眼柄摘除对红螯光壳螯虾生长、性腺发育及体色的影响

为探究眼柄摘除对红螯光壳螯虾(Cherax quadriarinatus)生长、性腺发育及体色的影响,对6月龄红螯光壳螯虾[体质量(47. 47±3. 48) g]进行了摘除眼柄处理实验。结果显示,4周后摘除双侧眼柄组红螯光壳螯虾体质量为(84. 40±13. 41) g,显著高于不摘除眼柄组[(49. 63±6. 47) g]和摘除单侧眼柄组[(51. 47±4. 08) g](P 0. 05);摘除双侧眼柄组红螯光壳螯虾存活率为60. 0%±4. 8%,显著低于不摘除眼柄组和摘除单侧眼柄组(分别为94. 4%±2. 3%和97. 2%±2. 1%);摘除双侧眼柄组红螯光壳螯虾性腺指数为1. 23±0. 50,显著高于不摘除眼柄组(0. 20±0. 06)和摘除单侧眼柄组(0. 35±0. 08)。利用Image J软件对红螯光壳螯虾体色RGB值分析表明,摘除双眼柄组红螯光壳螯虾体色G值和B值(分别为99. 26±5. 23和98. 40±3. 58)显著高于摘除单侧眼柄组(59. 02±3. 85和44. 07±4. 57)(P 0. 05)。结果表明,眼柄摘除能促进红螯光壳螯虾生长和性腺发育,影响体色变化。     

红螯光壳螯虾(Cherax quadricarinatus)酚氧化酶原基因的克隆与表达分析

为深入了解红螯光壳螯虾酚氧化酶原(proPO)基因的非特异性免疫机制,利用RACE技术从红螯光壳螯虾血细胞中克隆到酚氧化酶原基因cqproPO,cqproPO基因cDNA全长为2 962 bp,开放阅读框为1 998 bp,编码665个氨基酸,其结构中含有两个铜离子结合位点,预测分子量为75.86 ku;同源性比对结果显示,红螯光壳螯虾CqproPO与克氏原螯虾酚氧化酶原的同源性最高为79％,其次是淡水螯虾74％、挪威龙虾69％、美国龙虾67％等;进化分析发现CqproPO与克氏原鳌虾、淡水螯虾、挪威龙虾、美国龙虾等的酚氧化酶原亲缘关系最近;Realtime-PCR实验结果表明,CqproPO在血细胞中表达水平最高,其次是肠、触角腺、鳃等;在肝胰腺中有适量表达;WSSV感染后红螯光壳螯虾CqproPO mRNA在血细胞、肝胰腺和鳃组织中具有不同的时空表达趋势,但感染组和免疫后感染组mRNA表达量分别在感染后12h和24 h达到最大值,且在3种组织中2个感染组的CqproPO表达量为对照组的1.3 ～2.55倍,显著高于对照组(P＜0.05),之后cqproPO基因的转录水平明显下降.免疫后再受病毒感染的虾,CqproPO mRNA的表达量在3种组织中总体高于感染组,感染7d后的免疫保护率达到51.86％,表明免疫增强剂可使机体的抗病毒能力增强,对防御WSSV感染具有一定的免疫保护作用.     

饲料中大豆磷脂对红螯光壳螯虾性腺发育期营养物质积累的影响

基础饲料中添加5种不同水平的大豆磷脂(SL):0%(Diet 1),1%(Diet 2),2%(Diet 3),4%(Diet 4)和6%(Diet 5)。饲喂初始体质量为(25.64±1.53)g的红螯光壳螯虾(Cherax quadricarinatus)雌虾8周,观察其卵巢发育期个体生长、性腺指数等参数的变化,分析卵巢和肝胰腺营养物质积累的快慢以及与营养物质积累相关基因脂肪酸结合蛋白(FABP)mRNA表达的差异。结果表明:饲料中不同水平的SL对卵巢发育期红螯光壳螯虾的成活率和相对增重率(WG)影响不显著(P>0.05),但饲喂≥2%(SL)饲料的雌虾性腺指数(GSI)显著升高(P<0.05),雌虾的肝胰腺指数(HSI)则随饲料中SL的增加而呈下降趋势(P>0.05);随着饲料中SL的增加,虾肝胰腺中脂滴的体积增大,数量增多,结构更加完整,质地更加均匀,卵巢中脂滴和卵黄颗粒的数量增多,体积增大;同时,饲料中SL的增加促进了FABP在肝胰腺和卵巢中的表达量。综上所述,饲料中的SL对红螯光壳螯虾雌虾卵巢发育具有促进作用,在培育红螯光壳螯虾雌虾亲体过程中,含6.5%鱼油的基础饲料至少补充2%的SL有利于雌虾卵巢的快速发育。本研究旨在为深入研究虾蟹生殖生理学和规模化红螯光壳螯虾早繁苗种生产等提供基础资料。     

