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1.
Predation is a major ecological constraint shaping behaviour and communication in animals. Several fish species are known to modify their foraging, agonistic and reproductive behaviour in the presence of predators. However, close to nothing is known about how predators affect sound production in fishes. This paper reviews how vocal fish increase their chance of survival by modifying intraspecific acoustic communication and by producing sounds directed towards predators. Field studies showed that toadfish, drums and squirrelfish reduced the number and loudness of calls when dolphin sounds were played back. These studies lack behavioural observations, leaving the question open how individual fish respond to predation threat. Croaking gouramis (Trichopsis vittata, Osphronemidae) reduced acoustic and visual signalling during dyadic contests and refrained from escalated behaviour when detecting a predator in an adjacent tank. This indicates that gouramis increase their vigilance by reducing agonistic behaviour. Vocal fish have been observed to emit sounds when predators approach or when being caught. However, none of the predators (or even conspecifics nearby) responded to these calls. Therefore, the term “predator-related” sound has been introduced in this paper to avoid implying unproven functions (alarm, startling, warning, distress and disturbance). Interestingly, the readiness of numerous taxa (e.g. catfishes) to vocalize when hand-held or netted was frequently exploited to investigate sound production in fish in relation to weight, sex, sonic organs, temperature or phylogeny. Increasing levels of noise in aquatic habitats call for more research on predator–prey interactions because of potential negative effects on detection of sounds produced by predators or prey.  相似文献   

2.
Offshore activities elevate ambient sound levels at sea, which may affect marine fauna. We reviewed the literature about impact of airgun acoustic exposure on fish in terms of damage, disturbance and detection and explored the nature of impact assessment at population level. We provided a conceptual framework for how to address this interdisciplinary challenge, and we listed potential tools for investigation. We focused on limitations in data currently available, and we stressed the potential benefits from cross‐species comparisons. Well‐replicated and controlled studies do not exist for hearing thresholds and dose–response curves for airgun acoustic exposure. We especially lack insight into behavioural changes for free‐ranging fish to actual seismic surveys and on lasting effects of behavioural changes in terms of time and energy budgets, missed feeding or mating opportunities, decreased performance in predator‐prey interactions, and chronic stress effects on growth, development and reproduction. We also lack insight into whether any of these effects could have population‐level consequences. General “population consequences of acoustic disturbance” (PCAD) models have been developed for marine mammals, but there has been little progress so far in other taxa. The acoustic world of fishes is quite different from human perception and imagination as fish perceive particle motion and sound pressure. Progress is therefore also required in understanding the nature and extent to which fishes extract acoustic information from their environment. We addressed the challenges and opportunities for upscaling individual impact to the population, community and ecosystem level and provided a guide to critical gaps in our knowledge.  相似文献   

3.
Amphibious habits are present in a variety of fish and are allowed by a set of physiological, morphological and behavioural adaptations. The most intriguing question, however, is what motivates an aquatic organism to venture into the land? Unfavourable abiotic and biotic conditions in the aquatic environment have been reported as main stimuli for fish to emerge from water. However, few attempts have been made to disentangle the effects of different social contexts on the propensity of amphibious fishes to leave the water. Trying to separate the effects of predator threat, intraspecific competition and mate searching on overland movement of amphibious fish, we ran a mesocosm experiment with the Amazonian killifish Anablepsoides micropus. Overland movement was quantified based on fish leaps between artificial pools set in enclosures in a primary forest area. Males moved overland more frequently than females and their movement depended on the social context, being higher in the presence of predators and lower in the presence of females. Females, instead, showed context‐independent movement rates. This suggests that males move between pools searching for mates, stopping when successful in this search. On the other hand, occasional encounters with predators may force males to abandon the pool as a defence mechanism. Female aggressiveness towards the predator may influence its low movement in the presence of the predator. Such differential responses may play important ecological and evolutionary roles, allowing A. micropus to occupy a wide range of environmental conditions under varied ecological and social contexts.  相似文献   

