锌对海湾扇贝中镉累积和亚细胞分布的影响

采用室内模拟混合暴露方式,研究了在镉(Cd)质量浓度一定(0.05 mg/L)的条件下,添加不同质量浓度(0 mg/L、0.1 mg/L、0.5 mg/L、1 mg/L)的锌(Zn)对海湾扇贝整体、组织及亚细胞水平Cd累积和分布的影响。结果表明,Zn能显著抑制扇贝全贝对Cd的富集,并且这种抑制作用随暴露时间的延长和Zn浓度的升高而增强。在扇贝不同组织中Zn对Cd的富集均具有抑制作用,其中以鳃最为明显。在亚细胞水平,扇贝各组织累积的Cd主要分布在类金属硫蛋白(MTLP)和细胞碎片(CD)组分。在内脏各亚细胞组分中,Zn对Cd的抑制作用显著,且Zn的加入使CD中的Cd百分比从32%下降到21%~27%,而MTLP中的Cd百分比从57%增加到59%~67%。鳃组织中Zn对Cd百分比的影响更加明显,CD中Cd百分比从36%下降到14%~17%,MTLP中Cd百分比从59%增加到76%~79%;而性腺中MTLP和细胞器(ORG)组分中Cd百分比受Zn浓度影响较为明显,随着Zn浓度的升高,MTLP中Cd百分比下降,而ORG中Cd百分比升高;肌肉组织中Cd含量及百分比分布在亚细胞水平没有明显规律。     

极北海带对氮、磷吸收和砷、镉、铅吸附的研究

极北海带(Laminaria hyperborea)分布于大西洋东北海域,有很高的经济和生态价值,有望成为我国海藻资源增值的对象。本研究通过分析极北海带在不同温度下对N、P营养盐的吸收,以及对不同重金属离子的吸附,研究其对富营养化和重金属的去除能力。结果显示,1)温度为9℃~13℃时,极北海带对N、P的吸收率均最高,其中72 h后其对P的吸收率达到了95%~98%,对氨氮的吸收率为96%,对硝酸氮的吸收率约为42%,表明其对N、P有显著的去除作用。2)极北海带对As5+的富集量为168.33 mg/kg,藻体表面和内部As5+含量无显著差异,分别占藻体As5+总量的55%和45%,As5+处理6 d后极北海带的相对生长速率为–0.92%/d,极北海带生长不正常。极北海带对Cd2+的吸附量为15 mg/kg,且91%的Cd2+位于藻体表面,仅9%的Cd2+位于藻体内部,相对生长速率为5.78%/d,说明其对极北海带生长有抑制。极北海带对Pb2+的吸附量为320 mg/kg,其中96.5%的Pb2+被吸附于藻体表面,3.5%的Pb2+位于藻体内部,其相对生长速率为6.73%/d,表明Pb2+对极北海带的生长无显著影响。     

扇贝内脏团中耐镉菌株的分离及其吸附镉机理

为探讨扇贝内脏团中微生态系统与扇贝高能力富集镉(Cd)的关系,从自然环境中采集的栉孔扇贝内脏团中分离、纯化了2株耐Cd细菌(编号为菌株A和B),运用16S rDNA基因序列进行分子鉴定,通过金属吸附实验研究了耐Cd菌株对Cd的吸附能力及其对Cd的吸附特性,并利用扫描电镜、透射电镜相结合的方法研究了Cd胁迫条件下耐镉菌株细胞形态与结构变化,探讨了其对Cd的吸附机理。结果显示,2株菌株(A和B)在固体培养基上能耐受Cd的浓度分别为100和80 mg/L。经16S rDNA测序鉴定菌株A与Nitratireductor sp.亲源关系最近,菌株B与Ruegeria sp.亲源关系最近。2株菌株对Cd的吸附率远高于铜(Cu)、锰(Mn)、锌(Zn)和铅(Pb)等重金属。在50 mg/L Cd浓度的液体培养基中,菌株A、B对Cd富集量分别为48.57和42.14 mg/g,富集系数分别为971.4和842.8。电镜观察结果显示,经过Cd处理后,2菌株数量均有所减少,细胞中出现空泡,菌株A细胞外沉淀增多,菌株B表面变得粗糙且出现凹陷,表明胞外沉积作用可能是耐Cd菌株对Cd富集作用的重要途径。     

High affinity of cadmium and copper to head kidney of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.)

