浙江缢蛏群体糖原含量变化与gys基因多态性的关联分析

为了探讨缢蛏糖原含量与糖原合酶基因(sc-gys)的特性及其用于分子标记辅助育种的可行性,实验检测了浙江缢蛏群体糖原含量的周年变化,克隆获得糖原合酶基因的cDNA全长序列,分析其在不同组织、不同月份的表达差异,并进一步筛选出与糖原含量相关的单核苷酸多态性(single nucleotide polymorphism, SNP)位点。结果显示,养殖缢蛏在2—6月糖原含量较高,4月达到最大值。sc-gys基因的cDNA全长为2 402 bp,开放阅读框为2 136 bp,编码711个氨基酸。荧光定量PCR结果显示,sc-gys基因主要在外套膜和足中表达,其不同月份的表达水平与糖原含量周年变化规律一致,4月表达量显著高于其他月份,表明该基因与糖原合成关系密切。在"甬乐1号"品种和台州野生群体sc-gys基因的外显子区共筛选到2个与糖原含量相关的SNP位点,且两位点之间没有连锁不平衡,优势基因型组合个体的糖原含量比群体均值提高11.8%,这些位点和优势基因型组合可为缢蛏糖原含量的遗传改良提供候选标记。     

吉富尼罗罗非鱼Ikaros基因5''调控区的克隆、序列分析及抗无乳链球菌相关SNP位点筛选

为获得尼罗罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)抗链球菌病相关的单核苷酸多态性(single nucleotide polymorphism,SNP)标记,本研究通过染色体步移法克隆了尼罗罗非鱼Ikaros基因5′调控区序列,长度为4178 bp,并使用生物信息学软件对Ikaros基因的启动子和转录调控元件进行预测和分析。利用PCR产物直接测序法从亲本(P0)尼罗罗非鱼Ikaros基因5′调控区中筛查到5个SNPs,分别为SNP1(g.562,GA)、SNP2(g.217,GT)、SNP3(g.–53,CT)、SNP4(g.–220,TC)和SNP5(g.–579,TC)。利用Snapshot技术对子一代(F1)尼罗罗非鱼易感群体和抗病群体进行相应SNPs的基因分型,分析两个群体遗传多样性参数,结果显示多态信息含量(polymorphism information content,PIC)值在0.0872~0.3747之间,表明Ikaros基因5′调控区中所有SNPs的多态性均较低。Ikaros基因5′调控区SNPs与抗链球菌病性状关联分析结果表明,SNP2、SNP3、SNP4和SNP5的基因型频率和等位基因频率在易感群体和抗病群体中存在显著差异(P0.05)。连锁不平衡分析结果显示Ikaros基因5′调控区SNPs可形成1个单倍块和5种单倍型,其中GGCTT单倍型与抗病性显著相关(P0.05),GGTCT和GTCCC单倍型与易感性显著相关(P0.05)。此外,还发现SNP2和SNP5处于完全连锁状态(r~2=1,LOD=57.25,D′=1),可作为罗非鱼抗链球菌病遗传育种的标签SNP。综上所述,在Ikaros基因5?调控区筛选到4个抗链球菌病相关SNPs和1个单倍型(GGCTT),均可作为尼罗罗非鱼分子育种的候选分子标记。     

不同育性长牡蛎性腺发育过程中糖原和脂质的组织化学研究

为探讨不同育性长牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)性腺发育过程中主要供能物质的利用和变化差异,利用过碘酸雪夫氏染色(PAS染色)和油红O染色法对不同育性三倍体长牡蛎及二倍体长牡蛎性腺组织进行观察分析。结果显示,增殖期,二倍体和三倍体长牡蛎性腺结缔组织中均含有大量糖原和脂质。随着性腺发育,二倍体和可育型三倍体(3nα型)长牡蛎性腺结缔组织中糖原含量明显下降,到成熟期几乎检测不到糖原,说明性腺结缔组织中的糖原为配子发生提供能量。脂质主要存在于性腺结缔组织和卵母细胞的细胞质中,说明脂质是卵细胞发育的重要组成物质。雌性二倍体和3nα型长牡蛎性腺结缔组织中的脂类含量随着性腺发育并未发生明显下降,推测糖原可能转化为脂质以满足性腺发育的物质需求。脂质在二倍体雄性长牡蛎的性腺发育过程中出现明显的减少,说明脂类在雄性性腺发育中的主要功能可能是供能而不是结构组成。糖原和脂类作为长牡蛎性腺发育过程中重要的供能和组成物质,在不育型三倍体(3nβ型)长牡蛎性腺发育过程中含量没有发生明显的变化,这与3nβ型配子发生受阻密切相关。推测3nβ型长牡蛎由于配子发育受阻,性腺发育初期积累的糖原和脂质并未分配至生殖细胞,而留在结缔组织中,从而使其在繁殖季节仍然能够保持快速生长。研究结果为牡蛎生殖发育调控机制及育性控制育种提供重要信息。     

