桑沟湾常见温带海草叶绿素荧光特性的比较

2011年7～8月在桑沟湾楮岛南岸东部海域,利用水下调制脉冲式荧光仪(DIVING-PAM)原位测定了中国北方3种常见温带海草大叶藻、丛生大叶藻以及红纤维虾海藻的不同叶龄叶片的叶绿素荧光特性,并确定了几种海草的吸光系数(AF)和叶片叶绿素含量,计算出海草绝对电子传递速率.实验结果表明,叶龄对海草的光合活性有较大影响,同种海草的AF值和叶绿素含量都随叶龄增加而增加,叶龄小的叶片明显具有较大的最大电子传递速率(ETRmx)(大叶藻∶叶1=26.56,叶2=21.45,叶3=19.98；红纤维虾海藻叶1=22.31,叶2=19.23,叶3=17.06；丛生叶藻∶叶1=20.16,叶2=16.10；叶3=13.10).相比于丛生大叶藻和红纤维虾形藻,大叶藻具有最高的光合活性(ETRmax=22.67),这也与大叶藻在3种海草中所具有最高的初级生产力是相符合的.     

桑沟湾楮岛大叶藻床区域菲律宾蛤仔的生态贡献

桑沟湾楮岛大叶藻(Zostera marina L.)床周边存在大量的底栖菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippinarum)，为摸清菲律宾蛤仔的生理活动与大叶藻的相互作用，2016年5~7月，在菲律宾蛤仔和大叶藻集中分布区，评估了菲律宾蛤仔种群资源量，现场流水法测定了菲律宾蛤仔个体水平的摄食、代谢生理，围隔实验法探讨了种群水平蛤仔与大叶藻的相互作用。结果显示，桑沟湾楮岛大叶藻床海区菲律宾蛤仔的平均生物量为(572.00±20.23) ind./m2，大(壳长为3.50~4.10 cm)、中(壳长为3.00~3.50 cm)、小(壳长为2.00~3.00 cm)规格各占9.01%、43.60%和47.38%。菲律宾蛤仔的排氨率、耗氧率、滤水率、摄食率分别为(0.44±0.15)~(1.40±0.35) μmol/(ind.·h)、(0.21±0.02)~(0.33± 0.08) mg/(ind.·h)、(0.69±0.38)~(0.83±0.66) L/(ind.·h)和(2.57±0.41)~(3.41±0.68) mg/(ind.·h)，且都随体重的增加而增大。围隔实验设有3个实验组(蛤仔组、大叶藻组和大叶藻+蛤仔组)，1个空白组，每组3个平行(大叶藻30茎枝左右、蛤仔15个左右)，实验进行4 h。研究表明，蛤仔组、大叶藻+蛤仔组和大叶藻组间的溶氧浓度存在显著差异(P<0.05)；蛤仔组与其他3组的氨氮浓度存在显著差异(P<0.05)；蛤仔组、大叶藻+蛤仔组与空白组的水体颗粒物浓度存在显著差异(P<0.05)，大叶藻组与空白组差异不显著(P>0.05)。桑沟湾楮岛海区菲律宾蛤仔养殖面积约为0.5 km2，蛤仔每天可以过滤46 t海水中的悬浮颗粒物，并为大叶藻提供0.4 t的氨氮。本研究为深入揭示大叶藻海区菲律宾蛤仔的生态作用提供了基础数据。     

基于matK、rbcL和ITS序列的5种大叶藻系统发育研究

运用PCR直接测序法,对采自爱尔兰、日本、韩国和中国的大叶藻、矮大叶藻、丛生大叶藻和红须根虾形藻及GenBank中的宽叶大叶藻5种大叶藻叶绿体的matK、rbcL和核糖体ITS的部分序列进行测定,并比较分析了5种大叶藻3个目的片段的核苷酸序列,结果发现胞嘧啶(C)在3个目的片段上的含量均较低。ITS片段检测到172处核苷酸替换,表现出丰富的遗传多态性。matK基因片段上有52处核苷酸替换,rbcL基因片段上有20处核苷酸替换,且大部分替换来自于第三密码子的同义替换,种间在氨基酸水平上产生了一定的分化。基于ITS、matK和rbcL 3个目的片段,利用邻接法、最大简约法、最大似然法和贝叶斯法构建的系统发育树结果基本一致,明显分为3大支。矮大叶藻与大叶藻属间3种大叶藻的核苷酸最小差异值为19.33%,在分子数据上达到了属的水平。基于matK和rbcL基因片段拼接序列的分析结果表明:大叶藻与丛生大叶藻的分化时间在上新世(2～2.7百万年前),与宽叶大叶藻的分化时间在上新世(4～5.3百万年),与矮大叶藻的分化时间在渐新世(27～36百万年前),与红须根虾形藻的分化时间在始新世(33～44百万年前)。4个地区大叶藻的...     

