广东沿岸牡蛎体内DDTs的时空变化趋势

为了解广东沿岸牡蛎体内滴滴涕(DDTs)的残留水平和时空分布情况,于1989-1993年和2003-2012年间每年3月份采集广东沿岸海域的近江牡蛎,用气相色谱法测定其DDTs的含量,同时结合1980-1985年广东省海岸带污染调查的相关数据,分析了广东沿岸牡蛎体内DDTs的残留量、时空分布和组成特征,并评价了其食用安全性与生物质量.结果显示,广东沿岸牡蛎体内DDTs检出率为96.9％,检出的样品中含量范围为0.11～76.3 ng/g,平均值是(3.87±7.40) ng/g.在时间上,广东沿岸牡蛎体内DDTs含量呈现明显的阶段性变化特点,20世纪80年代至90年代初期,为显著下降阶段,2003-2007年先小幅反弹后略微下降,2008-2012年总体呈归于平稳的趋势,且该时段各年份间无显著差异.空间上,20世纪80年代初期,珠江口岸段牡蛎体DDTs含量远高于粤东、粤西岸段,随着时间推移,3个岸段之间含量差距逐渐缩小,1989年之后各年间3个区域DDTs平均含量在统计学上没有显著差异.DDTs的组分特征分析显示,广东沿岸海域牡蛎体内DDTs主要来源于历史使用残留,但在1989-1993年和2003-2007年时段内可能有三氯杀螨醇来源的DDTs输入.结果表明,就DDTs而言,广东沿岸海域所有样品均未超我国相关残留限量标准,近年来大部分站点牡蛎食用安全,生物质量状况良好.     

广东沿岸牡蛎体内DDTs的时空变化趋势研究

为了解广东沿岸牡蛎体内滴滴涕(DDTs)的残留水平和时空分布情况，于1989-1993和2003-2012年间每年3月份采集广东沿岸海域的近江牡蛎，用气相色谱法测定其DDTs的含量，同时结合1980-1985年广东省海岸带污染调查的相关数据，分析了广东沿岸牡蛎体内DDTs的残留量、时空分布和组成特征，并评价了其食用安全性与生物质量。结果表明：广东沿岸牡蛎体内DDTs检出率为96.9%，检出的样品中含量范围为0.11～76.3 ng/g，平均值是(3.87±7.40) ng/g。在时间上，广东沿岸牡蛎体内DDTs含量呈现明显的阶段性变化特点， 1980s-1990s初期为显著下降阶段，2003-2007年先小幅反弹后略微下降，2008-2012年总体呈归于平稳的趋势，且该时段各年份间无显著差异（P > 0.05）。空间上，1980s初期珠江口岸段牡蛎体DDTs含量远高于粤东、粤西岸段，随着时间推移，3个岸段之间含量差距逐渐缩小，1989年之后各年间3个区域DDTs平均含量在统计学上没有显著差异（P > 0.05）。DDTs的组分特征分析显示，广东沿岸海域牡蛎体内DDTs主要来源于历史使用残留，但在1989-1993年和2003-2007年时段内可能有三氯杀螨醇来源的DDTs输入。评价结果表明，就DDTs而言，广东沿岸海域所有样品均未超我国相关残留限量标准，近年来大部分站点牡蛎食用安全，生物质量状况良好。     

广东沿岸牡蛎体Cd含量及时空分布特点

根据 198 9～ 1997年广东沿岸 12个采样点近江牡蛎 (CrassostrearivularisGould)体Cd的测定数据和有关历史资料 ,分析了广东沿岸牡蛎体Cd含量与时空分布特点。所有牡蛎体样品均检出Cd ,含量为( 0 .0 8～ 7.81)× 10 - 6,总平均值为 1.92× 10 - 6。粤东与粤西沿岸除个别样品外 ,绝大部分Cd含量均远低于评价标准 ,而珠江口沿岸样品的超标率则达到 2 5%。牡蛎体Cd含量的空间分布呈珠江口 >粤西 >粤东。1989～ 1997年 ,牡蛎体Cd含量的年际变化呈双峰分布 ,次高值和最高值分别出现在 1992年和 1995年 ,其余年份虽有波动 ,但无显著差异。     