缢蛏新品种“申浙1号”ScHsc70 基因SNPs筛查与耐高温性状的关联性分析

为获取缢蛏ScHsc70基因单核苷酸多态性位点与耐高温性状的相关性,通过直接测序方法克隆了ScHsc70基因全长序列,长度为4 048 bp,包括6个内含子和7个外显子,编码区1 950 bp,从其外显子区域筛查到6个潜在的SNPs,分别命名为Rs1(g. 588 CT)、Rs2(g. 840 CT)、Rs3(g. 885 TA)、Rs4(g. 1233 AG)、Rs5(g. 1467 TG)、Rs6(g. 1482TC)。利用Sanger测序方法,对缢蛏新品种"申浙1号"耐高温群体和对照组群体潜在SNPs进行基因分型,遗传多样性分析结果显示,两个群体的多态信息含量(PIC)值在0.111 2～0.371 8之间,对照组群体的平均多态信息含量(0.267 0)高于耐高温群体的平均多态信息含量(0.236 5)。ScHSc70基因SNPs与耐热性状关联分析结果显示,Rs1、Rs3和Rs4的基因型频率和等位基因频率在对照组和耐高温群体之间存在显著性差异;单倍型连锁不平衡分析结果显示,ScHsc70基因SNPs可形成2个单倍体块,7种单倍型,其中CCT单倍型与耐高温性状显著相关;本实验发现,Rs2和Rs3处于连锁状态(r~2=0.86,LOD=25.56,Dx=1.0),可以作为缢蛏与耐高温遗传育种的SNP标签。综上所述,Rs1、Rs3、Rs4和单倍型CCT均可作为缢蛏耐高温遗传育种的候选辅助分子标记,为后续的抗逆性相关SNPs筛选与功能验证奠定了理论基础。     

吉富罗非鱼 MSTN 基因结构及其多态性与生长性状的相关性

通过PCR和基因组步移法,从吉富罗非鱼DNA中扩增出肌细胞生长抑制素(MSTN)基因及其5′调控区。该序列全长2413bp,含有3个外显子,2个内含子。5′调控区462bp,外显子Ⅰ379bp,外显子Ⅱ371bp,部分外显子Ⅲ145bp,内含子Ⅰ305bp,内含子Ⅱ751bp,编码区共编码298个氨基酸。5′调控区含有与肌肉特异性基因转录密切相关的转录调控元件E-box以及其他一些转录调控元件,如TATAbox,OCT1,AP1,AP4。通过随机测序法寻找SNPs(Signal nucleotide poly morphisms),获得了3个SNPs,但在群体筛选中,只有内含子Ⅱ内的1个SNPs表现多态性。同时测量了96尾(45♂,51♀)吉富罗非鱼的体质量、体长、体高、体厚,并将这些数据与MSTN基因的SNPs多态性进行相关性分析,研究发现MSTN基因内含子Ⅱ的728nt处G/T多态与吉富罗非鱼体型(体厚/体长、体高/体长)存在显著相关(P0.05)。这些研究结果表明,MSTN基因的SNPs可作为吉富罗非鱼育种的候选分子标记。     

长牡蛎酪氨酸酶基因(CgTyr1)SNP多态性与壳色性状的关联

黑色素是一种广泛存在于动物界的生物色素,而酪氨酸酶被认为是一种重要的调控黑色素合成的关键酶。实验以3种壳色的长牡蛎选育品系为材料,使用PCR-SSCP的方法对长牡蛎酪氨酸酶基因CgTyr1进行SNP分型筛选,将突变位点与不同壳色性状进行关联分析。结果显示,酪氨酸酶基因的外显子上存在23个SNP位点,其中11个SNP位点与壳色性状极显著相关;在这11个S N P位点中,检测到有3个S N P位点为有义突变(c.591C/T、c.632G/A和c.1155T/C),分别导致不同的氨基酸突变(Ala122Val、Gly136Ser和Phe310Ser);利用极显著关联的11个SNP位点,为每种壳色群体建立了1种单倍型,并在验证组中得到了确认。研究表明,长牡蛎酪氨酸酶基因的单个碱基突变和以此构建的单倍型与壳色性状存在显著的关联。本研究筛选出的SNP位点和构建的单倍型为长牡蛎壳色品系选育提供了重要的参考资料。     

