用免疫消浊比浊法测定中国对虾血清中的免疫因子

近年来，对虾养殖业受到虾病的极大危害，防治虾病的关键之一是提高虾体本身的免疫抵抗力；为此，必须首先了解对虾的免疫机制，而目前这方面的报道不多。Ｓｄｅｒｈｌ［１９８２］及Ａｓｈｉｄａ等［１９８２］分别提出，酚氧化酶原系统（ｐｒｏＰＯＳｙｓｔｅｍ）在昆虫...     

不同投饵方式对黑鲪生长的影响

鱼类的生长受众多因素的影响,如温度、盐度、光周期、食物以及鱼类自身的生理状态等［１］。单就食物而言,生长就不仅受食物性质、食物数量的影响,而且还受投饵方式的影响［２,３］。在自然状态下,鱼类摄食有一定的周期性;在养殖中,投饵也常采用一定的时间间隔［４,５］,但研究不同投饵方式对鱼类生长的影响还较少。黑鲪（Ｓｅｂａｓｔｏｄｅｓｆｕｓｃｅｓｃｅｎｓ）是重要的海水养殖鱼种之一,目前关于黑鲪的研究还比较少［６］。本研究考察了不同投饵方式对黑鲪生长的影响,以期为其养殖提供基础数据。收稿日期：１９９８－１２…     

副溶血弧菌对斑节对虾和日本对虾的致病力研究

作为条件致病菌的弧菌，前人对其致病性已作了大量的研究，但不同研究者得出的结果很不一致，有的甚至相互矛盾［1－4］，其差异主要在于浸泡感染能否使健康对虾致病。因此，本实验以不同的感染方式以及不同的实验条件，对斑节对虾体内分离出的副溶血弧菌的致病力进行研究，以便了解对虾弧菌病的发病条件。１材料与方法１.１材料 对虾：体长７～９ ｃｍ的健康斑节对虾（Ｐｅｎａｅｕｓ ｍｏｎｏｎｄｏｎ）和日本对虾（Ｐ．ｊａｐｏｎｉｃｕｓ），直接购于养殖场。 菌株：对虾病原菌一副溶血弧菌（Ｖｉｂｒｉｏ ｐｏｒａ－ｈａｅｍｏｌｙｔｉ…     

柴河水库大银鱼生殖腺组织学的初步研究

对自然分布的大银鱼（Ｐｒｏｔｏｓａｌａｎｘｈｙａｌｏｃｒａｎｉｕｓ）成熟和产卵有过报道［１］,人工增养殖水域大银鱼的生物学和人工繁殖有过研究［２,３］,但其生殖腺组织学尚未见报道。大银鱼作为北方地区重要的移植增殖鱼类,我们在柴河水库移植增殖过程中,对...     

安心多和病免在对虾病害防治中的作用

安心多和病免在对虾病害防治中的作用［编者按］１９９４年７目１６日～１８日，中国水产学会、中国农学会情报学会在浙江舟山召开了全国水产报刊质量研时会。美国辉瑞公司食品科学都给予这次会议很大的支持，并在会上发布了最新科技成果，即安心多（Ａｓｔｏｓ）、病免（...     

中国对虾蜕皮与附肢刚毛发生关系的研究

中国对虾（Ｐｅｎａｅｕｓｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ）的蜕皮周期具有独特的、可预报的变化之特性。利用这一特性可确定中国对虾的蜕皮分为４个阶段：（１）蜕皮后期（阶段Ａ、Ｂ）：刚蜕皮之后；（２）不蜕皮期（阶段Ｃ１－３）：组织生长和食物贮藏期；（３）蜕皮前期（阶段Ｄ０－３）：为下次蜕皮准备有效的形态和生理变化；（４）蜕皮期（阶段Ｅ）：旧表皮脱落期。     

鱼类基因分子生物学及转基因鱼研究进展↑（*）

真核基因分子克隆技术的建立，提供了从核苷酸水平了解鱼类基因结构的手段。鱼类基因的分子克隆始于八十年代初、中期对虹鳟（Ｓａｌｍｏｇａｉｒｄｎｅｒｉ）鱼精蛋白基因［５２］和美洲黄盖鲽（Ｐｓｅｎｄｏｐｌｅｕｒｏｎｅｃｔｅｓａｍｅｒｉｃａｎｕｓ）抗冻蛋白（ＡＦＰ）基因［２２］的分子克隆，随后扩展到其他极地鱼类ＡＦＰ基因，接着扩展到鱼类生长激素（ＧＨ）基因、催乳激素（ＰＲＬ）基因、生长催乳素（ｓｏｍａｔｏｌａｃｔｉｎＳＬ）基因等数十个基因。对这些控制鱼类重要生理机能的基因结构的认识，无论在理论上还是在渔业…     