4.
Abstract – The aquatic environment is being perturbed globally through increases in turbidity, which can have detrimental effects for the maintenance of fish diversity, especially in species dependent on visual cues for reproduction and species recognition. We performed a short‐term manipulation of the visual environment in Lake Malawi to test for an immediate behavioural response to increased turbidity in territorial rock‐dwelling cichlid fishes that use colourful visual cues to maintain territories near the substrate and attract mates. We found a significant movement of fish away from the substrate, with a concomitant shift from displaying territorial and courting behaviours to foraging behaviours, during the five minutes following the release of a turbidity plume over the area. This study is the first to test for and demonstrate an immediate behavioural response of a natural fish population to a short‐term increase in turbidity that might mimic the initial (i.e., immediate) stage of a run‐off event after rainfall in a deforested area.  相似文献   

5.
Macneale KH, Sanderson BL, Courbois J-YP, Kiffney PM. Effects of non-native brook trout ( Salvelinus fontinalis ) on threatened juvenile Chinook salmon ( Oncorhynchus tshawytscha ) in an Idaho stream.
Ecology of Freshwater Fish 2010: 19: 139–152. © 2009 John Wiley & Sons A/S
Abstract –  Non-native fishes have been implicated in the decline of native species, yet the mechanisms responsible are rarely apparent. To examine how non-native brook trout may affect threatened juvenile Chinook salmon, we compared feeding behaviours and aggressive encounters between these sympatric fish in Summit Creek, Idaho. Snorkelers observed 278 focal fish and examined diets from 27 fish in late summer 2003. Differences in feeding behaviours and diets suggest that there was minimal current competition for prey, although individual Chinook feeding activity declined as their encounter rate with other fish increased. While difference in size between fish generally determined the outcome of encounters (larger fish 'winning'), it was surprising that in some interspecific encounters aggressive Chinook displaced slightly larger brook trout (≤20 mm longer). We suggest that in late summer, frequent intraspecific interactions may be more important than interspecific interactions in potentially limiting Chinook growth in Summit Creek and perhaps in other oligotrophic streams where they co-occur.  相似文献   

6.
Marine ecology seeks to understand the factors that shape biological communities. Progress towards this goal has been hampered by habitat‐centric approaches that ignore the influence of the wider seascape. Coral reef fishes may use non‐reef habitats (e.g. mangrove and seagrass) extensively, yet most studies have focused on within‐reef attributes or connectivity between reefs to explain trends in their distribution and abundance. We systematically review the evidence for multihabitat use by coral reef fishes across life stages, feeding guilds and conservation status. At least 670 species of “coral reef fish” have been observed in non‐reef habitats, with almost half (293 species) being recorded in two or more non‐reef habitats. Of the 170 fish species for which both adult and juvenile data were available, almost 76% were recorded in non‐reef habitats in both life stages. Importantly, over half of the coral reef fish species recorded in non‐reef habitats (397 spp.) were potential fisheries targets. The use of non‐reef habitats by “coral reef” fishes appears to be widespread, suggesting in turn that attempts to manage anthropogenic impacts on fisheries and coral reefs may need to consider broader scales and different forms of connectivity than traditional approaches recommend. Faced with the deteriorating condition of many coastal habitats, there is a pressing need to better understand how the wider seascape can influence reef fish populations, community dynamics, food‐webs and other key ecological processes on reefs.  相似文献   

7.
Abstract – Social and foraging modes in fish often vary between individuals with different body sizes and between populations under different ecological conditions. We studied social and foraging behaviour of algae‐grazing fish Plecoglossus altivelis ryukyuensis (Ryukyu‐ayu) inhabiting Japanese subtropical island streams. Ryukyu‐ayu exhibited four behavioural modes: territorial, schooling, solitary and floating. Their body sizes differed among these modes. Territorial fish predominantly foraged on benthic algae, whereas schooling and solitary individuals frequently consumed drifting materials as well. Schooling fish were smaller than territorial fish, but, unlike some other algae‐grazing fish species, did not use schooling to gain access to food within territories. Territorial fish attacked smaller conspecifics but exhibited lateral display towards larger fish and schooling fish while occasionally attacking grazing gobies. Larger fish maintained larger feeding territories and occupied territories for longer periods than smaller fish did. This suggests that, in Ryukyu‐ayu, intra‐ and interspecific food competitions and relative body size can influence diverse behavioural modes and duration of territory occupation. We also found that Ryukyu‐ayu foraged more often and had larger feeding territories than ayu P. a. altivelis inhabiting temperate streams. We conclude that foraging strategies of Ryukyu‐ayu may have adapted to subtropical island streams, where algal productivity is much lower than that in temperate regions.  相似文献   

