a) by 3–6% whereas tilapia produced a much stronger effect. Increasing stocking density of freshwater prawn increased the total heterotrophic bacterial (THB) load of water and sediment whereas tilapia addition decreased the THB load of periphyton. Both increasing densities of prawn and tilapia increased the value of FCR. Increasing prawn density increased gross and net prawn production (independent of tilapia density). Adding 0.5 tilapia m^? 2 on average reduced prawn production by 12–13%, and tilapia addition at 1 individual m^? 2 produced a further 5% reduction (independent of prawn density). The net yield of tilapia was similar between 0.5 and 1 tilapia m^? 2 treatments and increased by 8.5% with increasing stocking density of prawn. The combined net yield increased significantly with increasing stocking density of prawn and tilapia addition. The significantly highest benefit cost ratio (BCR) was observed in 0.5 tilapia m^? 2 treatment but freshwater prawn density had no effect on it. Therefore, both stocking densities (2 and 3 juveniles m^? 2) of prawn with the addition of 0.5 tilapia m^? 2 resulted in higher fish production, good environmental condition and economic return and hence, polyculture of prawn and tilapia in C/N controlled periphyton based system is a promising options for ecological and sustainable aquaculture.     

Stocking density and date decisions in semi‐intensive shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931) farming: a bioeconomic approach

This article analyses the optimal selection of stocking density and date in semi‐intensive culture of shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931). The empirical evaluation of productive and economic scenarios derived from the specific choice of these management variables is often unfeasible for decision makers. To overcome this limitation, the bioeconomic modelling is widely applicable in aquaculture systems. In the present study, profit maximization for a semi‐intensive shrimp farm is obtained through the development of a bioeconomic model to analyse the combination of stocking density (range: 6–30 postlarvae (PL) m^?2) and date (from March 1st to June 1st) as decision variables for a shrimp farm located in Sinaloa, Mexico. The results show that pond water temperatures prevailing during culture cycle when the stocking date is June 1st (temperature in 19‐weeks culture period: 30.76 ± 0.87°C) and the stocking density is 20–24 PL m^?2 produce a maximized Present Value Profit (PVπ) of  USThis article analyses the optimal selection of stocking density and date in semi‐intensive culture of shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931). The empirical evaluation of productive and economic scenarios derived from the specific choice of these management variables is often unfeasible for decision makers. To overcome this limitation, the bioeconomic modelling is widely applicable in aquaculture systems. In the present study, profit maximization for a semi‐intensive shrimp farm is obtained through the development of a bioeconomic model to analyse the combination of stocking density (range: 6–30 postlarvae (PL) m^?2) and date (from March 1st to June 1st) as decision variables for a shrimp farm located in Sinaloa, Mexico. The results show that pond water temperatures prevailing during culture cycle when the stocking date is June 1st (temperature in 19‐weeks culture period: 30.76 ± 0.87°C) and the stocking density is 20–24 PL m^?2 produce a maximized Present Value Profit (PVπ) of  US$^?ha 10 350 and PVπ US$^?ha 2526 for weekly mortality rates at low (2.1%) and medium (5.8%) levels respectively. The marginal change in the cost of feed (±1%) has the greatest effect on PVπ (?0.58% and 0.59% respectively). The discussion focuses on the combined effect of mortality rate, stocking density and especially, on the stocking date decision, for a given production planning framework, taking into account that the stocking date is the main management decision variable to cope with viral diseases outbreaks.     

Culture of Macrobrachium rosenbergii (De Man 1879) in experimental cages in a freshwater eutrophic lake at different stocking densities

Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man 1879) juveniles (0.4 g) were cultured in experimental cages (L × W × H: 2.5 × 1 × 1 m) in Laguna de Bay, the largest lake in the Philippines. The following stocking densities at four replicates each were used: 15, 30, 60 and 90 prawns m⁻² of cage bottom. The mean sizes at harvest after 5 months of culture ranged from 14.3 g for the highest stocking density to 26.3 g for the lowest. The mean size at harvest, daily growth rate and size class distribution were significantly influenced by stocking density, with those at the lowest stocking density showing significantly better growth and overall proportion of larger prawns. Heterogeneous individual growth (HIG) was fairly evident in all treatments. The percentage of blue‐clawed males was not influenced by treatment but the mean weight was significantly higher in the lower stocking densities. Both the percentage and mean weight of berried females were significantly higher in the lowest stocking density. Survival was the highest in the lower stocking densities (55.3%, 54.0%, 52.7% and 36.9% for 15, 30, 60 and 90 prawns m⁻² respectively). Feed conversion ratio (FCR) improved with decreasing stocking density, ranging from 2.1 to 3. As expected, yield per cropping increased with stocking density and ranged from 450 to 1089 g m⁻² yr⁻¹ of actual cage area. Production values obtained in the cage cultured M. rosenbergii were comparable to or even higher than those reported from pond culture, given that the stocking densities used in this study were generally higher than in ponds. The results show that the farming of M. rosenbergii in cages in lakes is a viable alternative to pond culture and has the potential of improve aquaculture production in lakeshore fish farming communities.     