大叶藻EST-SSR标记开发及其在大叶藻群体遗传多样性研究中的应用

本研究从NCBI的EST数据库中下载大叶藻EST序列共计10 659条，从中得到SSR位点共65个，SSR发生频率为1.7%，平均分布距离为21.7 kb。其中三核苷酸为优势重复类型，占49.2%，二核苷酸数量仅次于三核苷酸，占33.8%。基于65条含有SSR的EST序列，设计并合成了30对引物，其中26对引物的扩增产物单一，片段大小与预测的相近或较大。在由16个大叶藻个体组成的群体中，其中8对引物的扩增条带具有多态性。利用这8对引物对青岛汇泉湾大叶藻自然群体进行了遗传多样性分析，结果表明，8个SSR共检测出33个等位基因，平均每个SSR能检测出4.1个等位基因，多个遗传多样性参数表明,青岛汇泉湾大叶藻群体具有较高的遗传多样性（Ho=0.538 2;He=0.577 6;I=0.560 7）。本研究开发的EST-SSR标记，可进一步丰富大叶藻SSR标记信息，为大叶藻分子生态和群体遗传研究提供更多的标记选择。     

桑沟湾大叶藻附着生物的季节变化

2008年9月～2009年8月,对桑沟湾楮岛海域大叶藻叶片上的附着生物进行了周年调查,以期为我国浅海生态系中大叶藻等海草生态功能的研究提供基础资料。调查共记录大叶藻附着生物29种。附着的主要种类有盾卵形藻Cocconeis scutellum及其小型变种C.scutel lumvar.pava,褐毛藻Halothrixlumbricalis、点叶藻Punctaria latifolia、锈凹螺Chlorostoma rustica、Australaba sp.、脆螺Stenotis sp.。在春季,大叶藻上的附着硅藻类有9种,大型海藻类7种,动物类8种。其中,褐藻类为主要附着生物,附着高峰出现在4月份。夏季,附着的大型海藻种类明显减少,仅出现4种,而动物类有6种,硅藻类8种。其中,腹足类为夏季附着优势种。硅藻附着高峰出现在秋季,此时的附着动物类减少至4种,大型藻类种数与夏季持平,但附着的生物量较小。冬季未发现附着的大型海藻及动物,仅有微藻类的硅藻附着。     

桑沟湾大叶藻海草床生态系统碳汇扩增力的估算

2010～2011年对桑沟湾楮岛海区大叶藻床的调查研究显示,其生物量年度变化为313.5～769.3gDW/m2,在夏季达到最高值;初级生产力年度内为2.0～6.4gDW/m2.d;总组织含碳量为35.5%;来自海草初级生产力的固碳贡献约为543.5gC/m2.yr。大叶藻附着植物生物量较小,年平均约为21.2g/m2,固碳贡献约30gC/m2.yr;作为菲律宾蛤仔增殖场,来自蛤仔的固碳贡献约63.15gC/m2.yr,此外,参照已有研究的数据,将来自草床捕获颗粒的碳贡献等计算在内,桑沟湾大叶藻床扩增固碳量为1180gC/m2.yr,总量达290MgC/yr。     

海草简介

海草,是生于海水中的显花植物的统称。据资料介绍,这种植物的种类很少。根据它们的形态、构造、生态和化学组成,可分为两个属:大叶藻属(Zostera)和海韭菜属(Phyllospadix)。大叶藻属常见的只有大叶藻(Z.marina)一个种;海韭菜属包括海韭菜(P.iwatensis Makino)和日本海韭菜(P.japonicus Makino)两个种。据查,我国有关资料记载的海草主要为大叶藻。大叶藻多生长在风浪小的海底有泥沙处。叶宽6-15毫米,全长7-9米,4-5     

