宁夏地区不同模式养殖池塘夏季浮游微藻群落特征

为研究宁夏地区夏季不同模式养殖池塘的浮游微藻群落结构特征，采集了当地棚塘接力养殖(PT)、稻渔种养(DY)、土池养殖(TC) 3种模式的池塘水体样品，分析了其浮游微藻群落组成及其与水质因子的相关性。结果显示，共检出浮游微藻5门27属，总数量为1.52×104~2.39×108 ind./L，生物量为0.16~97.78 mg/L，数量多样性为0.03~3.31，生物量多样性为0.29~3.58。不同模式池塘的浮游微藻群落结构差异显著。PT模式池塘的微藻群落无明显共性特征，蓝藻(Cyanophyta)、绿藻(Chlorophyta)和硅藻(Bacillariophyta)占优势情况均有出现，如拟鱼腥藻(Anabaenopsis sp.)、鱼腥藻(Anabaena sp.)、颤藻(Oscillatoria sp.)、盘星藻(Pediastrum sp.)、卵囊藻(Oocystis sp.)、小环藻(Cyclotella sp.)等；TC模式池塘的微藻优势属单一，分别以盘星藻、小球藻(Chlorella sp.)和微囊藻(Microcystis sp.)占优势；DY模式池塘的微藻多样性丰富，以小球藻、栅藻(Scenedesmus sp.)、盘星藻、卵囊藻、刚毛藻(Cladophora sp.)等绿藻和小环藻、菱形藻(Nitzschia sp.)等硅藻为优势藻。蓝藻生物量与水体中硝酸盐氮(NO3–-N)、亚硝酸盐氮(NO2–-N)、化学需氧量(COD)浓度呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。研究表明，宁夏地区夏季温度高、光照时间长，池塘水体中C、N营养高，易形成以微囊藻、拟鱼腥藻等有害蓝藻优势种群；调控池塘水质时应将其作为关键控制点之一，防控有害藻华暴发而导致减产降效的不良状况发生。     

凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)工厂化养殖系统微藻的群落特征分析

2015年6-9月期间,对青岛市宝荣水产科技有限公司凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)工厂化养殖车间的6个实验池进行采样调查,分析了水体中微藻的种类组成、丰度、多样性和优势种演替特征,并结合养殖情况进行了讨论.共检出微藻5门28属49种(其中优势种14种),丰度范围为5.2×105-9.4×108 cell/L,生物量范围为1.23-208.00 mg/L,多样性指数范围为0.42-2.44.多样性指数低于0.9时,生态系统稳定性差,对虾易发病.不同养殖阶段微藻优势种种类不同,前期主要是绿藻门(Chlorophyta)、硅藻门(Bacillarionphyta)和部分甲藻门(Pyrrophyta)的种类,中、后期以蓝藻门(Cyanophyta)的微囊藻(Microcystis sp.)和颤藻(Oscillatoria sp.)为主.对虾养殖密度显著影响微藻优势种演替,300 ind/m2养殖密度(A1池)藻相稳定且以绿藻和硅藻为优势种,对虾生长良好;400-500 ind/m2养殖密度(B1、C1和C2池)颤藻在中、后期演替成为绝对优势种,对虾易发病死亡.本研究为优化对虾工厂化养殖环境、指导养殖生产提供参考.     

凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)工厂化养殖系统微藻的群落特征分析

2015年6–9月期间,对青岛市宝荣水产科技有限公司凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)工厂化养殖车间的6个实验池进行采样调查,分析了水体中微藻的种类组成、丰度、多样性和优势种演替特征,并结合养殖情况进行了讨论。共检出微藻5门28属49种(其中优势种14种),丰度范围为5.2×10~5–9.4×10~8 cell/L,生物量范围为1.23–208.00 mg/L,多样性指数范围为0.42–2.44。多样性指数低于0.9时,生态系统稳定性差,对虾易发病。不同养殖阶段微藻优势种种类不同,前期主要是绿藻门(Chlorophyta)、硅藻门(Bacillarionphyta)和部分甲藻门(Pyrrophyta)的种类,中、后期以蓝藻门(Cyanophyta)的微囊藻(Microcystis sp.)和颤藻(Oscillatoria sp.)为主。对虾养殖密度显著影响微藻优势种演替,300 ind/m~2养殖密度(A1池)藻相稳定且以绿藻和硅藻为优势种,对虾生长良好;400–500 ind/m~2养殖密度(B1、C1和C2池)颤藻在中、后期演替成为绝对优势种,对虾易发病死亡。本研究为优化对虾工厂化养殖环境、指导养殖生产提供参考。     

高位虾池养殖后期浮游微藻群落结构特征

2008年7月1～15日,在广东省红海湾对虾养殖区域选取3口养殖84～98 d的高位池,对养殖水体浮游微藻和常规水质因子进行每天1次采样分析.共检出浮游微藻6门25种,其中绿藻10种,硅藻两种,甲藻7种,裸藻4种,蓝藻1种,金藻1种.浮游微藻细胞数量介于5.13×108～4.01×109ind/L,生物量为42.92～181.73 mg/L,数量多样性指数平均为1.01～1.30,生物量多样性指数平均为1.83～2.27.优势种主要是蛋白核小球藻和绿色颤藻,二者的优势度之和高达90%,控制着浮游微藻总数量的变动趋势.从各门藻类生物量对总生物量贡献多少来看,对虾高位池养殖后期是以蓝藻门、绿藻门和硅藻门为优势类群而组成的浮游微藻群落结构.     

海水池塘刺参与中国对虾轮养技术要点

<正>针对中国对虾(Penaeus Chinesis)养殖池塘冬季闲置、利用率低的现状,我们结合中国对虾适合高温低盐环境,刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)适合低温高盐环境和主要摄食池塘底泥的生态习性,于2014年至2016年进行了海水池塘刺参与中国对虾轮养试验,在不影响中国对虾养殖生产的情况下,利用池塘闲置季节,采用适度集约化的网箱养殖模式增加一茬刺参养殖。通过对养殖池塘水质监测和浮游藻类调查以及刺参的苗种选     

黄渤海夏季微藻调查

根据2011年夏季在黄渤海的采样调查分析了该海域网采浮游微藻的多样性,并从71个站位的采水样品与12个站位的拖网样品中分离了大量可培养的藻种。调查区拖网样品中共发现浮游微藻4门30属44种藻,以硅藻门(Bacillariophytas)为主,甲藻门(Dinophytas)次之。在实验室内利用毛细管法、平板法和稀释法分离纯化获得92株可培养微藻,经分子学鉴定为19种,包括9种硅藻、3种褐藻、3种不等鞭毛藻、2种绿藻、1种甲藻、1种定鞭藻。这些可培养微藻个体较小,多为微微型藻类和微型藻类,其中伪菱形藻(Pseudonitzschia sp.)和舟形藻(Navicula sp.)既能在固定样品中观察到,又能在实验室培养。圆筛藻(Coscinodiscus sp.)、梭角藻(Ceratium fusus)和夜光藻(Noctiluca scintillans)等小型藻类虽然在固定样品中所占比例较大,但是难以培养。此外,本次调查还首次在中国海域发现了Pseudobodo tremulans。黄渤海藻株的鉴定与培养不仅补充了中国微藻种质资源,还为促进微藻的研究和开发利用提供了重要材料。     

一种对虾养殖池塘优良藻相的构建方法”获国家发明专利授权

日前,由中国水产科学研究院南海水产研究所曹煜成、李卓佳、梁伟峰等发明的"一种对虾养殖池塘优良藻相的构建方法"获国家发明专利授权,专利号为ZL200810198309.0。本发明完善和丰富了养殖环境调控技术体系。本发明涉及养殖池藻相构建方法,特别是一种对虾养殖池塘藻相的     

