长江近口段鳗苗捕捞量的时间格局及其与生态因子的GAM模型分析

为研究长江口鳗苗捕捞量与生态因子的相互关系,于2012年汛期对长江靖江段鳗苗的捕捞量进行了监测,采用广义可加模型(GAM)对日捕捞量与水温、潮差、气压、浑浊度等生态因子之间的相关性作了分析。结果显示,靖江段鳗苗汛期为1月下旬—4月上旬,单船总捕捞量为221~443尾,平均(344.8±83.4)尾。1月均值仅0.4尾/d,且空网率高达90.9%;4月为旺汛期,均值10.4尾/d,空网率仅为10.0%。GAM模型显示,潮汐周期—月份交互项、水温和潮差对鳗苗日捕捞量的影响显著,而气压、浊度和月相周期对鳗苗日捕捞量的影响不显著。潮汐周期—月份交互项、水温和潮差对鳗苗日捕捞量的偏差解释率分别为42.4%、19.1%和13.1%,均呈现正相关关系。统计也显示,日捕捞量表现出上、下弦月较低、新月或满月前后较高的半月周期波动。鳗苗捕获的最低水温为6.3℃,而10~15℃为适宜捕捞水温。高潮期和低潮期分别占总捕捞量的76.8%和23.2%。研究表明,长江口鳗苗在借助潮汐流而快速溯河的过程中,部分在口门水域即被捕获,部分滞留在了长江河口段,而影响鳗苗溯河的重要生态因子是潮汐和水温。     

长江口汛期凤鲚捕捞量年际变化研究

根据1982—2014年33年的长江口汛期凤鲚(Coilia mystus)捕捞数据,采用多元统计分析研究凤鲚捕捞量的年际变化,利用格局转变贯序t检验(sequential t-test testing analysis of regime shifts, STARS)的方法研究捕捞量年际转变规律,并结合广义可加模型(generalized additive model,GAM)定量分析了凤鲚捕捞量与捕捞船数及环境因子长江口水温、泥沙量和径流量的相关性。结果显示,1982—2014年长江口凤鲚汛期总捕捞量和单船全汛捕捞量变幅分别为7.9～3 252.0 t·年~(-1)和130.0～12 945.5 kg·年~(-1),总体都呈波动下降趋势。总捕捞量在1997年和2007年发生2次格局转变,年际格局转变指数RSI值分别为-0.580和-0.405;单船全汛捕捞量在1990年和2007年发生格局转变,RSI值分别为-0.806和-0.371。捕捞船数变幅为59～330艘·年~(-1),分别在1990年、2000年和2006年发生3次年际格局转变,对应RSI值分别为0.992、-0.412和-0.763。通过对环境因素与捕捞因素的分析发现,凤鲚单船全汛捕捞量发生第一次格局转变主要受过度捕捞因素的影响,而第二次发生转变主要受环境和捕捞因素的共同影响。GAM模型结果揭示,输沙量与凤鲚单船全汛捕捞量呈正相关关系,表现为随着输沙量的增加,单船全汛捕捞量随之增加;反之,水温与单船全汛捕捞量呈负相关关系,即随着水温升高,单船全汛捕捞量随之降低。     