红螯光壳螯虾组织蛋白酶L基因的克隆及维生素C对其表达的影响

为深入了解红螯光壳螯虾组织蛋白酶L基因的表达特性及维生素C对其表达的影响,实验利用RACE-PCR技术及荧光定量PCR技术,从红螯光壳螯虾肝胰腺中克隆得到组织蛋白酶L基因cDNA全长序列,命名为CqCatL(GenBank登录号:KJ913663),同时检测了该基因在红螯光壳螯虾各个组织及添加了不同浓度维生素C的组别中的表达。结果显示,该基因全长1 810 bp,开放阅读框长度为1 026 bp,编码341个氨基酸残基,预测的分子量和等电点(pI)分别为37.63 ku和5.17。同源性分析结果显示,该基因编码的蛋白与其他虾蟹类有较高的相似性,说明组织蛋白酶L基因在甲壳动物具有较高的保守性。组织荧光定量PCR结果显示,CqCatL基因在红螯光壳螯虾的多个组织中均有表达,其中肝胰腺中表达量最高,其次为血细胞,在肠及触角腺中也有一定量的表达。在基础饲料中添加不同水平的维生素C后,CqCatL基因的表达量也存在明显差异,其中维生素C添加量为400 mg/kg的组别中该基因的表达量最高。研究表明,组织蛋白酶L基因在红螯光壳螯虾的生长发育过程中有重要的作用,且其表达量受维生素C的影响。     

澳大利亚红螯螯虾简介

澳大利亚红螯螯虾(Cherax quadricarinatus)国内也有人称为澳洲龙虾、红爪龙虾或淡水龙虾，台湾省译为四脊滑龙虾，产于澳大利亚北部。隶属甲壳纲、十足目、长尾亚目、拟河虾科、光壳虾属。此虾个体大、适应环境能力强(终身生活在淡水中)、食性广、能进行高密度养殖。红螯螯虾味道鲜美，营养丰富，深受人们喜爱。发展红螯螯虾养殖前景广阔。     

红螯螯虾（chrtax quadricarinatus）人工繁殖试验

红螯螯虾属拟螯虾科,光壳虾属,俗称淡水龙虾,原产澳大利亚北部,个体大,生长快,食性杂,为热带淡水虾类。我国自９０年代初开始引进。１９９８年我们进行了水泥池人工繁殖试验,初获成功,现总结如下。１条件与方法１．１亲虾培育选留上年养成的成虾作繁殖之用。选择...     

急性氨氮胁迫对红螯螯虾血细胞凋亡的影响

氨氮是水产养殖过程中的常见毒性污染物之一,为探讨氨氮对红螯螯虾(Cherax quadricarinatus)血细胞的细胞毒性机制,研究了氨氮胁迫作用下红螯螯虾血细胞凋亡状态的变化。以17.6mg/L氨氮对红螯螯虾幼虾进行急性胁迫,于胁迫后的0、48、72和96h取血淋巴,应用流式细胞术测定血细胞总数(THC)、胞内游离Ca~(2+)含量、线粒体膜电位(MMP)和血细胞凋亡率。结果显示,红螯螯虾的THC在胁迫的72h开始有显著的下降,在96h时达到最低值;血细胞胞内游离Ca~(2+)含量在48h开始有显著的升高,在96h达到最高值;血细胞MMP在72h开始有显著的下降,在96h达到最低值;血细胞凋亡率在72h开始有显著的升高,在96h时达到最高值,为9.39%。这些结果表明,胞内游离Ca~(2+)含量是对氨氮胁迫最为敏感的指标;氨氮急性胁迫诱导红螯螯虾血细胞发生了Ca~(2+)参与调节、线粒体通路相关的细胞凋亡,从而导致了THC的下降。     

