罗氏沼虾养成中白体病防治措施

１．购买虾苗时应检查有无白体病，有病虾苗不要买，同时虾苗入池前应消毒，用０．４×１０－６浓度溴氯海因全池泼洒，３～５天后再用活性微生态制剂按１．５×１０－６浓度全池泼洒，调节水质，抑制有害微生物生长繁殖。２．平时每月用一次溴氯海因０．４×１０－６浓度全池泼洒，每月使用一次虾宁２％按饵料量或虾菌宁５‰按饵料量或虾康宁６‰按饵料量一次，连用３天。３．治疗方法：第一天用溴氯海因０．５×１０－６浓度或二溴海因０．３×１０－６～０．５×１０－６浓度全池泼洒，第二至第六天内服虾宁４％＋虾菌宁５‰…     

湛江叉鞭金藻生态条件的研究1．营养盐浓度对湛江叉鞭金藻增殖的影响

１９９０年３月１５日－４月９日在室内自然温度变化条件下（１１－１８℃），采用浓度１－５‰的康威营养盐溶液培养湛江叉鞭金藻。结果表明，３‰浓度对增殖效果最好，经６天培养，细胞密度由６５．５－７６．０×１０４ｍｌ－１。     

提高泥蚶附着变态率的生产性试验

１试验条件１．１　设施、设备育苗池１４个，有效面积 ４２０ ｍ２，规格 ５ｍ ×６ ｍ×１．３ ｍ；Ｍ级沙滤池 ２个，规格 ５ ｍ×２ｍ×１．５ ｍ；海边沙滤井 １口；单胞藻培养池 １６个，规格 ３ ｍ×５ ｍ×０．８ ｍ；１２ ｍ３／ｈ罗茨鼓风机１台；蒸发量为２ｔ／ｈ的锅炉１台。１．２　试验材料　饵料为人工培育的等鞭金藻、牟氏角毛藻、青岛大扁藻、异胶藻及海洋酵母。亲蚶系采自浙江乐清人工养殖的３龄泥蚶，规格１６０粒／ｋｇ。２试验方法２．１催产、孵化用沙滤海水冲刷掉亲蚶外壳上的犯及沉垢，然后用５００×１０－６的高…     

济兴牌强力消毒剂防治细菌性鱼病试验

用济兴牌强力消毒剂进行室内和鱼塘防治细菌性鱼病试验。室温２５℃，用０．４×１０－６消毒剂２４ｈ即能全部杀灭赤皮、烂鳃、肠炎病原菌；轻病鱼塘用０．５×１０－６，重病鱼塘用０．８×１０－６消毒剂全池泼洒，２天１次，２～３次即愈。     

EDTA对紫彩血蛤幼虫发育的影响

本文研究了ＥＤＴＡ对紫彩血蛤幼虫生长，存活和变态的影响。结果表明，所有试验的ＥＤＴＡ浓度均能促进幼虫生长，前期３．０×１０＾－６浓度组生长最快，幼虫平均壳长由对照组的２３５．６μｍ增至２３９．７μｍ，后期则以１．０×１０＾－６浓度且生长最快，幼虫平均壳长由对照组的２４７．４μｍ增至２５３．０μｍ；０．５×１０＾－６－５．０×１０＾－６ＥＤＴＡ均能提高幼虫的存活率和变态率，其中以１．０×１０＾－６效     

孔雀石绿用于防除桡足类的初步研究

在鲍育苗生产中可以用孔雀石绿的草酸盐来替代敌百虫杀灭培育池中的桡足类。使用 １．０×１０－６的孔雀石绿处理３小时与使用１．５～２．０×１０－６的敌百虫处理１５～２０小时的效果基本一致，且对底栖硅藻和鲍无明显副作用     

虾池浮激植物初级生产力的研究

用黑白瓶测氧法对辽宁省庄河青堆水产公司虾池整个养殖期间（５－９月）浮游植物初级生产力进行研究。虾池浮游植物的初级生产力为（５．４５±２．３６）ｇＯ２／（ｍ＾２．ｄ），日Ｐ／Ｂ系数为２．３９（０．６７－６．６６），浮游植物对太阳有效辐射的利用率为０．７８（０．２４－２．１８）％，浮游植物毛产量到虾产量的转化效率为７．４１％；回归分析表明，浮游植物生物量和太阳有效辐射量是决定虾池浮游植物初级生产力大小     

草鱼出血病防治

在草鱼养殖过程中，出血病是鱼种培育阶段一种广泛流行、危害性大的病毒性鱼病，发病率高，流行季节长，可造成大批草鱼鱼种的死亡，危害甚大。笔者根据多年实践经验，现将此病的防治方法介绍如下： （１）清除池底过多淤泥，并用２００× １０－６生石灰或２０×１０－６漂白粉（含有效氯３０％）或１０×１０－６漂白精（有效氯６０％）消毒。 （２）鱼种下塘前，用聚乙烯氮戊环酮碘剂 ６０×１０－６药浴２５分钟左右，或用鱼复药３号 ２０～３０×１０－６药浴 ３０～６０分钟。 （３）每万尾鱼种用水花生 ４ ｋｇ，捣烂后拌入 ２５０ｇ…     