The aim of the present study was to evaluate bioaccumulation of metals in various tissues of the freshwater fish Cyprinus carpio L. exposed to cadmium and copper (a xenobiotic and a microelement). The fish were subjected to short-term (3 h, Cd-S and Cu-S) or long-term (4 weeks, Cd-L and Cu-L) exposures to 100 % 96hLC₅₀ or 10 % 96hLC₅₀, respectively. Blood, gill, liver, head and trunk kidney were isolated weekly from 5 fish of each group for 4 weeks (post-short-term exposure and during long-term exposure). Atomic absorption spectrophotometry technique was applied to measure concentrations of metals (Cd and Cu) in fish tissues. Initial concentrations of copper in fish tissues were higher than levels of cadmium. Cadmium and copper levels increased in all tissues of metal-exposed fish. After short-term exposures (at higher concentration) and during long-term exposures (at lower concentration), similar changes in metal concentrations were observed. The values of accumulation factor (ratio of final to initial metal concentration) were higher for cadmium as compared to copper. Comparison of metal levels and accumulation factors in various tissues revealed that cadmium and copper showed very high affinity to head kidney of common carp (higher than to other tissues), but accumulation factors for cadmium in trunk, head kidney and liver were much higher than for copper. The concentrations of copper in organs of Cu-exposed fish increased only slightly and quickly returned to the control level, which shows that fish organism easily buffered metal level. On the other hand, concentrations of cadmium considerably increased and remained elevated for a long time which suggests that activation of mechanisms of sequestration and elimination of cadmium required more time.     

混合金属离子Pb、Zn和Cu的相互作用对Cd在鲫体内积累的影响

采用室内生态学方法研究混合重金属离子Pb、Zn和Cu的相互作用对Cd在鲫组织中积累的影响.结果表明,混合重金属离子相互作用对Cd在鲫组织中积累的影响与离子的种类、数量及组织类型有关.Cd的积累受单一重金属影响不显著,与Pb、Zn、Cu的混合作用关系密切.随重金属离子种类的增加,相互作用对积累的影响显著;Pb、Zn、Cu的混合降低了Cd在鳃中的积累量,增加了Cd在肝脏中的积累量,对Cd在肌肉中的积累无影响.Cd在鲫组织中的积累顺序为:肝胰脏>鳃>肌肉.     

Accumulation of Two Trace Metals in Tissues of Freshwater Fishes,Oreochoromis niloticus and Clarias gariepinus

Bioaccumulation of zinc and cadmium in body tissues of a cichlid, Oreochromis niloticus, and a mudfish, Clarias gariepinus, were investigated in three separate static experiments for eight weeks. The Clarias species accumulated zinc in the order of liver>gut>gills>whole fish>skin>muscles. The accumulation of cadmium in both species was in the order of liver>gut>gills>skin>muscle>whole fish. The Clarias species accumulated more zinc than it did cadmium. The bioconcentration factors of both species showed that of the liver to be significantly greater (p<0.001) than other organs.     

混合重金属对翡翠贻贝的积累与排放规律研究

通过对翡翠贻贝（Mytilus edulis）进行混合重金属积累与排放的慢性实验，研究了重金属铅（Ph）、锌（Zn）、铜（Cu）、镍（Ni）、镉（Cd）、铬（Cr）、汞（Hg）和砷（As）的混合溶液在翡翠贻贝体内的积累规律和排放规律。结果表明，翡翠贻贝对Ph、Zn、Cu、M、Cd、Cr、Hg和As的富集和排放规律性较强，在累积实验中，翡翠贻贝体内各种重金属含量随着时间的推移明显呈上升趋势，翡翠贻贝对重金属Pb，Cu，Ni，Cd，Zn、As、Cr和比有较强的累积能力，可很好地指示海水中这些重金属的污染；在排放实验中，翡翠贻贝体内各重金属含量随时间的推移呈下降趋势，但排放曲线都较平缓，表明翡翠贻贝在实验过程中，释放体内重金属较缓慢。     