溶藻细菌控藻作用及其在对虾养殖池塘中的应用前景

浮游微藻与养殖池塘的水质及对虾的健康状况密切相关,控制有害微藻的过度繁殖,维持优良的藻相对于养殖水环境的稳定、减少对虾疾病的发生具有重要意义。文章对浮游微藻与对虾养殖的关系及溶藻细菌的研究进展进行了概述,分析了溶藻细菌在对虾养殖中的应用前景,提出了利用溶藻细菌控制对虾养殖池塘有害微藻的研发思路。     

对虾养殖池塘藻与菌的调控技术

<正>传统的养虾理念是"养虾先养水",养水则培藻。随着养殖模式的改变和养殖密度的增加,通过现代生物技术实验证明,营造优良养殖池塘环境的关键是"培藻"和"培菌",构建藻菌平衡的生态。一、对虾养殖池塘藻和菌的重要性通过浮游微藻和有益细菌的共同作用,降解转化养殖代谢产物,调节水质,抑制有害细菌和有害微藻的滋生,营造适宜对虾健康生长的良好生态环境(如图1所示)。"培藻"的作用:(1)能保持养殖水体中高含量的溶解氧;(2)消除     

微绿球藻、隐藻、颤藻的种间竞争关系

采用陈海水配制的无机培养液,添加营养盐的无机培养液和对虾养殖池水3种培养液,分别对微绿球藻(Nannochloropsis oculata)、隐藻(Dyptomonas eyosa)和颤藻(Oscillatoria sp.)进行单培养和混合培养,探讨3种微藻的增殖规律和相互关系.观测各处理组微藻的生长状况,并以Lotka-Volterra的双种竞争模型为基础,计算3种微藻在生长拐点后各取样点的竞争抑制参数.结果显示,在各处理组中,实验前期微绿球藻和隐藻对颤藻的生长都具有一定的促进作用,颤藻在混合培养组中的生物量大于单培养组,而微绿球藻和隐藻的最大生物量均出现在其单培养组.在各组生长拐点后,微绿球藻对颤藻的影响较小,隐藻对颤藻的抑制作用明显,各取样点隐藻对颤藻的竞争参数远大于微绿球藻对颤藻的竞争参数(P＜0.05);颤藻对微绿球藻有较小的抑制作用,而对隐藻的抑制作用明显,各取样点颤藻对隐藻的竞争参数均为各组的最大值.实验结果表明,3种微藻按竞争力从大到小依次为颤藻,隐藻,微绿球藻.颤藻对隐藻和微绿球藻有较强的抑制作用,而微绿球藻和隐藻之间的竞争抑制作用较弱,能够达到"共存"状态.     

Preliminary Comparisons of Yield and Profit Achieved from Different Rainbow Trout,Oncorhynchus mykiss,Production Systems in Inland Western Australia

Abstract

Farmers throughout the wheatbelt of Western Australia are interested in farming rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, in saline groundwater on salt-affected farmland, to generate an alternative source of income. We compared the relative productivity and profitability of three different production systems: extensive (trout stocked in earthen ponds and totally reliant on natural food); semi-intensive (trout stocked in earthen ponds and provided with supplementary diet); intensive (trout stocked in closed, recirculating tanks). The yield of fish increased with increasing production intensity. The mean wet weight (±SE) of trout after 4 months of grow-out was 61.3±2.7 g in extensive systems, 157.9±5.2 g in semi-intensive systems and 137.9±3.9 g in intensive systems, giving mean yields of 10.8 kg/pond (13.5 kg/ha), 27.9 kg/pond (34.8 kg/ha) and 54.9 kg/tank (21.1 kg/m³), respectively. A preliminary economic analysis of the different production systems showed that the increases in yield were sufficient to balance the extra operating costs involved in semi-intensive systems, but not in intensive systems. We conclude that semi-intensive production systems deserve further study for the commercially viable production of rainbow trout from saline groundwater in Western Australia.     

