不同喂养条件下蒙古裸腹溲脂肪酸组成比较

比较不同食物和不同处理方式培养的蒙古裸腹溲脂肪酸组成，ＥＰＡ含量在用海水小球藻全培养时为２７．６％，用２种面包酵母培养的分别为５．６％和１０．７％，用鱼油强化的为７．４％和１０．５％。试验表明蒙古裸腹溲难以同化吸收食物中的ＤＨＡ，但在鱼油强化时其肠道中储存的油粒可含一定量的ＤＨＡ，因此可用ＤＨＡ含量高的鱼油短时间强化，以肠道为ＤＨＡ载体，来满足海水鱼苗的营养要求。     

50DE微囊营养强化轮虫DHA的研究↑（*）

应用５０ＤＥ微囊ＤＨＡ营养强化饵料强化轮虫试验，结果表明：试验Ａ、Ｂ两区强化６小时后轮虫ＤＨＡ／ＦＡ含量由最初的未检出上升为１．５％、４．０％，１２小时后达到最高峰，分别为７．５％和１０．３％、而对照Ｃ区在２４小时试验区间ＤＨＡ均未检出。     

服用多烯鱼油对母乳中DHA含量的动态研究

为研究国产鱼油制品对母乳中二十二碳六烯酸（ＤＨＡ）含量的影响，随机抽取１２名哺乳母亲为受试者，以气相色谱法测定母乳样本。测试结果表明，有８３．３％的受试者服用鱼油后的第２天乳汁中ＤＨＡ含量开始升高，所有受试者在服用鱼油的第８天乳汁中ＤＨＡ含量均高于服用鱼油前。证明哺乳期妇女服用高含量ＤＨＡ鱼油制品是提高母乳中ＤＨＡ含量的最直接有效的途径。     

海水鱼虾蟹类育苗中的新活饵料——蒙古裸腹溞

１９８２年笔者从晋南盐水中采到一种枝角类，经鉴定为蒙古裸腹（MoinamongolicaDaday）。这是我国枝角类的新纪录，也是大陆唯一得到承认的盐水裸腹。多年来大连水产学院师生在海水（盐度３１‰～３２‰）中对其生物学、生态学、大量培养方法和投喂试验作了广泛的研究，并在海水养殖实践中推广应用。一、形态蒙古裸腹雌体卵圆形、侧扁，成体淡黄色到褐色，体长１．０～１．４毫米，宽０．８毫米，幼体长０．６～０．７毫米，宽０．５毫米；雄体较狭长，０．８～１．０毫米。从外形到内部构造本种和常见淡水裸腹极相近，主要区别是雌体第一…     

三种海胆性腺总脂的脂肪酸组成的研究

本文采用了ＦＦＡＰ石英毛细和气相色谱柱，对光棘球海胆，虾夷马粪海胆及海刺猬的性腺中总脂的脂肪酸组成进行了研究。结果表明这几种海胆含有四十种以上的脂肪酸，分布十分相似。主要的ＨＵＦＡ为１８：４ｎ－３（３．２％－７．４），２０：４ｎ－６（６．４％－１６．７％）及２０：５ｎ－３（６．６％－１２．１％），并含有非常罕见的ｎ－５及ｎ－７烯酸。     

网箱养鲤中适宜投饲率的研究

１９９２年１９９３两年用粗蛋白含量２２－４２％的４种配合饲料、７种投饲率（３、４、５、６、７、８、９％）进行网箱养鲤时，５、６、７、８、９月的适宜投饲率分别为５－６％、７％、７．５％、６％和５％。在饲料粗蛋白含量为２０－４０％范围内，蛋白含量增减５％，投饲率应相应减增１％。     