长江流域2种水产养殖模式的生命周期环境影响评价

本研究以长江流域内的池塘养殖和稻渔综合种养2种水产养殖模式为对象，应用生命周期评价方法，分析2种养殖模式对能源消耗(EU)、全球变暖潜势(GWP)、酸化潜势(AP)、富营养化潜势(EP)以及水资源消耗(WU) 5种环境指标的影响，并探究2种主要输入因子(饲料和电力供应)和养殖过程对各环境指标的影响，从而评价2种养殖模式对环境影响的差异。生命周期评价结果标准化处理和加权评估显示，稻渔综合种养模式的WU、EP、GWP、AP和EU值分别为11.650、0.770、0.141、0.096和0.003，总环境影响指数(TEII)为12.660；池塘养殖模式的WU、EP、GWP、AP和EU值分别为31.453、1.187、0.210、0.174和0.007,TEII为33.031。与稻渔综合种养模式相比，池塘养殖模式的各项环境指标均较高。对环境影响的贡献率分析表明，饲料供应对EU、GWP和AP的贡献率最高，EP主要受饲料供应和养殖过程的共同影响，而WU主要集中在养殖过程中，电力供应主要影响EU、GWP和AP。生命周期评价的结果表明，与池塘养殖模式相比，稻渔综合种养模式显示出更友好的环境效益，在我国...     

循环水养殖系统中养殖密度对松江鲈生长的影响

为研究配合饲料条件下循环水养殖系统(RAS)中养殖密度对松江鲈生长的影响,选取体长为(2.97±0.12)cm、体质量为(0.26±0.03)g的松江鲈,分别按40尾/m²(A组)、80尾/m²(B组)和120尾/m²(C组)共3个养殖密度,在RAS中进行了为期240 d的养殖试验。试验结果显示：A组鱼的终末体质量、终末体长、体质量日增长量、存活率等均显著高于其他两组,A组鱼的体长日增长量显著高于C组(P<0.05);不同密度组间鱼体肥满度无显著性差异(P>0.05)。试验组单位面积产量由高到低依次为：C组(2.83 kg/m²)、B组(2.51 kg/m²)、A组(1.72 kg/m²)。试验组鱼体质量与体长均呈幂函数相关(m=aL^b,a=0.007 6～0.008 9,b=3.123 6～3.209 4),体长、体质量生长均以三次函数拟合较好。各组间的鱼体长、体质量变异系数均差异显著(P<0.05),其中B组最小...     

Bioenergetic modelling of effects of fertilization, stocking density, and spawning on growth of the Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.)

Abstract. A bioenergetic growth model was developed to examine the integrated effects of fertilization, stocking density, and spawning on the growth of tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.), in pond aquaculture. The analyses showed that growth rates increase with higher levels of organic fertilization up to 500kg/ha/week. Growth rates increased with added food rations in ponds, reaching a maximum growth of 2-07g/day at about 44–48 days after stocking. Fish growth rates decreased with increased levels of stocking density. The stocking density for optimal growth is 1fish/m²; the optimal density for total harvesting weight and fish size is 2 fish/m². Model sensitivity analysis indicated that tilapia growth is most sensitive to catabolism (metabolism) and anabolism (synthesis) coefficients, both of which are geometrically related to the fish body weight. Food assimilation efficiency (b) and the food consumption coefficient (h) have a modest effect on fish growth. Spawning in grow-out ponds can have a major effect on fish growth.     

墨瑞鳕大棚水泥池养殖技术试验

为调整上海郊区的水产养殖结构,开发水产新品种,提升养殖效益,2021年在上海市郊某合作社开展了墨瑞鳕(Maccullochella peelii)大棚水泥池养殖试验。试验采用2口大棚水泥池,投放经标粗培育的平均体质量为150 g/尾的墨瑞鳕大规格鱼种,放养密度为25尾/m²,全程投喂粗蛋白质质量分数43%的海水鱼膨化饲料。经过13个月养殖,共收获墨瑞鳕商品鱼9 576 kg(单位产量13.3 kg/m³,平均规格696.2 g/尾),饲料系数为1.58,单位产值为1 030元/m³。墨瑞鳕大棚水泥池养殖试验成功,对水产养殖结构调优具有一定的借鉴作用。     

Effects of stocking density of Labeo rohita on survival, growth and production in cages

Labeo rohita (139.92 ± 0.76 mm/24.33 ± 0.45 g) was reared for 92 days in floating square cages (10 m² area, 1.5 m height) in a pond (2 ha) at six stocking densities (5, 7.5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 fish m^?2) each with 3 replicates. Fish were fed daily once in the morning with rice polish and groundnut oil cake (1:1) in dough form at 3 % of the total body weight. Survival ranged from 96 to 100 % in different stocking densities. Final average body weight, average body weight gain, mean daily body weight gain and SGR decreased (P < 0.05) with increasing stocking density. Conversely, final biomass, biomass gain and FCR increased (P < 0.05) with increasing stocking density. The highest growth rate of fish could be achieved up to 60 days at 5 fish m^?2 and 92 days at other densities. The reduced growth rate at 10–25 fish m^?2 for 60 days of culture indicated that stress is related to size and density of the fish, suggesting that utmost care is required to reduce the stress at high densities. Maximum production and profit was observed at the highest stocking density. Non-lethal levels of water and soil qualities at different sites (cage premises, and 20 and 200 m away from cage area) suggested that cage aquaculture could be done safely covering 0.9 % of pond area. Production of advanced fingerlings in cages was found a viable alternative to their culture in pond.