2003～2005年和1991～1993年广东沿海牡蛎体六六六和滴滴涕残留比较

于2003-2005年的每年春季,在广东沿岸10个海湾,每个海湾采集近江牡蛎（Crassostrea rivularis）成体30只,测定其中六六六（BHCs）和滴滴涕（DDTs）的含量。结果显示,2003-2005年近江牡蛎体中DDTs平均含量是68.7ng/g（干重）,为1991-1993年的5.54倍。样品中DDTs年平均含量在2003-2005年快速增加,但在1991-1993年前是缓慢减少。2003-2005年DDE/DDTs含量比为12.8%-39.1%,比12年前的45%-55%明显更低。2003-2005年牡蛎样品中BHCs平均含量是3.27ng/g（干重）,仅相当于1991-1993年的16%。样品中BHCs年平均含量在2003-2005年持续降低,降速比1991-1993年缓慢。2003-2005年γ-BHC/BHCs平均含量比为19.6%,低于12年前的26%。样品中BHCs、DDTs区域平均含量由高到低依次为粤东沿岸、珠江口、粤西沿岸/粤东沿岸、粤西沿岸、珠江口,与12年前的区域分布格局相同。本研究采集的牡蛎样品中,BHCs、DDTs含量范围分别是未检出-1.21μg·kg^-1和0.11-76.3μg·kg^-1（湿重）,均低于中国和欧美的最低残留限量（湿重）。     

1989~2010年广东沿海牡蛎体镉含量时空分布特征及其健康风险评价

为评价广东沿海牡蛎体镉(Cd)含量的时空分布特征及其食用健康风险,实验根据2001-2010年广东17个海湾的牡蛎体Cd含量监测结果及1989-1999年的历史数据,分析了广东沿海总体及粤东、珠江口、粤西3大海区牡蛎体镉含量的时空分布特征；并采用风险商法评价其健康风险.1989-2010年广东沿海累计268频次的监测结果表明:牡蛎体Cd含量变化范围为未检出～10.80 mg/kg(均值1.14 mg/kg,以湿重表示,下同),检出率97.01％;其中98.64％符合中国、美国牡蛎体或贝类的Cd含量限量标准(≤4 mg/kg).珠江口海域达标率为三大海域最低(86.5％),是今后生物监测与海洋环境管理的重点.2001-2010年牡蛎体Cd含量的健康风险依次为儿童-青少年(5～17岁)＞老年人(60岁以上)＞成年人(18～59岁)；连续食用广东沿海牡蛎10年,其Cd含量在70年内不会对人体构成Cd摄入过量的风险.     

广东沿海牡蛎体Pb含量水平及时空变化趋势

为了了解广东沿海Pb含量水平的时空变化特点,l989-1997年,实施"南海贻贝观察”对广东沿海12个地点牡蛎体Pb含量进行了连续监测.广东沿海牡蛎体Pb含量范围为0.22×10-6～2.06×10-6(湿重),总平均值为0.77×10-6.牡蛎体Pb污染指数的范围和平均值分别为0.11～1.03和0.39,总体上属轻污染水平.牡蛎体Pb含量的空间分布呈粤西海区≥珠江口海区＞粤东海区.广东沿海牡蛎Pb含量水平在1989-1993年间呈微弱下降趋势,1994年Pb含量明显升高,此后Pb含量基本持平.     

华南沿海牡蛎重金属含量特征及其风险评估

根据2009年对华南沿海部分海域的近江牡蛎和太平洋牡蛎的监测数据,对产品中重金属元素Cd、Cu、Pb、As、Hg和Zn的含量水平、分布与变化特征进行了分析讨论;采用点评估方法,计算Cd、Cu、Pb、As、Hg和Zn的膳食暴露量,对牡蛎产品的食用安全性进行风险评估。结果表明,调查海域牡蛎样品中Cu、Zn、Cd的含量较高,其值分别为92.0、268、1.32 mg/kg(湿重,下同);Hg、As、Pb的含量低,其值分别为9.21、0.11、0.26 mg/kg。不同海域、不同养殖季节的牡蛎产品中重金属元素的含量具有明显的差异。与无公害水产品质量标准的限量值相比,调查海域牡蛎产品中Cu、Zn、Pb、Hg、As的含量符合产品质量标准,Cd的含量超过产品限量标准值。由于元素间的相互作用,牡蛎产品Zn的含量高、Cd的含量低,Zn的可利用性阻止对Cd的吸收,牡蛎产品中的Cd不会对健康造成危害。风险评估的结果显示,每周食用适量的牡蛎,重金属的膳食摄入量低于世界卫生组织/联合国粮食和农业组织的食品添加剂联合专家委员会(JECFA)推荐的暂定每周耐受摄入量,处于安全范围内。     