Water quality and freshwater fish culture intensification: the Israeli example

Abstract. During the development of freshwater fish culture in Israel there has been a trend toward intensification, which has been accelerated in the last years with the introduction of new culture systems: deep reservoirs, fish cages and mechanically stirred ponds. In the present paper, the main processes affecting water quality variability in outdoor systems with increasing fish culture intensification levels are presented. The analysed systems are semi-intensive shallow ponds with different organic loading, semi-intensive shallow ponds with different fish species combinations, semi-intensive deep reservoirs, and intensive mechanically stirred ponds. The examples are from experiments conducted at the Fish and Aquaculture Research Station Dor and from follow-ups at fish farms.     

低盐度养殖池塘常见浮游微藻的种类组成、数量及优势种群变动

于2007年9月至2008年1月在广东珠海地区对低盐度养殖虾池水体的浮游微藻进行全程周期性调查分析.结果共检出常见浮游微藻5门31属49种,其中绿藻13属22种,蓝藻9属16种,硅藻6属8种,裸藻2属2种,隐藻1属1种.优势种有13种,主要是蓝藻,有铜绿微囊藻( Microcystis aeruginosa )、圆胞束球藻( Coelosphaerium naegelianum )、卷曲螺旋藻( Spirulina spirulinoides )、假鱼腥藻( Pseudoanabaena sp . )、绿色颤藻( Oscillatoria chlorine )、拟短形颤藻( Oscillatoria subbrevis )、粘连色球藻( Chroococcus cohaerens )、点状平裂藻( Merismopedia punctata )和针状蓝纤维藻( Dactylococcopsis aciculari ).其次是绿藻和硅藻,有蛋白核小球藻( Chlorella pyrenoidosa )、多粒衣藻( Chlamydomonas.multgranulis )、角毛藻( Chaetoceros sp . )和新月菱形藻( Nitzschia closterium ).低盐度虾池养殖周期浮游微藻细胞数量为0.1×10 7～209.2×10 7 ind·L -1,多样性指数平均为2.5～3.2.浮游藻类的种类数、数量及多样性指数总体表现为养殖前期低后期高的特征.     

福建诏安湾春、秋季鱼卵和仔稚鱼种类组成及数量变化

2012年10月和2014年5月在诏安湾海域进行了鱼卵、仔稚鱼的调查,对诏安湾秋季和春季的鱼卵和仔稚鱼的种类组成、数量和分布进行了研究。结果表明,本调查海域共鉴定的鱼卵7种、仔稚鱼7种,隶属于10科10属;秋季共采集到鱼卵31个和仔稚鱼47尾,密集区出现在湾口的西屿北侧海域,春季共采集到鱼卵662个和仔稚鱼69尾,密集区主要分布在诏安湾中部偏北海域和湾口西屿西侧海域。秋季主要优势种为隆头鱼科鱼类、美肩鳃鳚,春季主要优势种为黄姑鱼、红鳍笛鲷和美肩鳃鳚。与东山湾相比,春季诏安湾鱼卵密度明显较大、仔稚鱼资源密度略低;秋季两个海湾的鱼卵、仔稚鱼数量均处于低水平;两个海湾的产卵时期主要在春季。     