鄱阳湖刀鲚的渔汛特征及渔获物分析

通过探究鄱阳湖刀鲚(Coilia ectenes)的渔汛特征和渔获物现状,为有效地保护其种群资源提供科学依据。2013-2014年在鄱阳湖设置3个调查点,对刀鲚进行逐月采样调查,共取样986尾、41.54 kg,随机抽样调查不同捕捞网具的整船次鄱阳湖刀鲚渔获物数据,测量体长、体重等生物学参数。采用Pearson相关分析刀鲚单船日渔获重量WB与水文因子关系。结果表明,鄱阳湖刀鲚体长范围为17.9~38.1 cm,其中21.2~23.6 cm是优势体长组,占总个体数的37.02%;体重范围为14.3~198.2 g,其中25~40 g是优势体重组,占总个体数的57.20%。鄱阳湖刀鲚体长L(cm)和体重W(g)幂函数方程为:W=0.0019L3.1378(R2=0.8997;n=986;P0.01)。湖口水域刀鲚出现时间主要集中在每年的5-6月,高峰期在6月,7月很少见;单船渔获数量NB为(3.2±4.1)尾/d,单船渔获重量WB为(0.12±0.11)kg/d。湖口水域刀鲚单船渔获重量WB与该水域水位、流量均呈显著正相关(P0.05),WB与水位的相关性更为显著。与历史资料相比,鄱阳湖刀鲚渔获规格以小个体居多;渔汛稍有推迟,持续时间大幅度缩短;种群规模急剧缩小,表明刀鲚资源正在严重衰退。     

江苏海域日本鳗鲡苗资源时空分布特征初步研究

根据2012~2016年1~5月在东台、如东、启东和海门4个监测区域的捕获数量和渔获规格,研究了江苏海域日本鳗鲡(Anguilla japonica)苗的时空分布特征。结果表明:2012~2016年,江苏海域鳗苗主汛期为2~4月,各区域监测船在主汛期的2~4月捕捞数量占该年总捕捞数量的比例为61.96%~100.00%,平均为88.18%。东台、如东、启东三地鳗苗逐旬捕捞量分布形态5年均呈单峰型,而海门除2015年和2016年呈双峰型外,其余3年均为单峰型。单网月捕获数量均值最高的年份为2014年,最高的区域为海门,最高的月份为3月;最低的年份为2013年,最低的区域为如东,最低的月份为1月。白天苗量比夜间苗量高出约30%。江苏海域鳗苗全长平均为56.1 mm,体质量为95.14 mg。为实现江苏海域鳗苗资源可持续利用,建议将捕捞期调整为2~3月,在捕捞价值较低的1月以及处于鱼类繁殖季节的4~5月实施禁捕。     

热带大西洋金枪鱼延绳钓兼捕鲨鱼种类组成和渔获率及其与表温的关系

根据2007年12月~2008年3月采集的热带大西洋(05°37′~12°01′N、29°00′~36°51′W)金枪鱼延绳钓渔获物数据,分析了金枪鱼延绳钓兼捕鲨鱼的种类组成、渔获量、渔获率及其与表温的关系。本次调查共捕获鲨鱼8种,隶属3目7科7属,总渔获尾数为633 ind,总渔获量达26 837.4 kg,其中大青鲨为主要兼捕种类。各种鲨鱼渔获率平均值在0.003~1.524 ind/1 000 hooks之间,其中大青鲨最高,其值为1.524 ind/1 000 hooks,大眼砂锥齿鲨最低,其值为0.003 ind/1 000 hooks。各种鲨鱼渔获率月变化不明显(ANOVA,P=0.901)。鲨鱼总渔获率和大青鲨渔获率与表温都呈显著性负相关。大青鲨主要出现渔场的表温范围为24.6~25.8℃。     

长江上游珍稀、特有鱼类国家级自然保护区干流段浮游植物群落结构的年度变化

2008年12月-2012年9月在长江上游珍稀、特有鱼类国家级自然保护区干流段进行了11次浮游植物采样调查。共检出浮游植物8门107属428种,其中硅藻门所占比例最大,为46.27%~59.42%,其次为绿藻门和蓝藻门,为21.73%~31.69%和7.03%~16.62%。浮游植物密度和生物量变幅分别为(2.45~44.95)×104ind./L和0.050 5~1.282 mg/L,其中繁殖期密度和生物量多年均值范围为(10.465~38.58)×104ind./L和0.371 8~0.811 3 mg/L;育肥期密度和生物量多年均值范围为(1.665~11.82)×104ind./L和0.228~0.497 2mg/L;越冬期密度和生物量多年均值范围为(8.562 5~20.765 8)×104ind./L和0.225 2~0.558 8 mg/L。调查水域浮游植物Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H')和均匀度指数(J)变幅分别为3.807~4.375(均值4.094)和0.796~0.911(均值0.871)。两种浮游植物评价结果均表明调查水域为轻污或无污染。     