北部湾钦州港近江牡蛎重金属污染分析

为近江牡蛎的食用安全及养殖环境监督管理提供科学依据,2015年7—11月在北部湾钦州港采集近江牡蛎样品,利用原子荧光光度计和原子吸收光谱仪测定近江牡蛎体内重金属含量,分析其污染程度。结果显示,调查海域牡蛎体内重金属平均含量从高到低依次为ZnCuCdCrAsPbHg,其中Zn、Cu含量较高,平均值分别为532.03、126.96 mg/kg。Cu参照《无公害食品水产品有毒有害物质限量》(NY 5073-2006),发现除了7月2号站样品未超标,其余样品均超标,超标率达89%。As参照《食品安全国家标准食品中污染物限量》(GB 2762-2012),发现总超标率为11%,仅7月3号站样品存在超标。Pb、Hg含量较低,其平均值分别为0.02、0.009 mg/kg。重金属富集系数揭示近江牡蛎对Zn、Cu、Cd、Cr富集严重。膳食暴露评估方法显示,重金属的膳食摄入量低于联合国粮食和农业组织的食品添加剂联合专家委员会(JECFA)推荐的暂定每周摄入量,钦州湾近江牡蛎属于安全食用范围。     

主成分分析法用于福建沿海牡蛎体内主要污染物的研究

2018年8—9月,从福建省沿海6个设区市17个主要贝类养殖海域抽取17份牡蛎样品。调查发现部分养殖海域中的牡蛎样品体内Cu和PHCs的含量超出第二类海洋生物质量标准。通过相关性分析发现铜和镉、铅和石油烃、六六六和PCBs以及铜和石油烃均呈现为正的强相关关系。通过对各检验参数进行主成分分析,结果显示三个主成分因子方差贡献率分别为29.436%、24.938%和15.838%,累计贡献率达到70.211%。铜、汞和PCBs为福建沿海牡蛎体内主要污染物的主要驱动因素。     

南海北部沿岸贝类体内镉含量及健康风险评价

根据2007年和2009年对南海北部沿岸菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes Philippinarum)、翡翠贻贝(Perna viridis)、近江牡蛎(Crassostrea rivularis)、太平洋牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)、文蛤(Meretr.ix meretrix)5种贝类的监测资料,对贝类体内Cd的含量水平进行了分析讨论；采用点估计的方法,评估贝类Cd的暴露量,对其安全性进行评价.结果表明,调查海域近江牡蛎、太平洋牡蛎、菲律宾蛤仔、翡翠贻贝和文蛤样品中Cd的平均含量分别为:1.80、0.38、0.12、0.26和0.15 mg·kg-1,其变化范围分别为:0.92～2.39 mg·kg-1、0.31～0.46 mg.kg-1、0.10～0.13 mg·kg-1、0.21～0.30 mg·kg-1和0.08～0.22 mg·kg-1.与其他海域贝类调查的数据相比,此次调查贝类体内Cd含量处于正常的波动范围.风险评估结果显示,近江牡蛎的风险商HQ＞1,表明人体存在过量摄入Cd的风险；其他4种贝类的HQ＜1,处于安全范围内.评价结果还显示,儿童的Cd暴露量高于成年人.此次调查近江牡蛎样品中Cd/Zn的比值(0.005)低于0.015的临界值,从微量元素平衡的角度,近江牡蛎中Cd的健康风险低.     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.     

美人鱼发光杆菌对凡纳滨对虾非特异性 免疫功能及抗病力的影响

在基础饲料中分别添加0.1%和1%美人鱼发光杆菌灭活菌、0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌配制成3种免疫实验饲料,以基础饲料为空白对照组饲料,每组设3个平行样。对个体质量为(4.83±0.36)g的凡纳滨对虾进行为期20 d的饲养实验,分别在0、5、10、15和20d进行取样,以血清中的酚氧化酶(PO)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和溶菌酶(UL)活性为免疫指标,探讨了美人鱼发光杆菌作为免疫制剂对凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫效应的影响;在投喂免疫饲料后的第22天,按0.004 2 kg/kg体重的剂量,直接投喂对虾白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)病料,并记录累积死亡率。结果表明,美人鱼发光杆菌免疫实验组对凡纳滨对虾血清中PO、ACP、AKP、UL和SOD活性影响明显高于对照组,并且在饲料中添加美人鱼发光杆菌后,明显提高了对虾抵御WSSV感染的能力。其中0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌实验组的抗病毒感染能力最强,WSSV感染14d内累计死亡率为63.3%±5.8%;而对照组为96.7%±3.3%。研究表明,美人鱼发光杆菌添加在对虾饲料中能提高凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫水平,增强抵抗疾病的能力,将其作为对虾免疫增强剂具有良好的应用前景。     