Use of Bagasse as a Feed Input to Semi-Intensive Shrimp Growout Ponds

Efforts to reduce the cost of growout feeds for aquaculture have traditionally focused on the use of agricultural wastes as direct or indirect nutritional supplements to support semi-intensive production levels. The merits of a low cost, sugar cane bagasse-based feed for semi-intensive production of Penaeus vannarnei were evaluated. Shrimp averaging 0.24 g each were stocked into 200 m² earthen ponds at 20/m² and cultured for a 12 week period. Two bagasse-based feed treatments, a manure-based treatment and a no-feed input control, were compared in replicate ponds. One bagasse treatment (artificial manure) was designed to mimic manure and stimulate autotrophic and heterotrophic growth. The other bagasse treatment (bagasse alone plus inorganics) was designed to stimulate primarily autotrophic growth. Both bagasse treatments produced average growth rates of 0.78 g/wk, which were significantly greater than that of the manure treatment (0.57 g/wk). Lack of difference between the two bagasse treatments suggests that additional supplements used in making artificial manure probably were unnecessary to the nutrition of the shrimp. At harvest, bottom organics in the bagasse-fed ponds were at least twice as great as manure-fed ponds, and may have contributed to the lower survival associated with these treatments.     

Enrichment of aquaculture earthen ponds with Hediste diversicolor: Consequences for benthic dynamics and natural productivity

The present work analysed the potential impacts of the enrichment of semi-intensive production earthen ponds with the ragworm Hediste diversicolor in the benthic dynamics and natural productivity. The macrobenthos and sediment characteristics were analysed in two enriched ponds and two control ponds in May, June and September 2005. The number of species, Margalef species richness and biomass (AFDW) were generally significantly higher in enriched than in control ponds, while for abundance no clear pattern was visible. Multivariate analysis showed differences in macrobenthic community structure of control and enriched ponds. Differences were also visible when the introduced species was removed from the data set, indicating that differences were mainly due to changes in other species abundance. In general, gastropods (Akera bullata, Jujubinus striatus, Hydrobia ulvae, Rissoidae), bivalves (Abra ovata, Cerastoderma spp.), crustaceans (Ampithoe rubricata, Dexamine spinosa, Gammarus insensibilis, Gammarella fucicola, Iphinoe tenella), and also some polychaetes (Desdemona ornata, Terebella spp., Syllis gracilis and Neanthes caudata) greatly increased their abundances in enriched ponds. On the other hand, the abundance of Tubificidae, Capitella spp., Pseudopolydora paucibranchiata, Corophium acherusicum, and Mesopodopsis slabberi decreased. The organic matter content was significantly lower in enriched ponds, probably due to the positive impact of the polychaetes on sediment reworking, resulting in higher organic matter mineralization. Overall the present study indicates that stocking of earthen production ponds with H. diversicolor significantly altered community structure of benthic invertebrates and may improve environmental conditions for fish production by reducing the organic matter accumulation in pond sediments.     

Growout of Freshwater Prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii in Fertilized Ponds with Reduced Levels of Formulated Feed

Formulated feed for freshwater prawn farming under semi-intensive conditions is expensive, presenting a significant portion of the farm's operating costs. Production and availability of natural food in earthen ponds may reduce the needs for formulated feed. This paper evaluates growth of freshwater prawn Macrobrachiurn rosenbergii under three feeding regimes, where supplemental feed was reduced and natural productivity of the ponds was increased by a fertilization program that included the addition of lime, phosphorus and nitrogen. Prawns (4.35 g) were stocked into 12 50-m² earthen ponds (6 juveniles/m²) and grown for 84 d feeding on 25% crude protein ration. Chemical and physical water parameters were monitored routinely. Growth and production were similar at 100% formulated feed supplementation with no fertilization and at 50% formulated feed with fertilization, as determined by weight gain, specific growth rate, and net yield ( P >0.05). However, further reduction in feed supplementation (0, 25%, and 50% of feeding rate, respectively, for each subsequent 28-d period) with fertilization, yielded shrimp smaller than market size. Feed conversion ratios were significantly higher ( P 0.05) for the 100% versus the 50% feed supplementation. Survival rate averaged 86% with no significant differences among treatments. Reducing up to 50% of the supplemental feed with added fertilization for increased natural productivity does not reduce yield of M. rosenbergii raised under semi-intensive conditions in northeastern Brazil. Under the local conditions of semi-arid and warm water temperatures (24.0–33.5 C), increasing natural productivity of ponds significantly improves feed conversion ratio, which is reflected in feed cost savings and potential savings of the farm operating cost.     