缢蛏EGFR基因内含子1内SNP位点多态性与生长性状相关性

为研究缢蛏表皮生长因子受体基因(epidermal growth factor receptor,EGFR)单核苷酸多态性(single nucleotide polymorphism, SNP)与生长性状(壳长、壳宽、壳高和体质量)的相关性。本实验利用直接测序法从缢蛏EGFR基因的第一个内含子序列中共筛选到17个SNP位点。卡方检验结果显示,在17个位点中,有13个位点符合Hardy-Weinberg平衡,位点多态性检测显示17个位点中有10个位点表现为中等多态性(0.25PIC0.5)。利用一般线性模型(general linear model,GLM)及多重比较对缢蛏EGFR基因中17个SNPs的多态性与生长性状(壳长、壳宽、壳高和体质量)进行相关性分析,结果显示,16个SNP位点均与缢蛏的壳长、壳宽、壳高及体质量呈显著性相关。由此可见,EGFR基因可作为缢蛏生长性状改良的候选辅助分子标记,并且为进一步研究其生长相关功能奠定基础。     

罗非鱼 MC4R 基因克隆及与其生长相关的 SNPs 位点

黑素皮质素受体-4(Melanocortin receptor-4,MC4R)是5种已发现的黑素皮质素受体家族成员之一,属于跨膜G-蛋白耦联受体超级家族,对于调节动物的采食量、体质量及能最稳态有着重要的作用.本研究采用基因组步移技术获得了尼罗罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)MC4R基因组DNA序列.该基因全长2547 hp,其中5'侧翼序列长为1481 bp,3'侧翼序列长为82 bp,编码区序列长为984 bp,只有1个外显子.采用PCR产物直接测序法、PCR-RFL和CRS-PCR技术对尼罗罗非鱼MC4R基因启动子和外显子区域进行了SNPs位点的检测和分犁,结果共检测到5个SNPs位点(-G1000C、-T974A、C276T、C561T和C708T),其中外显子上的3个SNPs位点均为同义突变.利用一般线性模型分析5个SNPs位点与尼罗罗非鱼生长性状的关系,结果表明,5个SNPs位点不同基因型之间体质量均值差异最大值分别为9.5%、23.2%、14.4%、18.6%和13.5%,没有达到显著水平(P＞0.05).将5个SNPs位点不同基因型组合成7种双倍型(去掉频率小于3%的组合),关联分析表明,在体质量和体长这2个主要生长性状方面,双倍型D4与D1、D3、D6存在显著性差异(P＜0.05),双倍型D2与D3、D6也存在显著性差异(P＜0.05).因而可以考虑将MC4R基因作为影响罗非鱼体质量等生长性状的候选基因,应用于罗非鱼分子标记辅助育种.     

草鱼GH基因3''部分序列多态性与生长性状及肌肉成分的相关性分析

为了解草鱼GH基因多态性与早期生长性状及肌肉成分的相关性,实验利用直接测序法从156尾草鱼GH基因的3′部分序列中共筛选到9个变异位点(分别命名为SNP1~SNP9:G2825A、G2914T、T2966G、A3002T、T3022C、A3301G、C3463T、C3547T、C3620T)。卡方检验结果显示,9个位点均未显著偏离Hardy-Weinberg平衡,且均表现为中等多态性(0.25PIC0.5);经连锁不平衡分析发现,SNP3、SNP4和SNP5位点为一组完美连锁不平衡,SNP2、SNP7、SNP9位点为一组完美连锁不平衡;GH基因3′部分序列5个位点单倍型分析共发现6种单倍型,其中Hap1(30.4%)所占的比例最高,Hap6(4.8%)所占比例最低。利用GLM及多重比较对草鱼GH基因中9个SNPs多态性与早期生长性状和肌肉成分进行相关性分析,发现SNP2和SNP3位点的纯合突变型在体质量、体长和粗脂肪性状上均显著高于野生型和杂合突变型;在双倍型分析时得出了相似的结果,同时含有SNP2和SNP3位点纯合突变的双倍型组合在生长和粗脂肪性状上均显著性高于其他组合。研究表明,草鱼GH基因中SNP2和SNP3位点与早期生长性状及肌肉成分存在显著性相关,可作为草鱼生长及肉质改良的候选辅助分子标记,并且为进一步对相关变异位点的功能验证奠定研究基础。     