南海南沙群岛灯光罩网渔场金枪鱼科渔获种类、渔获率及其峰值期

根据2014年4~6月在南海南沙群岛附近海域灯光罩网渔场的调查数据,分析了该海域内金枪鱼科种类、渔获率及其峰值期等特征。结果表明:共采集到金枪鱼科鱼类6种,鲣(Katsuwonus pelamis)的平均渔获率最高,为58.2 ind·net-1;其次为鲔(Euthynnus yaito)和扁舵鲣(Auxis thazard),平均渔获率分别为10.12 ind·net-1和9.96 ind·net-1;而金枪鱼属的黄鳍金枪鱼(Thunnus albacares)和大眼金枪鱼(Thunnus obesus)渔获率很低,仅为0.57 ind·net-1和0.02 ind·net-1,且以幼鱼为主。在上半夜(20∶00~23∶59)金枪鱼科渔获率明显低于下半夜(00∶00~06∶00),仅约是后者的10%。鲔和扁舵鲣渔获率随时间的变化趋势较为类似,而黄鳍金枪鱼渔获率变化与鲔、圆舵鲣(Auxis rochei)和扁舵鲣呈显著负相关。在农历新月前后期(农历二十二至下月的初八)作业网次数相对较高,每天的作业次数范围为4~10次;而满月前后期(初十至十七)未进行捕捞活动。总之,黄鳍金枪鱼、大眼金枪鱼和圆舵鲣3种鱼类的渔获率值均相对较低,且仅在新月期间出现的比例较高;而其它3种鱼类的渔获率值相对较高,波动性也较大,也以新月期间渔获率值较高。本研究为我国南海金枪鱼开发提供基础数据参考。     

东海细点圆趾蟹数量分布的研究

本文依据1998年5月(春)、8月(夏)、11月(秋)和1999年2月(冬)在东海26°00’-33°00’N,127°00’E以西海域的蟹类资源调查资料,分析了东海细点圆趾蟹(Ovalipes punctatus)数量分布特征。结果表明:春、夏、秋和冬季调查海域细点圆趾蟹平均资源密度重量和个体数分别为65.00 kg·km-2、2076 ind·km-2,43.71 kg·km-2、395 ind·km-2,26.27 kg·km-2、643 ind·km-2和0.36 kg·km-2、7 ind·km-2。冬春季,东海北部近海细点圆趾蟹重量占蟹类总重量的一半以上,出现率和优势度远远高于其它水域,以产卵群体为主,是目前细点圆趾蟹最大的生产渔场。东海南部近海80-120m水深和北部外海80 m以深海域,各有一个细点圆趾蟹的高数量分布区。细点圆趾蟹的生产旺汛在春季的3-6月。夏季由于该种渔获个体规格和经济价值较高,加上有一定的资源密度,也是较好的捕捞季节。该种虽然能够适应广泛的温度和盐度,但具有明显的温水种特征,在东海北部近海又具有较低盐度的分布趋向性。     

杭州湾咸淡水河蟹人工育苗技术探讨

1995年,用杭州湾咸淡水和池塘养殖的长江水系中华绒螯蟹亲蟹,在水温10~14℃、海水比重1.0125条件下催产,加温孵化;溞Ⅰ幼体放养密度为20万~40万/m³,以丰年虫无节幼体为主要饵料,水温24.5~25.5℃。390m³育苗水体中,两茬生产大眼幼体110.4kg,每立方水体出苗量0.28kg。     