Evaluation of floating cages as an experimental tool for marine shrimp culture studies under practical earthen pond conditions

The New Caledonia blue shrimp Litopenaeus stylirostris is commercially produced under semi-intensive rearing conditions. The size of the farming earthen ponds (5–10 ha) and the subsequent production constraints make it difficult to use them as experimental units for random experiments. Moreover, since every pond has its own characteristics, ponds' effects cannot be ruled out, thus making it hard to define true replicates.In order to design future experiments under conditions resembling those used in production, we evaluated the possible use of floating cages as experimental units with the aim of assessing treatment effects with a reasonable statistical power. To this end, two sets of floating cages were placed respectively in two different ponds in a commercial farm. In both cases the zootechnical conditions in the cages were similar in post-larvae origin, management, and diet and feeding regime.The aim of the study was to evaluate on a technical basis the possibility of rearing shrimps in floating cages set up in earthen ponds and to assess this method from a statistical standpoint. Shrimps reared in and outside the cages showed comparable growth and survival rates. The variability in the zootechnical parameters between cages, expressed as the estimated coefficient of variation (CV) for survival rate, total final biomass (g), final body weight (g), daily increment in body weight (g day^− 1) and FCR were 11.0, 13.7, 4.4, 5.4, and 7.0%, respectively. On the basis of these figures, we calculated for a given statistical power (80%) the number of replicates (cages) that would be required to reveal significant differences between two treatments, at a 5% level of significance. We found that for expected differences of 20% from the control mean, 3 and 6 floating cages per treatment would be reasonable to determine statistical differences for growth parameters and survival rate, respectively. Moreover, we showed a significant pond effect in regard to survival and growth between the two sets of cages. These results illustrated the within-farm variability among the ponds, and confirmed that the specific characteristics of each pond from the same farm make it difficult to use the ponds themselves as experimental units.The study demonstrates that rearing in floating cages is an economical, powerful and sensitive experimental tool for shrimp culture studies specifically carried out under conditions close to semi-intensive production.     

Biochemical Composition of Pond Biota, Shrimp Ingesta, and Relative Growth of Penaeus vannamei in Earthen Ponds

Indigenous pond biota contribute to the nutrition of shrimp grown in semi-intensive and extensive earthen ponds. Penaeus vannomei ingesta was used to assess the nutritional contribution of pond biota and applied feed in model 225 m² nominally managed earthen ponds. Biochemical analyses were also performed on representative pond biota and pond environment samples. Average dry matter shrimp ingesta composition ( N = 64) was: available carbohydrate, 4.2%± 1.8%; lipid, 4.8%± 2.3%; available protein, 9.6%± l.0%; carbon, 9.6%± 1.0%; nitrogen, 5.9%± 2.9%. Ingesta carbon decreased from 27.0%± 3.9% on week 2 to 16.3%± 3.3% on week 8, and nitrogen content decreased from 9.5%± 4.3% to 3.6%± 0.8% during the same interval. The decrease of ingesta C:N ratio from weeks 2 to 8 may indicate changing nutritional requirements of the shrimp. Ingesta essential amino acids varied by less than 10% from short-neck clam protein. Except for several samples which were low in arginine, pond biota and environment samples contained amino acid profiles which were close to short-neck clam. Essential fatty acid composition of shrimp ingesta was highly variable. Ingesta 22:6 fatty acid was present in populations of shrimp from ponds experiencing the highest weekly growth rates. Ingesta 22:6 fatty acid was not present in measurable amounts in shrimp experiencing the lowest growth. The unsaturated fatty acids 20:5 and 22:6 were absent from some pond biota and environment samples and abundant in others. The applied diet contained no measurable 20:5 or 22:6. The management implications of shrimp ingesta biochemical analyses are that diets may be fed which nutritionally complement pond biota consumed by the shrimp.