硫酸铜对三角帆蚌肝脏和鳃的毒害

硫酸铜常用于淡水珍珠养殖中的蚌病防治［张元培１９９４］,铜是生物体的必需微量元素,但当其浓度超过机体调节范围时,在体内累积过多,将会引起机体的酶活性［Ｚｅｒｖａｓ等１９９０］、生化成分［Ｓａｔｈｙａｎａｔｈａｎ等１９８８］、免疫系统［Ｋｕｃｈａｒｚ和Ｓｉｅｒａｋｏｗｓｋｉ１９８８］等方面的一系列变化,对其生长、生存造成危害［Ｅｗｉｎｇ等１９８２］。一般认为肝脏是解毒的器官,而鳃与水体外环境和机体内环境接触密切,也常被作为水生生物铜毒害的重要研究对象,但多集中在海洋生物［Ｍｉｌｌｅｒ和Ｍａｃｋａｙ…     

特定大鄂器官的分泌物试管内刺激白对虾卵母细胞

对虾养殖的工业化发展需要稳定数量和质量的苗种供应。虽然人们已知对虾产卵是受其激素控制并受个体、营养和生理状况的影响，但这个繁殖过程还有待于进一步研究。诱导卵巢发育和产卵的一种常用方法是切除眼柄，即去除眼柄上抑制性腺激素的X-窦腺器官，不过这种方法常会导致卵质和卵量的退化。很明显，有关卵巢发育和繁殖过程的基础内分泌学还需更多了解。     

饲料中的钙磷水平对中华绒螯蟹生长与饲料效率的影响

随着中华绒螯蟹（Ｅｒｉｏｃｈｅｉｒ ｓｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ，河蟹）养殖的迅速发展，对河蟹的营养生理和配合饲料方面的研究也有较大进展［１～６］，但迄今有关河蟹饲料中适宜钙磷含量的研究甚少，仅见到有关饲料矿物质适宜总量和钙磷含量对河蟹生长影响的初步报告［７］。本试验旨在了解钙磷对养殖河蟹生长和蜕壳的影响，为确定河蟹饲料中适宜的钙磷含量提供依据。１材料与方法１．１试验蟹及管理 试验蟹取自浙江上虞海涂养殖场，体重２９－３３ ｇ。随机分成９组，分别置于９只水族箱中，每箱２０只。箱内放置数块拱形瓦片供蟹栖息。发现蜕…     

Tank spawning of grass carp

Induced spawning of grass carp in indoor tanks without hand stripping of gametes is described. Circular tanks (1.83 m diameter) with biofiltration units were utilized for conditioning and spawning. This method was found to be successful and has several advantages over the dry-fertilization method: (1) preliminary ripening and spawning is conducted in small systems where the environment is controlled; (2) manpower requirements are reduced; (3) handling of brood fish is reduced, thereby minimizing mortalities; and (4) spawning occurs when the fish is physiologically ready, insuring good egg quality.     

Optimization of a spawning‑induction protocol for the prediction of natural coral spawning

Fisheries Science - Many scleractinian corals only spawn once a year, so opportunities for collecting their gametes are limited. Consequently, the induction of spawning in coral would be useful,...     

Influence of the spawning environment on final maturation and spawning in Japanese dace, Tribolodon hakonensis

Results of the present study demonstrated that a specific combination of spawning substrate and water current was indispensable for the spawning of mature Japanese dace, Triborodon hakonensis. It became evident that the environmental factors acted as a trigger for endocrine changes leading to final maturation in this species.     

White sturgeon spawning and discharge augmentation

Abstract Observed spawning events of endangered Kootenai River white sturgeon, Acipenser transmontanus (Richardson), during 1994–2002 were examined to evaluate the effects of discharge from Libby Dam on spawning. Discharge from Libby Dam was manipulated in most years to provide enhanced flows (hereafter, augmented discharge) for white sturgeon spawning. The annual onset of spawning appeared independent of augmented discharge because initial spawning occurred prior to augmented discharge in 4 of 6 years. Spawning began 2–11 days after the highest river discharge in 4 of 9 years. Linear regression analysis indicated the onset of spawning was positively related to mean daily discharge from the dam but not mean daily temperature, 1‐day change in discharge (Δ discharge) or 3‐day Δ discharge. Logistic regression analysis suggested the probability of a spawning event was influenced by Julian date, mean daily water temperature, mean daily discharge and the 7‐day Δ discharge, but the predictive indices were small. Minor fluctuations in temperature and discharge characteristics had little additional predictive benefit for spawning after the river reached spawning thresholds. The highest probability of spawning (0.48) was for the temperature interval 9.5–9.9 °C, and 93% of the estimated spawning events occurred above 8 °C. Sixty percent of the estimated spawning events occurred at discharges ≥600 m³ s^?1, which comprised 45% of the range of discharge values.     