闽南-台湾浅滩渔场单船拖网作业调查与分析

根据2009—2010年闽南-台湾浅滩渔场单船拖网作业监测调查资料和生产统计数据,阐明单船拖网作业的渔业地位、渔场分布、网具类型,着重分析该作业渔获种类组成及主要捕捞对象的资源动态。结果表明:单船拖网作业产量位居闽南-台湾浅滩渔场各种海洋捕捞作业的首位,大吨位、大功率渔船数量连续多年不断增长;渔具型式以有翼单囊网具为主;部分渔船使用的拖网网囊尺寸远远低于国家标准;带鱼、二长棘鲷幼鱼损害现象较为严重;秋季8—10月蓝圆鲹和鲐鱼群体绝大多数个体可达到最小可捕规格。调查研究结果还表明,2002年以来单船拖网渔业资源结构已发生较大变化,生命周期短、营养级较低的蟹类、枪乌贼类、乌贼类和虾类资源渔获比重显著增长;原优势种类绿布氏筋鱼资源已出现严重衰竭;二长棘鲷资源量逐年减少,渔获群体明显趋向小型化、低龄化。     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.     

美人鱼发光杆菌对凡纳滨对虾非特异性 免疫功能及抗病力的影响

在基础饲料中分别添加0.1%和1%美人鱼发光杆菌灭活菌、0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌配制成3种免疫实验饲料,以基础饲料为空白对照组饲料,每组设3个平行样。对个体质量为(4.83±0.36)g的凡纳滨对虾进行为期20 d的饲养实验,分别在0、5、10、15和20d进行取样,以血清中的酚氧化酶(PO)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和溶菌酶(UL)活性为免疫指标,探讨了美人鱼发光杆菌作为免疫制剂对凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫效应的影响;在投喂免疫饲料后的第22天,按0.004 2 kg/kg体重的剂量,直接投喂对虾白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)病料,并记录累积死亡率。结果表明,美人鱼发光杆菌免疫实验组对凡纳滨对虾血清中PO、ACP、AKP、UL和SOD活性影响明显高于对照组,并且在饲料中添加美人鱼发光杆菌后,明显提高了对虾抵御WSSV感染的能力。其中0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌实验组的抗病毒感染能力最强,WSSV感染14d内累计死亡率为63.3%±5.8%;而对照组为96.7%±3.3%。研究表明,美人鱼发光杆菌添加在对虾饲料中能提高凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫水平,增强抵抗疾病的能力,将其作为对虾免疫增强剂具有良好的应用前景。     

Effects of Spirulina platensis as a feed additive on growth and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii Boulunger, 1902)

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of replacing fish meal with dietary Spirulina as a feed supplement on the growth performance and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii). Five isonitrogenous (47% crude protein) and isocaloric (17.36 kJ/g digestible energy) diets were for formulated to replace FM with 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% Spirulina (designated as Control, SP5, SP10, SP15 and SP20 respectively) and fed to the fish (initial body weight, 3.15 ± 0.01 g). Fish were randomly distributed into fifteen 120 L aquariums (26.5 ± 1.00°C), 15 fish per aquarium. The diets were tested in triplicate for 12 weeks. Experimental groups were fed twice daily (09:00 and 17:00) by hand to satiation. At the end of the feeding trial, significantly (p < 0.05) higher weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and lower feed conversion ratio (FCR) were observed in fish fed the SP10 diet when compared to the SP20 diet. There was no significant difference in these parameters between the other groups. The skin coloration of blue dolphin cichlid fed a diet containing Spirulina meal was enhanced. The best coloration was observed in the SP15 group. These impressions were objectively validated by chemical determinations of carotenoids extracted from fish skins and passed statistical tests of significance. The study findings show that Spirulina meal does not diminish growth rates except at very high levels.     