牙鲆GH基因的SNPs与生长性状关系的初步研究

以雌核发育牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)为对象,根据Gen Bank收录的牙鲆生长激素基因序列(Gen Bank登录号:D29737)设计9对引物,采用直接测序的方法对50尾雌核发育牙鲆生长激素基因编码区和启动子进行了单核苷酸多态位点(SNPs)筛选,共获得有效序列1 838 bp,启动子区117 bp,内含子区1 050 bp,外显子区671 bp,覆盖牙鲆生长激素基因78.3%的序列。共检测到7个SNPs,平均发生频率为0.38/100个碱基,其中颠换型3个,插入型2个,缺失型2个;内含子区4个(Intron I:C477T、1 091~1 092/insert T、1 129~1 130/insert A;Intron IV:1 906A/-del),外显子区3个(Exon V:2067T/-del、A2006C、A1974G);SNPs与生长性状相关分析结果显示:C477T和2 067T/-del两个位点对牙鲆的体重、体长、体高等生长性状均有显著影响(P0.05),其他5个SNPs对牙鲆生长性状均无显著影响(P0.05)。研究结果可为牙鲆生长性状的SNPs标记辅助选育提供基础数据。     

基于崩解时限的牡蛎糖原片剂配方组合优化研究

为了确定牡蛎糖原片剂的制备工艺,以崩解时限为重要指标,利用单因素结合正交试验法筛选优化牡蛎糖原片剂配方组合。研究结果表明,以牡蛎糖原冻干粉添加量15%、微晶纤维素15%、麦芽糊精5%、羧甲基淀粉钠5%、硬脂酸镁0.02%、玉米淀粉59.98%为片剂处方,优选出的处方工艺简单可行,制备的片剂质量符合中国药典(2015版)的有关规定,稳定性好。     

Plasma levels of insulin and liver glycogen contents in one- and two-year old Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) during the period of parr-smolt transformation

Plasma levels of insulin were measured by specific radioimmunoassay in 1-year and 2-year old Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) parr during the period of parr-smolt transformation. The two-year old fish were of two different categories; silvering pre-smolts and previously mature male parr. If insulin plays an important role in parr-smolt transformation and/or subsequent osmoregulatory changes it was expected that the pre-smolts would show a different insulin profile compared to the mature male parr and one-year old parr, both of which show impaired hypoosmoregulatory ability compared to smolts. Measurements were taken during two separate years. Between January and April both categories of two-year old fish had generally higher plasma levels of insulin compared to the non-smolting one-year old parr. In the pre-smolts insulin levels ranged from 4.0 to 7.9 ng ml⁻¹, and from 7.8 to 16.7 ng ml⁻¹ in 1990 and 1992 respectively, while in the previously mature males the same respective values were from 4.3 to 10.0 ng ml⁻¹, and from 6.6 to 24.1 ng ml⁻¹. In the two-year old fish, whether pre-smolts or mature males, plasma insulin levels peaked between 1–2 months before final smoltification, after which insulin titers declined sharply. In 1990, the 1-year old parr showed a dual peak in plasma insulin. Insulin first peaked in February (7.8 ng ml⁻¹), and then again in April–May (7.7 ng ml⁻¹), while in 1992 the 1-year old parr showed a number of smaller transient peaks (5–7 ng ml⁻¹) between March–May, followed by sharp elevation of insulin levels in June. Liver glycogen contents were at their highest (3.5–5.0 g 100 g⁻¹ I liver wet weight) in March in both 1-year and 2-year old fish. Glycogen levels were low during the later stages of parr-smolt transformation, before rising again in June in both the 1-year old and precociously mature parr, but not in the smolts.     

Seasonal changes of liver glycogen content and condition factor of wild Atlantic salmon parr in a sub-arctic river

Abstract –  Mean liver glycogen content of 1–4-year-old Atlantic salmon parr varied from 0.5 to 9.5% (of fresh liver mass) and condition factor (CF) from 0.66 to 0.85 in the sub-arctic River Teno system in northern Finland during 2 years of study. There were no significant differences in liver glycogen contents of different age groups as there were in CF. However, there were seasonal differences in liver glycogen content and CF of the wild parr. The lowest liver glycogen contents were observed in July and the highest in September and December whereas the lowest CFs were observed in May and the highest in July.     