两种多糖对齐口裂腹鱼生长、血清抗氧化指标及组织镉积累量的影响

为研究0.40%硫酸软骨素(CS)和酸解氧化魔芋葡甘露聚糖(AOKGM)对齐口裂腹鱼生长、抗氧化及镉胁迫之后抗氧化性能和组织中(肝脏、肾脏和鳃)镉积累量的影响,实验选取450尾初始体质量为(98.00±8.54) g的齐口裂腹鱼分为3组(对照组、AOKGM组和CS组),进行为期8周的养殖实验,然后每个实验组选取120尾齐口裂腹鱼暴露在镉环境中,进行15 d的镉胁迫实验(镉浓度分别为0、0.10、0.25和1.00 mg/L),分别对2种多糖在齐口裂腹鱼生长及抗氧化性能方面进行相关研究,以及分析镉胁迫后2种多糖的抗氧化性能和组织中镉的积累量。结果显示,与对照组相比,2种多糖显著提高了齐口裂腹鱼的特定生长率、脾体指数和头肾指数;粗脂肪、灰分和粗蛋白质相对于对照组也有显著影响。CS和AOKGM均显著提高血清超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、总蛋白(TP)和一氧化氮(NO)含量,降低葡萄糖(GLU)含量;CS能显著提高血清谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性和胆固醇(TC)含量,降低丙二醛(MDA)含量。结果显示,与镉浓度0 mg/L相比,MDA含量在镉浓度为1.00 mg/L时最高,SOD活性在镉浓度为1.00 mg/L时最低,GSH-Px活性在镉浓度为0.25和1.00 mg/L时显著降低,NO含量在镉浓度为0.25和1.00 mg/L时显著升高。镉胁迫实验中,与对照组相比,2种多糖组的SOD活性显著提高,MDA含量降低;NO含量在镉浓度0.10～1.00 mg/L胁迫时显著降低;CS显著提高镉浓度0.10、0.25 mg/L胁迫下的GSH-Px活性,AOKGM组GSH-Px活性在镉浓度为0.25、1.00 mg/L时显著高于对照组。与无镉组对比,齐口裂腹鱼肝脏、肾脏和鳃镉的积累量在各镉浓度下显著增加;而CS和AOKGM均能够降低机体组织镉含量。研究表明,在饲料中添加0.40%的2种多糖均能提高齐口裂腹鱼生长、抗氧化性能,降低镉胁迫下鱼体肝脏、肾脏和鳃中镉的积累量,缓解镉对齐口裂腹鱼造成的氧化损伤,为齐口裂腹鱼饲料的开发提供新的理论依据。     

Effect of chinese parsley Coriandrum sativum and chitosan on inhibiting the accumulation of cadmium in cultured rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss

ABSTRACT:   Toxic heavy metals such as cadmium (Cd) accumulate in cultured fish from solid-form feed mixtures. In this paper, two natural ingredients, supposed to inhibit accumulation of heavy metals in the fish body, were investigated to develop a functional feed mixture for healthy fish. Three test diets: (i) ♯1, regular diet as negative control; (ii) ♯2, ♯1 + 2% lyophilized Chinese parsley Coriandrum sativum (CP); and (iii) ♯3, ♯1 + 3% chitosan (CT), were each fed to 50 rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss once a day, at the constant rate of 1.0–1.2% of body weight for 12 weeks. No undesirable effect on fish growth was observed by an addition of either CP or CT to regular feed. Then, 10 mg Cd was added to 1 kg each of the three test diets and they were named as: (i) ♯4, ♯1 + Cd; (ii) ♯5, ♯2 + Cd; and (iii) ♯6, ♯3 + Cd, respectively. The fish given positive a control feed (diet ♯4) for 3 weeks accumulated Cd in the liver and kidney at approximately 0.52 mg/kg. However, Cd in ordinary muscle was found to be just above the detection limit. Upon accumulation of Cd, three groups of 50 fish were each fed test diets ♯4, ♯5, and ♯6 for 12 weeks at the same feed rate described above. The concentrations of Cd accumulated in the liver, kidney, and ordinary muscle of the fish were measured every 3 weeks. Contrary to the positive control fish fed diet ♯4, those fish fed test diets ♯5 and ♯6 accumulated 20–30% and 25–40% less Cd in the liver, respectively. Test diets were a little less effective for inhibition of Cd uptake in the kidney than that observed in the liver. These results suggest that addition of CP or CT to fish feed might be used to decrease toxic heavy metal accumulation in fish.     