威海双岛湾海域海草分布及其生态特征

2016年8月，现场调查并分析了山东省威海市双岛湾海域的海草资源及其生态特征，发现分布面积为442.19 hm2的海草床，种类为鳗草(Zostera marina)和红纤维虾形草(Phyllospadix iwatensis) 2种。鳗草的分布面积约为434.46 hm2，占总面积的98.3%，主要分布在双岛湾中部东侧及海参池，其平均植株密度和生物量分别为(174.2±9.2) shoots/m2和(337.7±17.5) g DW/m2。红纤维虾形草的分布面积约为7.73 hm2，占总面积的1.7%，主要分布在双岛湾湾口东侧及向东约3 km的近岸礁石浅水区，呈明显的带状分布，其平均植株密度和生物量分别为(889.1±17.1) shoots/m2和(605.9±18.1) g DW/m2。双岛湾海草床平均水深约为1.6 m，鳗草草床底质坚硬，平均底质粒径约为(4.3±0.2) mm。本调查表明，双岛湾海草床受到陆源污染物排放、围海养殖和捕捞作业等人类活动的严重威胁，提出了保护双岛湾海草床的建议和对策，为我国海草床现有资源提供数据补充。     

红纤维虾形草移植植株存活、生长和生理对不同水动力条件的响应

红纤维虾形草(Phyllospadix iwatensis)属鳗草科、虾形草属,与大多数分布于软底质(如泥沙)的海草不同,红纤维虾形草主要在岩石底质上生长,且通常生长在风浪流较强的环境中.为了探究通过移植的方式修复衰退虾形草床的可行性,于2019年4月-2020年8月在山东荣成马山里海域高、中、低3个不同水动力条件的区...     

刺参围堰养殖中大叶藻的生态功能

为阐明围堰池塘内海草——大叶藻的生态功能并为将其引入刺参池塘养殖提供理论基础,对大叶藻区和裸露砂质底质区的温度、溶氧进行了比较测定,对刺参及其食物组成的同位素进行了分析,并与邻近自然海域草场系统进行对比。结果显示,春夏季大叶藻区底部温度比裸露砂质底质区温度低约0~0.33°C;0~25%的低大叶藻盖度下,海草区和裸露底质区溶氧差异不显著,50%~100%的中高盖度下,海草区表层溶氧显著高于裸露底质区,高约0.12~0.62 mg/L,底层溶氧低于裸露底质区,约0~0.38 mg/L;春季末,该海草环境下的刺参δ13C和δ15N比值分别为–15.27‰和8.11‰,具有与相邻自然草场系统中刺参明显不同的同位素特征值(–20.12‰和10.95‰)。混合模型的分析表明,其食物组成中来自大叶藻的贡献约为13%~52%,高于底栖硅藻(4%~49%)、悬浮颗粒有机物POM(23%~39%)以及附着生物(0~22%)。而邻近的自然草场中,来自POM和褐藻海蒿子的食物贡献最大,0.95置信水平下的置信区间(CI)分别为24%~54%和1%~53%,而海草丛生大叶藻的贡献为0~27%。本研究表明,大叶藻可以在一定程度上降低夏季池塘底部水温,增加水体溶氧,同时为刺参提供重要的食物来源,这在池塘组成相对简单的环境下是尤为重要的。     

A novel method combining species distribution models,remote sensing,and field surveys for detecting and mapping subtidal seagrass meadows