三疣梭子蟹虾池养殖技术

我们自１９９６年开始，在虾池中进行了大面积养蟹技术研究，并获得了良好的效果，现报告如下：１材料与方法１．１池塘条件秦楼办事处万平口虾场５个池塘，面积分别为２０亩、２５亩、３０亩，水深１～１．５ ｍ，泥沙底质。水质良好，进、排水方便。１．２清池肥水池塘冬闲时，封池曝晒２０～３０天后清淤。１月下旬进水浸没滩面。使用“敌杀死”０．１～０． ２×１０－６，清除以杂蟹类为主的甲壳类敌害生物。３月上旬，当池水温度达８～１０℃时，使用２０～２５×１０－６的茶籽饼清除害鱼。毒性消失后，注入用６０目筛绢网过滤的海水…     

等鞭金藻对次氯酸钠中有效氯耐受力的研究

采用不同质量分数的次氯酸钠 ,以不同的处理时间对等鞭金藻 30 11进行耐受力研究。结果表明 :在试验的取值范围内处理时间比有效氯质量分数对等鞭金藻的生长影响更显著。在实际应用中 ,次氯酸钠的质量分数 (有效氯 )以 4× 10 -6～ 8× 10 -6,处理时间约 2h为宜     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

美人鱼发光杆菌对凡纳滨对虾非特异性 免疫功能及抗病力的影响

在基础饲料中分别添加0.1%和1%美人鱼发光杆菌灭活菌、0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌配制成3种免疫实验饲料,以基础饲料为空白对照组饲料,每组设3个平行样。对个体质量为(4.83±0.36)g的凡纳滨对虾进行为期20 d的饲养实验,分别在0、5、10、15和20d进行取样,以血清中的酚氧化酶(PO)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和溶菌酶(UL)活性为免疫指标,探讨了美人鱼发光杆菌作为免疫制剂对凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫效应的影响;在投喂免疫饲料后的第22天,按0.004 2 kg/kg体重的剂量,直接投喂对虾白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)病料,并记录累积死亡率。结果表明,美人鱼发光杆菌免疫实验组对凡纳滨对虾血清中PO、ACP、AKP、UL和SOD活性影响明显高于对照组,并且在饲料中添加美人鱼发光杆菌后,明显提高了对虾抵御WSSV感染的能力。其中0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌实验组的抗病毒感染能力最强,WSSV感染14d内累计死亡率为63.3%±5.8%;而对照组为96.7%±3.3%。研究表明,美人鱼发光杆菌添加在对虾饲料中能提高凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫水平,增强抵抗疾病的能力,将其作为对虾免疫增强剂具有良好的应用前景。     

Effects of Spirulina platensis as a feed additive on growth and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii Boulunger, 1902)

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of replacing fish meal with dietary Spirulina as a feed supplement on the growth performance and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii). Five isonitrogenous (47% crude protein) and isocaloric (17.36 kJ/g digestible energy) diets were for formulated to replace FM with 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% Spirulina (designated as Control, SP5, SP10, SP15 and SP20 respectively) and fed to the fish (initial body weight, 3.15 ± 0.01 g). Fish were randomly distributed into fifteen 120 L aquariums (26.5 ± 1.00°C), 15 fish per aquarium. The diets were tested in triplicate for 12 weeks. Experimental groups were fed twice daily (09:00 and 17:00) by hand to satiation. At the end of the feeding trial, significantly (p < 0.05) higher weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and lower feed conversion ratio (FCR) were observed in fish fed the SP10 diet when compared to the SP20 diet. There was no significant difference in these parameters between the other groups. The skin coloration of blue dolphin cichlid fed a diet containing Spirulina meal was enhanced. The best coloration was observed in the SP15 group. These impressions were objectively validated by chemical determinations of carotenoids extracted from fish skins and passed statistical tests of significance. The study findings show that Spirulina meal does not diminish growth rates except at very high levels.     