A Minchinia mercenariae‐like parasite infects cockles Cerastoderma edule in Galicia (NW Spain)

The cockle Cerastoderma edule fishery has traditionally been the most important shellfish species in terms of biomass in Galicia (NW Spain). In the course of a survey of the histopathological conditions affecting this species in the Ria of Arousa, a haplosporidan parasite that had not been observed in Galicia was detected in one of the most productive cockle beds of Galicia. Uni‐ and binucleate cells and multinucleate plasmodia were observed in the connective tissue mainly in the digestive area, gills and gonad. The parasite showed low prevalence, and it was not associated with abnormal cockle mortality. Molecular identification showed that this parasite was closely related to the haplosporidan Minchinia mercenariae that had been reported infecting hard clams Mercenaria mercenaria from the Atlantic coast of the United States. The molecular characterization of its SSU rDNA region allowed obtaining a fragment of 1,796 bp showing 98% homology with M. mercenariae parasite. Phylogenetic analysis supported this identification as this parasite was clustered in the same clade as M. mercenariae from the United States and other M. mercenariae‐like sequences from the UK, with bootstrap value of 99%. The occurrence of M. mercenariae‐like parasites infecting molluscs outside the United States is confirmed.     

Dietary thiamin and pyridoxine requirements of fingerling Indian major carp,Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton)

Two experiments were conducted to quantify the dietary thiamin (experiment I) and pyridoxine (experiment II) requirements of fingerling Cirrhinus mrigala for 16 weeks. In experiment I, dietary thiamin requirement was determined by feeding seven casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) with graded levels of thiamin (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 mg kg^?1 diet) to triplicate groups of fish (6.15 ± 0.37 cm; 1.89 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet with 2 mg kg^?1 thiamin had highest specific growth rate (SGR), protein retention (PR), RNA/DNA ratio, haemoglobin (Hb), haematocrit (Hct), RBCs and best feed conversion ratio (FCR). However, highest liver thiamin concentration was recorded in fish fed 4 mg thiamin kg^?1 diet. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver thiamin concentrations exhibited the thiamin requirement in the range of 1.79–3.34 mg kg^?1 diet (0.096–0.179 μg thiamin kJ^?1 gross energy). In experiment II, six casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) containing graded levels of pyridoxine (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 mg kg^?1 diet) were fed to triplicate groups of fish (6.35 ± 0.37 cm; 1.97 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet containing 6 mg kg^?1 pyridoxine showed best SGR, FCR, PR, RNA/DNA ratio, Hb, Hct and RBCs, whereas maximum liver pyridoxine concentration was recorded in fish fed 8 mg kg^?1 dietary pyridoxine. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver pyridoxine concentrations reflected the pyridoxine requirement from 5.63 to 8.61 mg kg^?1 diet. Data generated during this study would be useful in formulating thiamin‐ and pyridoxine‐balanced feeds for the intensive culture of this fish.     

Sea bream culture in Egypt; status, constraints and potential

Marine fish farming in Egypt began in 1976 with the culture of gilthead sea bream, (Sparus aurata) as this fish was notably adaptable to brackish and marine pond conditions. Today, marine fish and shrimp farms amount to about 19,000 ha, out of which 42% is already in production while the rest, i.e., 58% is still under construction. In 1997, cultured gilthead sea bream production of 2,250 tons made up 3% of the 75,000 tons total aquaculture catch. In polyculture, usually with the grey mullet and sea bass, gilthead sea bream contributed 440 kg ha^–1 to the total yield of 1,700 kg ha^–1 (26%) over a period of 16 months. For the same period, the yield of monoculture ponds averaged 100 kg ha^–1, while in marine cages, yields ranged from 4–10 kg m³. In 1996–1997, fry of 0.25–1 g and fingerlings 1–10 g with a total of 3 million, were collected from the wild and 1 million fry were produced in the three marine hatcheries out of the four existing ones. The development of sea bream culture in Egypt is now severely inhibited by the shortage of seeds and adequate feeds. Exports of both sea bream and sea bass, during 1994–1996 averaged 1,300 tons per year.     