酸败油脂和黄曲霉毒素对中国对虾（Penaeus Chinensis）生长的影响

分别在对虾配合饲料中添加酸败鱼油和含黄曲霉毒素花生饼粉养虾，鲑油的酸价为０．２，８．０，２２．４，３１．０ｍｇ／ｇ，黄曲霉毒素Ｂ１的含量为４７２．０ｐｐｂ，７８．７ｐｐ。试验进行了２８天，其结果如下；随着鱼油酸价的增高，以上四组对虾的增重率依次为７２．４％，３７．０％，２９．２％，２７．５％；成活率依次为８３．１％，５９．６％，５８．０％．５３．０％；消化率依次为７８．７％，６８．５％，６３．３％     

蒙古裸腹溞在鮸鱼仔稚鱼培育中的应用试验

结合鮸鱼人工育苗生产实践，进行蒙古裸腹潘在鮸鱼仔稚鱼培育中的应用试验，育苗成活率达20．3％，表明通过营养强化的蒙古裸腹溞是鮸鱼仔稚鱼的适宜活饵料。     

鱼体质量对鱼油组成及氧化特性的影响

本文以不同质量的鱼及生产出的鱼油为原料，研究了鱼体质量对鱼油组成及氧化特性的影响。氧化程度即鱼油的化学发光强度随鱼体质量下降而上升。化学发光强度与ＥＰＡ、ＤＨＡ含量无明显关系。随鱼体质量下降，鱼油颜色由浅而深，且共轭二烯系含量，游离脂肪酸和甘油二酯含量增加，鱼油中甘油三脂与鱼体总挥发性氨基氮呈负相关，由低质鱼生产的鱼油较易氧化。     

国外简讯

从制鱼酱废物中提取ＤＨＡ和ＥＰＡ　　日本石川县工业试验场及县农业大学食品科学系研究发现，加工鱼酱的下脚料中含有多量具有促进大脑发育等功能的ＤＨＡ。制作鱼酱是在乌贼及其内脏和沙丁鱼中加入盐，在木桶中腌渍１～２年后，上层为未分解的脂肪及骨等浮渣，下层为成品鱼露。试验人员将浮渣干燥成粉末后，再用超临界流体抽出装置抽提出脂肪，结果，从乌贼浮渣中可提取五成脂质，从沙丁鱼浮渣可提取两成脂质。乌贼脂质中含１７％的ＤＨＡ和１０％的ＥＰＡ，沙丁鱼脂质中所含的ＤＨＡ和ＥＰＡ分别达６％和１０％。ＥＰＡ有降低胆固醇及中…     

Influence of all-trans retinoic acid on pigmentation and skeletal formation in larval Japanese flounder

ABSTRACT: The effect of all- trans retinoic acid (atRA) on pigmentation and skeletal formation of Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus was investigated. Five groups of flounder larvae were fed live food enriched with 0.5 mL docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) 38G oil containing 10 mg of atRA/10 L of culture medium during different developmental stages; that is, A–B, C–D, E–F, G–H, and I. The control group was fed live food enriched with only DHA 38G oil. Flounder that were fed live food enriched with atRA during the A–B stages showed albinism, and mandible and severe caudal defects (albinism 75.7%, lower jaw defects 75%, caudal defects 100%). Occurrence of these abnormalities in other groups was 0%, 1–4%, and 4.5–10.7%, respectively. Administration of atRA during the A–B stages also caused a high number of vertebrae mainly in the caudal area. Moreover, additional abdominal vertebrae had formed in 25% of fish that were fed live food enriched with atRA in the A–B stages. These results indicate that the effect of atRA is dependent on the developmental stage of flounder larvae and they also suggest that morphological and color abnormalities in flounder were induced by atRA accumulated in live food (rotifers 13 mg/g; Artemia 1.6 mg/g), especially during the A–B stages.     