Dietary thiamin and pyridoxine requirements of fingerling Indian major carp,Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton)

Two experiments were conducted to quantify the dietary thiamin (experiment I) and pyridoxine (experiment II) requirements of fingerling Cirrhinus mrigala for 16 weeks. In experiment I, dietary thiamin requirement was determined by feeding seven casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) with graded levels of thiamin (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 mg kg^?1 diet) to triplicate groups of fish (6.15 ± 0.37 cm; 1.89 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet with 2 mg kg^?1 thiamin had highest specific growth rate (SGR), protein retention (PR), RNA/DNA ratio, haemoglobin (Hb), haematocrit (Hct), RBCs and best feed conversion ratio (FCR). However, highest liver thiamin concentration was recorded in fish fed 4 mg thiamin kg^?1 diet. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver thiamin concentrations exhibited the thiamin requirement in the range of 1.79–3.34 mg kg^?1 diet (0.096–0.179 μg thiamin kJ^?1 gross energy). In experiment II, six casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) containing graded levels of pyridoxine (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 mg kg^?1 diet) were fed to triplicate groups of fish (6.35 ± 0.37 cm; 1.97 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet containing 6 mg kg^?1 pyridoxine showed best SGR, FCR, PR, RNA/DNA ratio, Hb, Hct and RBCs, whereas maximum liver pyridoxine concentration was recorded in fish fed 8 mg kg^?1 dietary pyridoxine. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver pyridoxine concentrations reflected the pyridoxine requirement from 5.63 to 8.61 mg kg^?1 diet. Data generated during this study would be useful in formulating thiamin‐ and pyridoxine‐balanced feeds for the intensive culture of this fish.     

Sea bream culture in Egypt; status, constraints and potential

Marine fish farming in Egypt began in 1976 with the culture of gilthead sea bream, (Sparus aurata) as this fish was notably adaptable to brackish and marine pond conditions. Today, marine fish and shrimp farms amount to about 19,000 ha, out of which 42% is already in production while the rest, i.e., 58% is still under construction. In 1997, cultured gilthead sea bream production of 2,250 tons made up 3% of the 75,000 tons total aquaculture catch. In polyculture, usually with the grey mullet and sea bass, gilthead sea bream contributed 440 kg ha^–1 to the total yield of 1,700 kg ha^–1 (26%) over a period of 16 months. For the same period, the yield of monoculture ponds averaged 100 kg ha^–1, while in marine cages, yields ranged from 4–10 kg m³. In 1996–1997, fry of 0.25–1 g and fingerlings 1–10 g with a total of 3 million, were collected from the wild and 1 million fry were produced in the three marine hatcheries out of the four existing ones. The development of sea bream culture in Egypt is now severely inhibited by the shortage of seeds and adequate feeds. Exports of both sea bream and sea bass, during 1994–1996 averaged 1,300 tons per year.     

A Minchinia mercenariae‐like parasite infects cockles Cerastoderma edule in Galicia (NW Spain)

The cockle Cerastoderma edule fishery has traditionally been the most important shellfish species in terms of biomass in Galicia (NW Spain). In the course of a survey of the histopathological conditions affecting this species in the Ria of Arousa, a haplosporidan parasite that had not been observed in Galicia was detected in one of the most productive cockle beds of Galicia. Uni‐ and binucleate cells and multinucleate plasmodia were observed in the connective tissue mainly in the digestive area, gills and gonad. The parasite showed low prevalence, and it was not associated with abnormal cockle mortality. Molecular identification showed that this parasite was closely related to the haplosporidan Minchinia mercenariae that had been reported infecting hard clams Mercenaria mercenaria from the Atlantic coast of the United States. The molecular characterization of its SSU rDNA region allowed obtaining a fragment of 1,796 bp showing 98% homology with M. mercenariae parasite. Phylogenetic analysis supported this identification as this parasite was clustered in the same clade as M. mercenariae from the United States and other M. mercenariae‐like sequences from the UK, with bootstrap value of 99%. The occurrence of M. mercenariae‐like parasites infecting molluscs outside the United States is confirmed.     

Involvement of gonadal steroids in final oocyte maturation of white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops): in vivo and in vitro studies

Plasma estradiol-17 (E₂), testosterone (T), 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) and 17,20,21-tri-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20-S) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops) that were induced to undergo final oocyte maturation (FOM) with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Plasma DHP levels increased in females of both species in association with oocyte germinal vesicle migration (GVM) and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and decreased thereafter. Plasma 20-S levels also increased with oocyte GVM in white bass, but were several-fold lower than DHP levels. Circulating E₂ and T levels were greatest during GVM and GVBD in both species and decreased to low levels during oocyte hydration and ovulation. Follicles from white perch and white bass which received a priming injection of hCG in vivo, produced both DHP and 20-S in vitro after exposure to hCG and their oocytes underwent GVBD. Ovarian incubates from unprimed fish of either species produced only E₂ and T and their oocytes did not complete GVBD. Oocytes from unprimed bass, but not perch, matured when follicles were exposed to hCG in vitro. Both trilostane and cycloheximide blocked in vitro production of DHP and 20-S and oocyte GVBD by white perch follices. DHP and 20-S were equipotent inducers of FOM in the GVBD bioassay. None of several other structurally-related steroids tested were effective within a physiological range of concentrations. These results indicate a role for DHP and 20-S in the control of FOM in white perch and white bass.