Effects of Spirulina platensis as a feed additive on growth and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii Boulunger, 1902)

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of replacing fish meal with dietary Spirulina as a feed supplement on the growth performance and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii). Five isonitrogenous (47% crude protein) and isocaloric (17.36 kJ/g digestible energy) diets were for formulated to replace FM with 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% Spirulina (designated as Control, SP5, SP10, SP15 and SP20 respectively) and fed to the fish (initial body weight, 3.15 ± 0.01 g). Fish were randomly distributed into fifteen 120 L aquariums (26.5 ± 1.00°C), 15 fish per aquarium. The diets were tested in triplicate for 12 weeks. Experimental groups were fed twice daily (09:00 and 17:00) by hand to satiation. At the end of the feeding trial, significantly (p < 0.05) higher weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and lower feed conversion ratio (FCR) were observed in fish fed the SP10 diet when compared to the SP20 diet. There was no significant difference in these parameters between the other groups. The skin coloration of blue dolphin cichlid fed a diet containing Spirulina meal was enhanced. The best coloration was observed in the SP15 group. These impressions were objectively validated by chemical determinations of carotenoids extracted from fish skins and passed statistical tests of significance. The study findings show that Spirulina meal does not diminish growth rates except at very high levels.     

A Minchinia mercenariae‐like parasite infects cockles Cerastoderma edule in Galicia (NW Spain)

The cockle Cerastoderma edule fishery has traditionally been the most important shellfish species in terms of biomass in Galicia (NW Spain). In the course of a survey of the histopathological conditions affecting this species in the Ria of Arousa, a haplosporidan parasite that had not been observed in Galicia was detected in one of the most productive cockle beds of Galicia. Uni‐ and binucleate cells and multinucleate plasmodia were observed in the connective tissue mainly in the digestive area, gills and gonad. The parasite showed low prevalence, and it was not associated with abnormal cockle mortality. Molecular identification showed that this parasite was closely related to the haplosporidan Minchinia mercenariae that had been reported infecting hard clams Mercenaria mercenaria from the Atlantic coast of the United States. The molecular characterization of its SSU rDNA region allowed obtaining a fragment of 1,796 bp showing 98% homology with M. mercenariae parasite. Phylogenetic analysis supported this identification as this parasite was clustered in the same clade as M. mercenariae from the United States and other M. mercenariae‐like sequences from the UK, with bootstrap value of 99%. The occurrence of M. mercenariae‐like parasites infecting molluscs outside the United States is confirmed.     

Dietary thiamin and pyridoxine requirements of fingerling Indian major carp,Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton)

Two experiments were conducted to quantify the dietary thiamin (experiment I) and pyridoxine (experiment II) requirements of fingerling Cirrhinus mrigala for 16 weeks. In experiment I, dietary thiamin requirement was determined by feeding seven casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) with graded levels of thiamin (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 mg kg^?1 diet) to triplicate groups of fish (6.15 ± 0.37 cm; 1.89 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet with 2 mg kg^?1 thiamin had highest specific growth rate (SGR), protein retention (PR), RNA/DNA ratio, haemoglobin (Hb), haematocrit (Hct), RBCs and best feed conversion ratio (FCR). However, highest liver thiamin concentration was recorded in fish fed 4 mg thiamin kg^?1 diet. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver thiamin concentrations exhibited the thiamin requirement in the range of 1.79–3.34 mg kg^?1 diet (0.096–0.179 μg thiamin kJ^?1 gross energy). In experiment II, six casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) containing graded levels of pyridoxine (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 mg kg^?1 diet) were fed to triplicate groups of fish (6.35 ± 0.37 cm; 1.97 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet containing 6 mg kg^?1 pyridoxine showed best SGR, FCR, PR, RNA/DNA ratio, Hb, Hct and RBCs, whereas maximum liver pyridoxine concentration was recorded in fish fed 8 mg kg^?1 dietary pyridoxine. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver pyridoxine concentrations reflected the pyridoxine requirement from 5.63 to 8.61 mg kg^?1 diet. Data generated during this study would be useful in formulating thiamin‐ and pyridoxine‐balanced feeds for the intensive culture of this fish.     