不同饵料对真蛸浮游幼体生长和存活的影响

为了满足真蛸浮游幼体阶段的营养需要,研究了几种饵料生物对真蛸浮游幼体的育苗效果。结果表明:轮虫不宜作为真蛸浮游幼体的生物饵料;恒温培养试验得出混合营养强化的丰年虫幼体的育苗效果优于混合营养强化的蒙古裸腹溞,并优于小球藻强化的丰年虫幼体及蒙古裸腹溞;常温试验得出梭子蟹溞状幼体+丰年虫幼体组合的饵料效果最好,而微囊营养强化剂强化的丰年虫幼体的育苗效果好于混合营养组合。综上所述,可认为:梭子蟹溞状幼体+丰年虫幼体组合是真蛸浮游幼体期比较适宜的饵料。     

微粒饲料中以微藻粉替代鱼油对牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)稚鱼生长存活和脂肪酸组成的影响

以18日龄的牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)稚鱼为研究对象,通过11 d 的生长实验,研究了添加不同比例的微藻粉替代鱼油对牙鲆稚鱼生长、存活率和脂肪酸组成的影响。以鱼油组(FO)为对照组,以裂壶藻粉(Schizochytrium sp.)、微绿球藻粉(Nannochloropsis sp.)和橄榄油替代不同比例的鱼油,配制成5组等氮等能的实验饲料,分别命名为鱼油组(FO),50%混合替代组(M50)、100%混合替代组(M100)、100%裂壶藻橄榄油替代组(S100)、100%微绿球藻橄榄油替代组(N100)。结果显示,微藻粉替代鱼油对牙鲆稚鱼的生长无显著影响;含有裂壶藻的各饲料组(M50、M100、S100)成活率显著高于 FO 组和 N100组(P?0.05);微藻粉替代鱼油不影响牙鲆稚鱼主要脂肪酸的组成;Person相关性分析发现,C14：0、C16：1n-7、C18：2n-6、C20：0、C18：3n-3、C22：0、C20：4n-3、EPA、C22：5n-6和 DHA 的百分含量均与其饲料中的百分含量呈显著正相关(P<0.05);总饱和脂肪酸、总单不饱和脂肪酸、n-3多不饱和脂肪酸的百分含量以及 DHA/EPA 比率均与其饲料组成表现出显著正相关(P<0.05)。综上所述,微藻作为脂肪源替代鱼油完全可以满足牙鲆稚鱼的生长和发育,各种脂肪酸均可以被牙鲆稚鱼充分消化和吸收,并且添加两种微藻后提高了稚鱼的 DHA 含量和 DHA/EPA 比率,与鱼油对照组相比显著提高了牙鲆稚鱼的成活率。因此,以微藻替代鱼油在牙鲆稚鱼的培育中是可行的。     

Effects of dietary fish oil replacement by microalgae raw materials on growth performance,body composition and fatty acid profile of juvenile olive flounder,Paralichthys olivaceus

Replacing dietary fish oil with DHA‐rich microalgae Schizochytrium sp. and EPA‐rich microalgae Nannochloropsis sp. for olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) was examined. Three experimental isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets with lipid source provided by 50% fish oil (F50S50), 50% (M50F25S25) and 100% microalgae raw material (M100) respectively were compared with a soybean oil (S100) diet as control. Triplicate groups of olive flounder juveniles (16.5 ± 0.91 g) were fed the experimental diets, and a group was fed the control diets for 8 weeks in a recirculation system. Results showed feed efficiency and growth performance were not significantly changed when fish oil (FO) was totally substituted by soybean oil (SO) or microalgae raw material (MRM). The whole‐body composition, lipid content of liver and muscle, and lipid composition of plasma were not significantly influenced by the total substitution of FO by MRM. The polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) content of muscle and liver declined in fish fed S100 diet, whereas it was not significantly reduced in fish fed M50F25S25 and M100 diets. The total substitution of FO by MRM not only maintained the levels of arachidonic acid, EPA or DHA but also increased n‐3/n‐6 ratio. In conclusion, MRM as the sole lipid source is sufficient to obtain good feed efficiency, growth performance and human health value in olive flounder juveniles.     