栉孔扇贝在镉污染胁迫下消化盲囊组织的转录组分析

镉(Cd)作为生物非必需、毒性极强的蓄积性重金属,易通过食物链进入人体,严重威胁人类健康。扇贝相对于其他贝类具有特异性蓄积镉的能力,成为水产品安全领域关注的焦点。为了阐释扇贝高蓄积镉的分子机制,本研究以镉胁迫的栉孔扇贝(Chlamys farreri)消化盲囊组织为研究对象,通过转录组测序技术进行基因转录水平分析。通过比较转录组拼接获得105071个unigene和3800个差异基因,对所得unigene进行功能注释,发现这些基因集中在蛋白绑定、细胞黏附、免疫应答、细胞凋亡和能量代谢等方面。对这些蛋白的分子功能进行注释,发现该类蛋白主要属结合蛋白(40.45%)、催化活性蛋白(34.27%)和转运蛋白(5.62%)。这些功能基因和预测通路为理解扇贝体内解毒和免疫系统奠定了基础。获得的转录组数据为深入研究双壳贝类应对海洋污染物的分子机制提供了丰富的基因资源。     

重金属对鱼类毒性的综合研究

鱼体重金属蓄积量的研究，同时取相应组织块进行病变的内在联系及重金属对鱼胚和鱼苗的毒性作用的研究，证实了温州市水产养殖场遭受到附近一家铅锌冶炼厂废水、废渣的污染。     

Bacteriolytic activity and growth of marine isolates of labyrinthulids on dead bacterial cells

ABSTRACT:   Thirteen strains of labyrinthulids were isolated from the coastal area of Kagoshima Bay, Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan and from Batan Bay, Panay Island, the Philippines by using diatom double-layer agar plates. The cells of labyrinthulid isolates grew axenically on the dead bacterial cells and extract plus egg yolk agar medium (NSBEY agar). Three representative isolates were demonstrated to belong to the labyrinthulid phylogenetic group (LPG) based on 18S  rDNA sequence analysis. As bacteriolytic activity of labyrinthulid isolates was examined, it was found that they could lyze only the dead cells of gram-negative bacteria and not those of gram-positive bacteria during incubation in both agar and liquid media. The optimum temperature range for bacteriolysis was 25–31°C. Orange carotenoid pigment was accumulated during the stationary growth phase of strain 00-Bat-05, Philippine isolate, cultured in an L-shaped tube containing a bacterial dead cell suspension. Concomitant rapid cell movement of developing zoospores was observed.     

Comparative effects of Shirazi thyme and vitamin E on some growth and plasma biochemical changes in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) during cadmium exposure