1. Seagrasses such as Zostera marina L. play a key role in coastal ecosystems because of the ecological goods and services that they provide, enhancing biodiversity, productivity and carbon sequestration. Despite their ecological relevance, their distribution is, to date, insufficiently documented and it is estimated that only one‐quarter of their global extent is mapped.
2. This study aims to develop a new method to accurately detect and map subtidal seagrass meadows, using Irish seagrass populations as a case study. This method consists of four steps: (i) the development of a species distribution model (SDM); (ii) the use of satellite‐derived images to visually appraise the potential presence and extent of seagrass beds; (iii) field surveys to validate the presence or absence of the seagrass; and finally (iv) the construction of an up‐to‐date detailed map of the seagrass distribution for the region under investigation.
3. Results indicate that along the Irish coast, and in western regions in particular, the actual distribution of seagrass is considerably greater than is currently reported. Using the proposed method, 16 new regions occupied by seagrass in areas of interest in County Galway (Kilkieran Bay, Bertraghboy Bay, and Chasla Bay) were identified, accounting for a total of 267.92 ha, which increased the previously documented distribution in this area by 44.74%.
4. In this study, we demonstrate the potential of this novel method to efficiently identify and map undocumented subtidal seagrass meadows. As seagrass habitats are under threat globally, the development of new mapping strategies is a critical contribution to current international efforts in seagrass monitoring and management.

     

荣成天鹅湖海草床及其邻近裸沙区浮游生物的时空变化特征

海草床是近海典型生态系统之一，为了解山东省荣成市天鹅湖鳗草(Zostera marina)海草床及其邻近裸沙区的浮游生物群落结构及时空变化特征，于2019年2月、5月、8月和11月，对天鹅湖鳗草海草床及其邻近裸沙区的浮游生物、海草床生态学特征及关键环境因子进行了周年调查，并应用典范对应分析(CCA)和冗余分析(RDA)探究了环境因子对浮游生物优势种的影响。结果显示，共发现浮游植物38种，隶属3门25属，其中，硅藻门(Bacilariophyta)种类最多(89.4%)，甲藻门(Dinophyta)次之(7.8%)；共发现浮游动物18种，幼虫3类，以甲壳动物(71.4%)为主；浮游生物种类数呈现显著的季节变化，且在11月达到最大值；海草床浮游植物和浮游动物的年平均丰度分别为5.4×104 cells/m3和1.6×104 ind./m3，是裸沙区浮游植物和浮游动物年平均丰度的1.4倍和1.5倍；典范对应分析和冗余分析显示，海草床浮游生物优势种主要与水温、海草床的植株密度及生物量显著相关，而裸沙区浮游生物优势种则主要与水温、pH值及氨氮含量等环境因子显著相关。结果表明，天鹅湖海草床相比裸沙区具有更丰富的浮游生物。本研究为深入了解海草床生态系统的结构和功能提供了基础数据。     

Do different seagrass species support distinct fish communities in south‐eastern Australia?

Between spring 1998 and autumn 1999, a fine mesh seine net was used to sample fish communities at three locations in south-eastern Australian estuaries, two located near Sydney [Botany Bay (BB) and Port Hacking (PH)] and one located approximately 150 km to the south [Sussex Inlet (SI)]. At each location, fish were collected from adjacent beds of the seagrasses Posidonia australis Hooker and Zostera capricorni Ascherson. These seagrass species differ markedly in morphology and life history. Fish communities displayed significant differences between seagrass species with respect to abundances and lengths of economically important species, and the structure of assemblages at locations in PH and BB, but not in SI. Differences appeared to be related to the recruitment of juveniles of several inshore species, such as Acanthopagrus australis (Günther), Rhabdosargus sarba (Forskaal) and Girella tricuspidata (Quoy & Gaimard) to Zostera beds at BB and PH during spring and early summer. These differences were not evident over the wider spatial scale, however, the SI location did support a distinct assemblage of fish compared with locations in PH and BB. These results suggested that local recruitment events and differences in estuarine geomorphology may be important in structuring these seagrass fish communities.     

Offshore currents explain the discontinuity of a fish community in the seagrass bed along the Japanese archipelago

Oceanographic conditions can affect spatial variability in fish community structures by influencing the temperature‐dependent latitudinal distribution of adult fishes and transport during their young stages. In order to examine latitudinal variability in the fish community structure within a single coastal ecosystem, quantitative sampling was conducted in the sub‐tidal zone of seagrass Zostera marina beds over a broad latitudinal scale (31.31–43.0°N: from subtropical to sub‐boreal zones, covering 80% of the latitudinal range of seagrass distribution in Japan) in the western North Pacific based on a uniform methodology. Cluster analysis with the similarity of fish communities showed that 13 sampling sites were divided into two clusters. The border between the two clusters corresponded with the area of mixing of two dominant currents, Oyashio and Kuroshio, which form a border between the warm temperate zone and the cool temperate zone off the Pacific coast of Japan. Oceanographic properties, such as major currents off the coast, are suggested to affect the latitudinal variability in the fish communities in the coastal ecosystem in the western North Pacific.     