The effect of vitamins C and E in (n-3) highly unsaturated fatty acids-enriched Artemia nauplii on growth, survival, and stress resistance of fresh water walleye Stizostedion vitreum larvae

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of enriching Artemia nauplii with vitamin C (ascorbyl-6 palmitate) or vitamin E (α-tocopherol acetate), 20% w/w, together with a mixture of concentrated eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5 n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6 n-3) on the growth, survival, and stress resistance of fresh water walleye Stizostedion vitreum larvae. Either cod liver oil (CLO) or EPA/DHA ethyl esters concentrate was used as lipid sources in the Artemia enrichment. Walleye larvae were fed ad libitum for 40 days. At day 40, submersion in salt water (25 g L⁻¹) was performed to evaluate larvae resistance to stress. EPA and DHA levels in walleye juveniles fed EPA/DHA-enriched Artemia increased significantly, by an average of 650% compared with fish fed non-enriched Artemia . A significant increase was found for vitamins C (71.8 ± 1.0 and 42.7 ± 1.2 μg g⁻¹ wet weight (WW)) and E (17.0 ± 3.7 and 6.5 ± 0.9 μg g⁻¹WW) concentrations in fish fed enriched and unenriched Artemia , respectively. Growth was comparable throughout treatments, whereas survival was significantly higher in fish fed CLO-enriched Artemia nauplii compared with fish fed Artemia nauplii enriched with EPA/DHA concentrate. The addition of vitamin C increased fish survival by 1.4-fold compared with fish fed Artemia enriched with only EPA/DHA concentrate. The survival of the latter was similar to control fish ( Artemia without enrichment). The supplementation of vitamin E did not affect fish survival significantly. Stress tests revealed that the resistance of walleye larvae to salinity changes increased when Artemia enrichment was supplemented with vitamin C. However, walleye larvae fed CLO-enriched Artemia had the best performances in the stress test.     

Two microalgae Crypthecodinium cohnii and Phaeodactylum tricornutum as alternative source of essential fatty acids in starter feeds for seabream (Sparus aurata)

Despite oils extracted from algae and other microorganisms that may constitute excellent sources of HUFAs, few studies have determined the nutritional value of different microalgal species for young marine fish. Six thousand gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) postlarvae (73 mg body weight) were fed for 57 days diets containing either fish oil as a single lipid source or 2 and 4% of Cryptecodinum cohnii or 5% Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Fish oil substitution by C. cohnii resulted in improved fish survival and a very good growth performance, in agreement with a higher proportion of DHA in diets and in total lipids of fish. Incorporation of DHA and other fatty acids was proportional to their contents in diet suggesting the good nutritional utilization of homogenized C. cohnii. Lower survival rates were found in fish fed P. tricornutum and could be related to an epithelial degeneration observed in the anterior intestine. This degeneration could be related to a higher lipid content in these fish or to the strong hornlike cornutate processes found in the valves of the diatom P. tricornutum.     

Effects of dietary docosahexaenoic acid sources,microalgae meal and oil,on growth,fatty acid composition and docosahexaenoic acid retention of orange‐spotted grouper,Epinephelus coioides

This study evaluated the effects of Aurantiochytrium spp. microalgae meal and oil as dietary docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) sources on the growth, fatty acid composition and DHA retention of orange‐spotted grouper, Epinephelus coioides. Dietary fish oil was replaced with microalgae meal or oil to provide an equal amount of DHA as a fish oil‐containing basal diet. In total, three experimental diets were fed to triplicate groups of fish (initial wt: 8.48 ± 0.06 g) in a recirculating system for 8 weeks. The weight gain and feed efficiency of the fish did not differ significantly among the experimental diets. The fatty acid composition of the whole body of the fish generally reflected the composition of their diet. The concentration of eicosapentaenoic acid in the whole body was higher in the fish fed the fish meal control diet than in those fed the two experimental diets The fish fed the control diet and those fed the diet containing microalgae oil exhibited higher DHA concentrations than did the fish fed the diet containing microalgae meal. The whole‐body DHA retention was the highest in the fish fed the diet with microalgae oil, followed by the fish fed the control diet. The lowest whole‐body DHA retention was observed in the fish fed the diet containing microalgae meal. The results suggested that the oil from Aurantiochytrium spp. microalgae can be used as DHA source for the grouper. DHA utilization by the fish was higher when the diet was supplemented with microalgae oil than with dry microalgae meal.     