Lysine limitation alters the storage pattern of protein,lipid and glycogen in on‐growing Atlantic salmon

This experiment aimed to test the interaction of lysine limitation with nutrient accretion and muscle carnitine depot in Atlantic salmon. Fish were fed adequate or low‐lysine diets for 3 months. Lysine intake was significantly less (48%) in fish fed the low‐lysine diet as compared with that fed the adequate one. There was no difference in dietary amino acids between treatments, with the exception of lysine. The lower lysine intake was reflected in plasma free lysine being 52% less while the free lysine concentration in the liver and muscle were unaffected. Although there was no significant difference between voluntary feed intakes among treatments, fish fed the low‐lysine diet had reduced growth, protein and energy deposition as compared with fish fed the adequate lysine diet. White trunk muscle contained more glycogen and less protein in fish fed the low‐lysine diet while no difference in lipid was observed. The livers from fish fed the low‐lysine diet contained less glycogen and slightly more fat and protein than the livers from fish fed the adequate lysine diet. Lysine limitation reduced carnitine in the liver without affecting muscle carnitine depot. Thus, low‐lysine diets did not likely affect the fatty acid oxidation capacity. This fact was supported by unaffected fatty acid profiles and lipid classes between treatments during the 3‐month study. In conclusion, lysine limitation does not deplete the muscle carnitine depot during the on‐growing seawater phase of Atlantic salmon, but affects the deposition pattern of nutrients.     

异育银卿口服葡萄糖后血糖、血脂和肝糖原的变化

禁食 4周后对体重为 46± 5g的异育银鲫进行了葡萄糖耐量试验。口服 16 7mg·(10 0g) -1体重的葡萄糖之前及之后的 1、2、3、4、5、6、8、10、14、18和 2 4h分别抽血、取肝胰腺 ,分析血糖、血脂和肝糖原含量。实验结果表明 ,血糖在口服葡萄糖后 3h内迅速升高 ,并于 3h时达最高水平 ,以后逐渐下降。口服葡萄糖后 1h血脂含量最高 ,然后开始下降 ,并于 8h时又开始升高。口服葡萄糖后的最初 2h内肝糖原含量显著降低 ,随后开始提高 ,并在 6h时达最高峰。用体重为 (16 4± 12 )g的异育银鲫为材料禁食 4周后灌喂不同剂量的葡萄糖 ,研究葡萄糖剂量对血糖和肝糖原变化规律的影响。结果表明 ,随着口服葡萄糖剂量的增加 ,血糖升高幅度加大 ,而肝糖原含量则随葡萄糖剂量增加而减少。上述实验结果提示异育银鲫在胰岛素的分泌方面与哺乳类存在本质的不同。     

饲料糖种类和水平对异育银鲫肝糖原代谢的影响

用分别含25％葡萄糖、25％淀粉及不同水平糊精（5％，25％，50％）的5种饲料喂养异育银鲫（方正银鲫♀X兴国红鲤♂）6周，然后禁食1、2、4周，以摄食后血糖和肝糖原的变化规律及禁食反应来研究肝糖原代谢。实验钍体重约15g。结果表明，摄食后25％葡萄糖组血糖升高速度最快，升幅最大，5％糊精组血糖最低。各组鱼的肝糖原含量在摄食后4h左右达到最大值，但葡萄糖组在摄食后肝糖原含量反而下降。饲养6周后25％葡萄糖组和5％糊精组基础肝糖原含量显著低于其他各组。禁食时25％葡萄糖组和5％糊精组的甘油三酯含量比其他各组低，而总氨基酸水平比其他各组高。上述结果提示在摄食条件下肝糖原的代谢与饲料糖的种类和水平有关，而禁食反应与体内能量物质的储量有关。     

The effect of food quality on glycogen content,the fatty acid profile and winter mortality in cultivated oyster spat (Ostrea edulis)

Winter mortality in hatchery reared oyster spat (Ostrea edulis) that received three different diets during the summer period was investigated. Oysters fed a natural type diet had a winter mortality of 18.3 ± 6.3% while oysters fed cultivated algae (a mixture of Tetraselmis suecica, Isochrysis galbana and Chaetoceros muelleri) had a mortality of 73.0 ± 9.7%. A group of oysters fed a mix between the two diets had a mortality of 54.7 ± 10.6%. Tissue samples were taken at the start of the experiment, after the summer period and after the winter period in order to determine growth and the content of glycogen and fatty acids. The glycogen content decreased for all groups during the winter but the decrease was highest in oysters fed the natural diet. This group also contained the largest variety of fatty acids, but there was no difference in the content of the essential fatty acids EPA, DPA and DHA between the groups. It is concluded that transplantation of spat to the sea in spring and early summer may reduce winter mortality since the feeding period on a more varied natural algal diet is prolonged compared to transplantation of spat later in the season.