Fertilization by refrigerator stored sperm of the Indian major carp, Labeo calbasu (Hamilton, 1822)

This study reports on the spermatological properties, and on the development of a protocol for refrigerator storage (4°C) of Labeo calbasu (Hamilton, 1822) sperm for artificial breeding. Volume, motility, concentration and pH of the freshly collected sperm were 2.21 ± 0.53 (μL g^?1 of fish weight) (mean ± SD), 95 ± 1 (%), 1.93 ± 0.44 × 10⁹ (cells mL^?1) and 7.56 ± 0.17 respectively. Sperm activation was evaluated at different osmolalities of NaCl solution, and motility ceased completely when osmolality of the extender was ≥287 mOsmol kg^?1. Sperm retained motility for 24, 72 and 108 h, after refrigerator storage when sperm were undiluted, suspended in Alsever's solution and suspended in Alsever's solution containing 5% methanol respectively. Fertilization rate of fresh eggs with sperm stored at 4°C in Alsever's solution and Alsever's solution containing 5% methanol was 77% and 60% with a hatching rate of 60% and 43% respectively. The fertilization and hatching success of the stored sperm suggests potential to use refrigeration for transporting genetic material to hatcheries for artificial breeding of L. calbasu in Bangladesh.     

A novel approach to denitrification processes in a zero-discharge recirculating system for small-scale urban aquaculture

This paper presents an innovative process to solve the nitrate build-up problem in recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS). The novel aspects of the process lie in a denitrification bioreactor system that uses solid cotton wool as the primary carbon source and a unique degassing chamber. In the latter, the water is physically stripped of dissolved gaseous O₂ (by means of a Venturi vacuum tube), and the subsequent denitrification becomes more efficient due to elimination of the problems of oxygen inhibition of denitrification and aerobic consumption of cotton wool. The cotton wool medium also serves as a physical barrier that traps organic particles, which, in turn, act as an additional carbon source for denitrification. Operation in the proposed system gives an extremely low C/N ratio of 0.82 g of cotton wool/g of nitrate N, which contributes to a significant reduction of biofilter volume. The additional advantage of using solid cotton wool as the carbon source is that it does not release organic residuals into the liquid to be recycled. Operation of the system over a long period consistently produced effluents with low nitrate levels (below 10 mg N/l), and there was only a very small need to replace system water. The overall treatment scheme, also incorporating an aerobic nitrification biofilter and a granular filtration device, produced water of excellent quality, i.e., with near-zero levels of nitrite and ammonia, a sufficiently high pH for aquaculture, and low turbidity. The proposed system thus provides a solution for sustainable small-scale, urban aquaculture operation with a very high recovery of water (over 99%) and minimal waste disposal.     

Effects of metomidate anaesthesia or transfer to pur sea water on plasma parameters in ammonia-exposed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L) in sea water

Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L) postsmolts weighing 150 ± 53 g were exposed to 14–15 mg l^–1 TA-N (total ammonia-N) in sea water in 1 m³ tanks for 24h. Blood samples were then taken A) immediately after the fish were netted from the exposure tanks and stunned by a blow to the head; B) 2–20 min after the fish were transferred to 15 l of an anaesthetic solution of metomidate in ammonia-free sea water; or C) 2–20 min after the fish were transferred to 15 l of ammonia-free sea water. Plasma TA-N level was 18% lower in the anaesthetised fish compared to in the fish sampled directly from the exposure tanks (p 0.05), and accordingly 16% lower in the fish transferred to pure sea water although this difference was not significant (p = 0.07). Plasma glucose level was higher in the fish transferred to pure sea water than in the fish receiving the two other treatments (p 0.05), but plasma urea, osmolality, Na^{+, Cl–, Ca2+ or Mg2+} levels did not vary significantly between the different treatments. Plasma TA-N level increased with time in the fish in the metomidate solution (p 0.02).