Brook trout spawning areas in lakes

Abstract— Nine lakes containing self-sustaining populations of brook trout ( Salvelinus fontinalis ) were surveyed to provide quantitative information on the abundance and distribution of redd sites. We measured rates of groundwater flow at redds in four of these lakes, and in one of these lakes we also compared the frequency of site use over four years from spawning observations. The number of redd sites in each lake ranged from 1 to 53 (mean=30) with most found relatively close to shore (∼ 1 m deep). Spawning areas per lake (16.9–829.4 m²) were not related to lake size and were often not continuous areas of littoral zone habitat. Rates of groundwater flow in lakes, averaged across redd sites in each lake, ranged from 20.0 to 107.9 ml. m.⁻² min^−1. The intensive survey of redd site use in one lake demonstrated that only 11% of sites (10 of 92) were used in all four years of observation. The mean rates of groundwater flow at sites used in all four years were significantly greater than at sites used intermittently. Data from this and other studies point to the conservation of subcatchments associated with groundwater discharge areas used by spawning brook trout as a means of maintaining self-sustaining populations.     

Skipped spawning in female iteroparous fishes

It is often assumed that iteroparous fishes spawn annually once reaching sexual maturity, but this is not always the case. This paper reviews available information on skipped spawning in female teleost fishes. All instances of non‐annual spawning are described as one of three types (retaining, reabsorbing, resting), depending on where in the normal spawning cycle development has been interrupted. Retaining ripe eggs is caused by conditions experienced during the spawning season (fish density, mate availability, pollution), whereas failure to start vitellogenesis (resting) or the breakdown of all oocytes that enter into vitellogenesis (reabsorbing) is caused by factors experienced prior to the spawning season (primarily temperature and poor nutrition). It is speculated that the relative shortage of data on non‐annual spawning may be because of difficulties in identifying non‐reproductive individuals. In an attempt to rectify this situation, the criteria needed to identify females undergoing the three forms of spawning omission are presented in terms of external appearance of gonads, gonad indices, and histological analysis. The energy saved by not spawning in a poor year may lead to increased survival and the probability of spawning in subsequent years. As the cumulative number of progeny gained by surviving to spawn in multiple subsequent years outweighs the number of progeny lost by not spawning in a given single year, occasional omission of spawning may constitute an adaptive trait in long‐lived iteroparous fishes.     

Energy use in spawning Atlantic salmon

Abstract – We studied some of the factors that might influence energy use in spawning Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Single females were placed into an experimental channel with either one or three males, after which spawning was monitored continuously. Male status was confirmed using genetic parentage analysis. Daily fat loss was monitored with the Torry Fish Fatmeter and validated through biochemical analyses. Several comparisons were in the expected direction but not statistically significant and therefore require further study: daily fat loss appeared higher for dominant males relative to subordinate males and in the three‐male treatment relative to the one‐male treatment. Most of the variation among individuals remained unexplained, suggesting that several as yet unknown factors strongly influence fat loss in spawning salmon. A large and significant effect was that daily fat loss was higher for females than for males, a difference that might contribute to the shorter spawning duration typical of females.     

大口胭脂鱼三种接卵方法效果比较

美国大口胭脂鱼自 1 993年引入我国试养 ,湖北、浙江等省水产研究机构 1 996年 ,1 997年相继繁殖成功 ,为我国推广该品种打下了基础。据目前报道 ,仅进行了人工催产自然产卵自然孵化 ,没有进行室外自然产卵、室内产卵、人工孵化比较研究的报道。本试验就三种不同接卵方法对美国大口胭脂鱼产卵效果的影响作了探讨 ,供渔业同行参考。1　材料和方法1 1　亲鱼采取　系河南省水产科学研究所1 997年引进的美国大口胭脂鱼夏花 ,经三年池塘培育 ,雌鱼为初次性成熟亲鱼 ,个体重在0 8— 1 2ｋｇ之间 ;雄鱼为二次性成熟 ,个体重在 0 6— 1 0ｋｇ之…     

笋壳鱼的人工催产试验

选择网箱养殖的笋壳鱼 ,经长途运输、暂养后催产。要求水温 2 8 2～ 2 9℃ ,催产剂为HCG和LRH-A2 +DOM合剂 ,单独使用HCG剂量 90 0～ 10 0 0IU/kg ,效应时间 5 0～ 5 4h ;使用LRH -A2 +DOM合剂剂量4 0～ 5 0 μg +10～ 15mg/kg ,效应时间 4 8～ 5 2h。催产 14组亲鱼 ,催产成功率 85 7% ,平均受精率 95 % ,孵化率90 % ,出水花 2 9 7万尾。     

牛蛙的人工催产试验

进行了牛蛙人工催产药物、剂量和方法试验。结果表明,催产1龄亲蛙HCG的适宜剂量为4000IU/kg;催产2龄亲蛙尽量避免使用与第一次相同的催产药物;催产药物剂量与亲蛙的成熟度和水温密切相关;牛蛙的人工催产2龄亲蛙最好。