Sea bream culture in Egypt; status, constraints and potential

Marine fish farming in Egypt began in 1976 with the culture of gilthead sea bream, (Sparus aurata) as this fish was notably adaptable to brackish and marine pond conditions. Today, marine fish and shrimp farms amount to about 19,000 ha, out of which 42% is already in production while the rest, i.e., 58% is still under construction. In 1997, cultured gilthead sea bream production of 2,250 tons made up 3% of the 75,000 tons total aquaculture catch. In polyculture, usually with the grey mullet and sea bass, gilthead sea bream contributed 440 kg ha^–1 to the total yield of 1,700 kg ha^–1 (26%) over a period of 16 months. For the same period, the yield of monoculture ponds averaged 100 kg ha^–1, while in marine cages, yields ranged from 4–10 kg m³. In 1996–1997, fry of 0.25–1 g and fingerlings 1–10 g with a total of 3 million, were collected from the wild and 1 million fry were produced in the three marine hatcheries out of the four existing ones. The development of sea bream culture in Egypt is now severely inhibited by the shortage of seeds and adequate feeds. Exports of both sea bream and sea bass, during 1994–1996 averaged 1,300 tons per year.     

Fertilization by refrigerator stored sperm of the Indian major carp, Labeo calbasu (Hamilton, 1822)

This study reports on the spermatological properties, and on the development of a protocol for refrigerator storage (4°C) of Labeo calbasu (Hamilton, 1822) sperm for artificial breeding. Volume, motility, concentration and pH of the freshly collected sperm were 2.21 ± 0.53 (μL g^?1 of fish weight) (mean ± SD), 95 ± 1 (%), 1.93 ± 0.44 × 10⁹ (cells mL^?1) and 7.56 ± 0.17 respectively. Sperm activation was evaluated at different osmolalities of NaCl solution, and motility ceased completely when osmolality of the extender was ≥287 mOsmol kg^?1. Sperm retained motility for 24, 72 and 108 h, after refrigerator storage when sperm were undiluted, suspended in Alsever's solution and suspended in Alsever's solution containing 5% methanol respectively. Fertilization rate of fresh eggs with sperm stored at 4°C in Alsever's solution and Alsever's solution containing 5% methanol was 77% and 60% with a hatching rate of 60% and 43% respectively. The fertilization and hatching success of the stored sperm suggests potential to use refrigeration for transporting genetic material to hatcheries for artificial breeding of L. calbasu in Bangladesh.     

A novel approach to denitrification processes in a zero-discharge recirculating system for small-scale urban aquaculture

This paper presents an innovative process to solve the nitrate build-up problem in recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS). The novel aspects of the process lie in a denitrification bioreactor system that uses solid cotton wool as the primary carbon source and a unique degassing chamber. In the latter, the water is physically stripped of dissolved gaseous O₂ (by means of a Venturi vacuum tube), and the subsequent denitrification becomes more efficient due to elimination of the problems of oxygen inhibition of denitrification and aerobic consumption of cotton wool. The cotton wool medium also serves as a physical barrier that traps organic particles, which, in turn, act as an additional carbon source for denitrification. Operation in the proposed system gives an extremely low C/N ratio of 0.82 g of cotton wool/g of nitrate N, which contributes to a significant reduction of biofilter volume. The additional advantage of using solid cotton wool as the carbon source is that it does not release organic residuals into the liquid to be recycled. Operation of the system over a long period consistently produced effluents with low nitrate levels (below 10 mg N/l), and there was only a very small need to replace system water. The overall treatment scheme, also incorporating an aerobic nitrification biofilter and a granular filtration device, produced water of excellent quality, i.e., with near-zero levels of nitrite and ammonia, a sufficiently high pH for aquaculture, and low turbidity. The proposed system thus provides a solution for sustainable small-scale, urban aquaculture operation with a very high recovery of water (over 99%) and minimal waste disposal.     

Effects of metomidate anaesthesia or transfer to pur sea water on plasma parameters in ammonia-exposed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L) in sea water

Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L) postsmolts weighing 150 ± 53 g were exposed to 14–15 mg l^–1 TA-N (total ammonia-N) in sea water in 1 m³ tanks for 24h. Blood samples were then taken A) immediately after the fish were netted from the exposure tanks and stunned by a blow to the head; B) 2–20 min after the fish were transferred to 15 l of an anaesthetic solution of metomidate in ammonia-free sea water; or C) 2–20 min after the fish were transferred to 15 l of ammonia-free sea water. Plasma TA-N level was 18% lower in the anaesthetised fish compared to in the fish sampled directly from the exposure tanks (p 0.05), and accordingly 16% lower in the fish transferred to pure sea water although this difference was not significant (p = 0.07). Plasma glucose level was higher in the fish transferred to pure sea water than in the fish receiving the two other treatments (p 0.05), but plasma urea, osmolality, Na^{+, Cl–, Ca2+ or Mg2+} levels did not vary significantly between the different treatments. Plasma TA-N level increased with time in the fish in the metomidate solution (p 0.02).