Phytobiotics include a large number of active components which potentially have a growth‐promoting effects and antioxidant properties. This study was conducted to investigate the protective effects of Shirazi thyme and vitamin E on growth and plasma biochemical parameters of common carp exposed to cadmium. Fish (34 ± 3 g) were divided into four groups and fed four distinct diets including commercial diet without any additive (for control and metal only group) and supplemented with either 1% ground Shirazi thyme or 100 mg kg^?1 vitamin E for 45 days. At the end of the feeding trial, all treatments except control group were exposed to sub‐lethal concentration of waterborne cadmium for 15 days and sampling was done on days 0, 7 and 15 after the metal exposure. According to the results, dietary inclusion of thyme prevented the harmful effects of cadmium and also improved fish growth and nutritional indices including weight gain, feed conversion ratio, specific growth rate and condition factor. Results also revealed that Shirazi thyme was more effective than vitamin E. Similarly, no changes in the hepatosomatic, viscerosomatic and bile somatic indices were observed. Plasma enzymes (AST, ALT, ALP and LDH) and metabolites were not altered due to thyme supplementation compared to the control. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of 1% ground Shiraz thyme improved the growth and health status of fish and showed better hepatorenoprotective properties than vitamin E during waterborne cadmium exposure in common carp juveniles. It might be conceivable to consider Shirazi thyme as a potential phytobiotic for incorporation in fish diet.     

栉孔扇贝对铜、铅、镉的累积效应

试验结果表明:当常规理化指标一致时,随着Cu、Pb、Cd质量浓度的升高,栉孔扇贝各组织的蓄积量明显升高;Cu、Cd在扇贝组织中蓄积量是内脏团>鳃>肌肉,Pb在扇贝组织中的蓄积量是鳃>内脏团>肌肉;当Cu、Pb、Cd质量浓度(0.1 mg/L)相同时,其鳃、内脏团、肌肉中重金属蓄积量的上升速率是Cu>Cd>Pb。     

Trace metal levels in eels grown in power station cooling water

Measurements have been made of heavy metal concentrations in eels grown in condenser discharge water and cooling-tower pond water to ascertain if abnormal metal accumulation occurs under these conditions. Eels from other locations were also analysed to provide comparative data. Cadmium, copper, iron, nickel and zinc concentrations were measured in liver and muscle tissue. Comparison of the metal concentrations in the eels maintained in the three experimental regimes with those from other sites does not indicate any abnormal accumulation in those fish kept at an elevated temperature. The fastest growing eels in condenser water appear to develop new tissues more rapidly than they accumulate metals, thus reducing the specific metal concentration.There is considerable variation in metal concentrations in eels, with particularly high liver cadmium concentrations being observed in eels collected from polluted areas of the Bristol Channel. Muscle cadmium levels, however, are generally low and constant and would not appear to constitute a human health risk from food consumption.     

栉孔扇贝不同组织中镉的微区分布特征及其变化规律

为阐明扇贝特异性富集镉(Cd)的机理,研究了栉孔扇贝不同组织中Cd的微区分布特征,并结合Cd的生物动力学实验研究了其变化规律。结果显示空白对照组栉孔扇贝内脏、鳃和性腺组织的Cd主要分布在类金属硫蛋白(MTLP)和细胞器中,闭壳肌组织中Cd主要分布在MTLP(占84.6%)。在Cd的富集实验中,内脏和鳃组织中MTLP和富含金属颗粒(MRG)中Cd的含量和所占百分比升高最显著,而细胞器中Cd的百分比明显下降;性腺组织中MTLP、细胞器和MRG组分中Cd的含量均明显升高,其中MRG中Cd的百分比升高,MTLP和细胞器中Cd的百分比逐渐下降;闭壳肌组织中MTLP和MRG中Cd的含量均显著上升,其中MRG组分中Cd的百分比显著升高。在释放Cd的实验中,内脏和鳃组织的MTLP中Cd的含量显著下降,而细胞器、热敏感蛋白(HSP)和MRG中Cd的含量和所占百分比逐渐升高,性腺组织各亚细胞组分中Cd含量均明显下降,但各亚细胞组分中Cd的百分比变化不明显;闭壳肌组织MTLP和MRG中Cd的含量下降,且MRG组分中Cd所占的百分比不断下降。本研究首次表明栉孔扇贝不同组织中Cd在亚细胞组分中的分布特征不同,并且在富集和释放Cd的过程中,内脏和鳃组织中的Cd在各亚细胞组分中不断发生调节和重新分配。     