Larval pigmentation, survival and growth of Penaeus indicus fed the nematode Panagrellus redivivus enriched with astaxanthin and various lipids

The highly unsaturated fatty acid (HUFA) content of the free-living nematode Panagrellus redivivus was successfully increased when three different lipid sources (cod-liver oil, marilla oil and capelin oil) from marine animals were used in the nematode culture medium. The lipid enrichment significantly increased the ω3 HUFA content, particularly eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), of the nematodes compared with lipid non-enriched nematodes. Penaeus indicus larvae fed the lipid-enriched nematodes had significantly ( P < 0.05) greater larval survival (69–77%) until metamorphosis than those fed non-enriched nematodes (54%).
This nematode species was also enriched with astaxanthin to determine the effects of this carotenoid on pigmentation, survival and growth during the larval development of P. indicus . The pigment, delivered via nematodes, significantly ( P < 0.05) improved larval coloration and survival (88%) compared with that of placebo-pigmented nematodes (78%). However, there was no strong evidence to show the benefit of either pigment and/or lipid enrichment on larval growth and development of P. indicus .
This study has shown that the nutritional value of the nematodes can be enhanced by the addition of fish oil into the culture medium. Supplementation of EPA and DHA, together with synthetic astaxanthin, allow the nematodes to be used as a sole diet for the larval culture of P. indicus .     

Effect of different dietary levels of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6w-3) on the DHA composition of lipid classes in sea bass larvae eyes

The effect of different dietary levels of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6w-3) on the corresponding composition of lipid classes of the eyes of sea bass, Dicentraxrchus labrax, larvae was studied using Artemia nauplii enriched with different products: oil emulsions, liposomes, a dry microalga and baker's yeast. DHA was found to be a major constituent of phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylethanolamine of visual tissues. The different DHA dietary levels were markedly reflected in the fatty acid composition of the lipid classes of eyes, suggesting a dose-dependent relationship between DHA in the food and in visual tissue lipids of sea bass larvae. The possible implications of this dietary effect are discussed.     

Effects of dietary eicosapentaenoic acid on growth, survival, pigmentation and fatty acid composition in Senegal sole (Solea senegalensis) larvae during the Artemia feeding period

We examined the effect of dietary eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n‐3) on growth, survival, pigmentation and fatty acid composition of Senegal sole larvae. From 3 to 40 days post‐hatch (dph), larvae were fed live food that had been enriched using one of four experimental emulsions containing graduated concentrations of EPA and constant docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n‐3) and arachidonic acid (ARA, 20:4n‐6). Final proportions of EPA in the enriched Artemia nauplii were described as ‘nil’ (EPA‐N, 0.5% total fatty acids, TFA), ‘low’ (EPA‐L, 10.7% TFA), ‘medium’ (EPA‐M, 20.3% TFA) or ‘high’ (EPA‐H, 29.5% TFA). Significant differences among dietary treatments in larval length were observed at 25, 30 and 40 dph, and in dry weight at 30 and 40 dph, although no significant correlation could be found between dietary EPA content and growth. Eye migration at 17 and 25 dph was affected by dietary levels of EPA. Significantly lower survival was observed in fish fed EPA‐H diet. Lower percentage of fish fed EPA‐N (82.7%) and EPA‐L (82.9%) diets were normally pigmented compared with the fish fed EPA‐M (98.1%) and EPA‐H (99.4%) enriched nauplii. Tissue fatty acid concentrations reflected the corresponding dietary composition. ARA and DHA levels in all the tissues examined were inversely related to dietary EPA. This work concluded that Senegal sole larvae have a very low EPA requirement during the live feeding period.