Characteristics of a Pacific herring Clupea pallasii spawning bed off Minedomari, Hokkaido, Japan

ABSTRACT:   The spawning bed selection of herring Clupea pallasii off Minedomari, Atsuta, on the west coast of Hokkaido, Japan, is discussed in relation to the topography of the rocky shore and wave conditions during the spawning season. From 1998 to 2003, herring have spawned their eggs mainly on the leaves of the seagrass Phyllospadix iwatensis Makino in almost the same site on the rocky shore off Minedomari in the Atsuta area. The site is connected to a valley-like feature offshore. Wave conditions were surveyed at Minedomari during the spawning season in 2000 and the wave height was estimated from 1998 to 2003, except for in 2000, using the correlation of wave height between Minedomari and Ishikari Bay New Port, approximately 18 km south-west of Minedomari. Herring spawned under calm conditions, during which the wave height was approximately 0.5 m off Atusta and Aoshima and was 0.18–1.28 m off Minedomari. The distribution of water particle velocity on the sea bottom surface as a result of ocean waves off the Minedomari area, which was estimated based on the wave height and the topography of the coast, suggested herring could swim easily into the shallower area along the valley-like feature off Minedomari. Therefore, topographical features are thought to be one of the reasons why herring have used Minedomari as a spawning bed. Additionally, seepage of freshwater from the bottom, which was observed in this area, could also be the reason why herring spawn in Minedomari repeatedly.     

Long‐term stability of eelgrass fish assemblages in two highly developed coastal estuaries

Changes in fish assemblages were tracked in representative eelgrass (Zostera marina L.) beds within two estuaries on the urbanised coast of southern California, USA, San Diego Bay and Mission Bay, from 1987 to 2010. Assemblages were sampled twice yearly (spring and summer) at day and night using beach seines. Assemblage stability was examined over time along with changes in assemblage structure across time of day and season, including the influence of temporally variable abiotic variables. Only the occasionally occurring fish, those present in <70% of samples, in Mission Bay appeared to be shifting to a new assemblage. Although season and sampling time significantly affected assemblages, correlations with abiotic factors were low. Given the long history of urban development of these estuaries, community shifts may have occurred prior to the onset of sampling, giving the appearance of stability. Alternatively, eelgrass habitat may be providing a refuge from long‐term disturbances.     

Growing depth limit of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Zostera caulescens</Emphasis> in coastal waters along the Japan Sea coast of Honshu,Japan

There is a possibility that deep coastal marine macrophytes will be less critically affected by thermal stress associated with climate change and remain as refugia. Thus, information on them is expected to contribute to conservation of biodiversity in coastal areas affected by climate change. To document the deep-growing Zostera caulescens in relation to the light environment, field surveys were conducted in coastal waters of the central area along the Japan Sea coast of Honshu, Japan, and then the relationship between the light environment and seagrass depth limit was examined. In the coastal waters of Sado Island and Noto Peninsula, the presence of deep coastal communities of Z. caulescens was confirmed in the depth range of 20–25 m. Biomass and shoot density for Z. caulescens, ranging 34.1–51.3 g DW m^?2 and 83–112 shoots m^?2, were recorded at a depth of 20 m in Ryotsu Bay, Sado Island. For the genus Zostera including the deep-growing Z. caulescens, the relation between the extinction coefficient and seagrass depth limit was described by the fitted regression equation. The minimum light requirement of the deep-growing Z. caulescens was markedly lower than that of the shallow-growing Zostera marina.     

山东近海产卵场健康状况评价体系

产卵场对渔业资源补充起关键作用,其健康状态直接决定了渔业资源世代发生量和可持续产出.本研究以山东近海产卵场为研究区域,基于国内外海洋生态系统健康评价体系的综合分析,以20世纪80年代山东近海健康状况作为基准,利用层次分析法构建了产卵场健康状况量化评价体系,并对该体系的评价结果进行了验证.评价体系从产卵场环境和产卵场功能...