人工湿地系统中梭鱼草和香蒲对镉积累的动态变化

为探讨人工湿地系统中挺水植物梭鱼草(Pontederia cordata)和香蒲(Typha orientalis)对镉(Cd)积累的动态变化,通过在室外表面流人工湿地采样和室内分析相结合的方法,对8-12月梭鱼草和香蒲地上部和地下部的生物量、镉含量及积累量的动态变化进行了分析。结果表明,梭鱼草根部和茎叶镉含量为0.25~0.70mg/kg和0.07~0.18mg/kg,香蒲根部和茎叶镉含量为0.16~0.39mg/kg和0.11~0.17mg/kg,根部镉含量均显著高于各自的茎叶部,两种植物各部位镉含量均在10月达到最大值,两者对镉的富集与转运能力均随着月份的变化而变化,都呈先增高、后降低的趋势;其中,梭鱼草对底泥镉的富集系数为0.76~3.13,香蒲为0.63~0.91,两者的富集系数最高值均出现在10月;两者的转运量系数分别为1.12~10.47、3.25~8.10,最大值分别出现在9月、10月。在10月之前,同一月份梭鱼草地上部的生物量和对湿地中镉积累量均极显著或显著高于香蒲。两种植物地上部分生物量和对湿地中镉积累量均极显著高于地下部分(P<0.01)。综合考虑两种植物的生物量及对镉的积累量,9月和10月分别为梭鱼草和香蒲地上部分最佳收获月份,能够最大化去除湿地系统中的镉。     

Cadmium and copper reduce hematopoietic potential in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) head kidney

The effects of cadmium and copper on activity of common carp head kidney hematopoietic tissue were evaluated. The fish were subjected to short-term (3 h, Cd-s and Cu-s) or long-term (4 weeks, Cd-l and Cu-l) exposures to 100 % 96hLC₅₀ or 10 % 96hLC₅₀, respectively. Head kidneys were isolated weekly from 5 fish of each group for 4 weeks (post-short-term exposure and during long-term exposure). Percentage of early blast cells among the hematopoietic precursors was calculated. Proliferative and apoptotic activity were evaluated using immunocytochemical staining for proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and caspase 3, respectively. Hematopoietic activity was calculated as the ratio of proliferating to apoptotic cells. All metal exposures induced an increase in frequency of early blast cells. The frequency of proliferating (PCNA-positive) cells also significantly increased. A considerable and significant increase in the frequency of apoptotic cells was the most pronounced effect of metal exposures. Both short-term and long-term treatments caused similar effects, but in case of Cd exposures, the reaction was more pronounced. All metal exposures reduced hematopoietic potential of fish measured as the ratio of proliferating to apoptotic precursor cell frequency. However, in all cases, hematopoietic activity was higher than 1 showing that the rate of repair of hematopoietic tissue prevailed over destruction.     

渤海主要重金属污染物对卤虫无节幼体的毒性

在水温为(27±0.5)℃,盐度为7°B′e和连续充气条件下,采用动态活水法研究了汞、铅、铜、锰、镉对卤虫无节幼体的毒性效应及联合毒性作用。结果表明,五种金属对卤虫无节幼体的48hLC50分别是0.028、1.31、4.06、12.15、28.91mg/L。毒性由强至弱依次为Hg2+>Pb2+>Cu2+>Mn2+>Cd2+,Hg-Cu,Cu-Mn对卤虫幼体的联合作用表现为拮抗作用,Pb-Cu、Pb-Mn、Mn-Cd则为协同作用。     

对虾育苗中常用海洋微藻抑菌作用的研究

研究了等鞭金藻、三角褐指藻、扁藻对对虾育苗中致病菌鳗弧菌、假单胞菌的抑菌效果。结果表明,等鞭金藻、三角褐指藻、扁藻的水溶性物质及脂溶性物质对鳗弧菌有抑制作用;等鞭金藻、三角褐指藻的水溶性物质及等鞭金藻、三角褐指藻、扁藻的脂溶性物质对假单胞菌有抑制作用。在抑菌试验中,等鞭金藻、三角褐指藻、扁藻密度达10×104/ml时,对对虾育苗池水的抑菌作用较好,特别是对弧菌的抑制效果明显。