8.
软骨鱼类(鲨、鳐和银鲛类)多位居海洋食物网的顶端或近顶端, 通过下行效应调控海洋生态系统结构和功能, 多为生态系统中的关键性物种。脊椎骨是软骨鱼类支撑身体的重要硬组织, 其生长贯穿整个生活史, 主要应用于鉴定年龄。随着微化学技术的兴起, 并结合脊椎骨轮纹的特殊结构, 可进而掌握鱼类整个生活史中摄食及洄游信息。目前, 国内外基于脊椎骨的微化学研究主要集中在稳定同位素和微量元素分析, 并已取得一定的进展。本文在归纳国内外应用脊椎骨在软骨鱼类生长、摄食及洄游中的应用案例基础上, 着重分析了脊椎骨应用于年龄鉴定及校正、摄食及洄游等核心问题上的研究现状和发展前景, 以期为今后学者展开基于软骨鱼类脊椎骨的相关研究提供参考。  相似文献   

9.
Energetic status and body size are inconstant bodily states often considered to have feedback effects on behaviour. Feedbacks can be negative, like starvation‐threshold feedbacks (lower state values = increased risk taking due to higher energy need, and vice versa), or positive, like state‐dependent safety feedbacks (higher state values = lower vulnerability when expressing risky behaviours, and vice versa). Few studies have investigated feedback effects during the early‐life survival bottleneck of territorial species, when rapid growth is particularly important to maintain competitive ability. We investigated effects of body size and energetic status on the emergence latency into an unknown environment in highly territorial brown trout fry. We manipulated energetic status using high and low food rations in different combinations over two consecutive periods. In contrast to results from other small‐sized fishes, no general behavioural effects of energetic state were detected, but larger fish had on average shorter emergence latency. Starvation‐threshold feedbacks were not supported, but the size effect favours the presence of a state‐dependent safety feedback. When individuals were split into clusters characterised by long (>34 s) and short (<34 s) emergence latency, a state‐dependent safety feedback, based on energetic status, was found in the short‐latency cluster. Positive state‐dependent feedbacks may reflect the high level of competition among wild trout fry during the first summer, particularly among the more active individuals (i.e., from the short latency cluster). High state levels could be utilised to gain advantages over lesser competitors (e.g., to establish territories), particularly if the overall risk of starvation is higher than the risk of predation.  相似文献   

10.
Abstract –  Many studies have reported that prey fish increase in body size with an increase in piscivore abundance, and this change may be explained mainly by two processes: release from intraspecific competition because of a reduction in the prey fish population and size-dependent selection by the piscivore. However, the evolutionary mechanism is not yet fully understood. Here, we first show the body-size dynamics of the semelparous gobiid fish Gymnogobius isaza , which is one of the prey fishes of the introduced largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides . The data show the possibility that the goby body size might have changed in parallel to the number of largemouth bass from 1975 to 2002, which may be one of the best examples of the positive relationship between body size and predation rate. Furthermore, we explored a mathematical model to consider a body-size change of semelparous fish from an evolutionary viewpoint. The model provided the following qualitative predictions: (1) the optimal assimilation rate increases with predation pressure; (2) a rapid large-scale increase in predation pressure may exterminate the prey fish because of delayed evolution of the assimilation rate; and (3) the optimal assimilation rate increases when the prey fish is more likely to die through predation than through natural mortality or when it is difficult to grow larger because of low resource availability or insufficient foraging efficiency. Moreover, we propose a theoretical framework to evaluate the relative effects of ecological and evolutionary processes over the long term.  相似文献   

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