红螯光壳螯虾细胞自噬过程中自噬体与微管相互作用

昆虫方面研究提示自噬在病毒侵染增殖中发挥了重要作用,而虾类自噬研究报道极少,了解虾类细胞自噬将为虾病害免疫研究开辟新的思路。自噬相关蛋白LC3是自噬过程的标志性蛋白,存在于自噬体膜上,前期生物信息学分析发现,红螯光壳螯虾自噬相关蛋白LC3(CqLC3)和微管蛋白α-tubulin (Cqα-tubulin)具有互作关系。为深入揭示红螯光壳螯虾细胞自噬体的运输途径,本实验通过体外重组构建了蛋白表达载体pET-HISCqLC3和pET-GST-Cqα-tubulin,并诱导表达,利用亲和层析法分别纯化获得HIS和GST融合表达蛋白HIS-CqLC3和GST-Cqα-tubulin,利用GST pull-down实验验证发现,CqLC3与Cqα-tubulin存在相互作用。微管抑制剂长春新碱解聚微管后,利用MDC染色法检测自噬体发现,红螯光壳螯虾细胞微管解聚破坏后自噬体积累增多,细胞不能正常完成自噬反应,因此可知,红螯光壳螯虾细胞自噬体可通过CqLC3与微管相互作用,微管在红螯光壳螯虾细胞自噬过程中对自噬体的运输具有重要作用。本文首次揭示了虾类细胞自噬反应中自噬体的运输途径,研究结果为虾类细胞自噬的研究奠定了基础。     

红螯螯虾人工繁殖技术研究

2006-2010年成功进行了红螯螯虾的人工繁育生产,掌握了红螯螯虾的亲虾培育、抱卵虾孵化和幼虾培育关键技术.红螯螯虾亲虾适宜在土池中进行稀养方式培育,繁殖亲虾规格宜在60 g/尾以上;水温达20℃以上,红螯螯虾可交配产卵;红螯螯虾属一年多次产卵类型.胚胎发育适宜温度20～32℃,孵化时间4～13周,在22～30℃温度...     

饲料中非蛋白能源物质对红螯光壳螯虾幼虾生长、生理、生化指标的影响

在等蛋白质、等能量基础上,研究碳水化合物与脂类比例(CHO∶L)为10.75∶1、4.81∶1、2.66∶1、1.52∶1和0.87∶1的5组试验饲料对红螯光壳螯虾[初始体质量(1.72±0.01)g]相关生长、生理、生化指标的影响。8周试验结果表明,CHO∶L比例为2.66∶1时,红螯光壳螯虾的增重率、特定生长率和饲料利用率达到最高。高比例的CHO∶L(10.75∶1)和低比例的CHO∶L(0.87∶1)都会显著地抑制(P<0.05)红螯光壳螯虾的生长和饲料的利用。饲料脂肪水平为40～145 g/kg时,虾的脂肪酶和碱性磷酸酶活力显著升高(P<0.05),己糖激酶和丙酮酸激酶活力则呈显著降低趋势(P<0.05)。CHO∶L对虾胃蛋白酶活力影响显著(P<0.01),CHO∶L为2.66∶1和1.52∶1表现出比较高的活力,显著高于(P<0.05)其它试验组。碳水化合物为156.3～360.4 g/kg范围内,虾淀粉酶活力随饲料中碳水化合物的升高而显著升高(P<0.01)。红螯光壳螯虾增重率分别与饲料中碳水化合物和脂肪水平进行二次回归分析得出,红螯光壳螯虾对配合饲料中碳水化合物和脂肪的最适需求量分别为268.28和120.22 g/kg,相对应的CHO∶L为2.20∶1,且红螯光壳螯虾对碳水化合物的利用能力要高于对脂肪的利用。     

白洋淀日本沼虾血细胞的初步研究

对取自华北白洋淀种群的日本沼虾(Macrobrachium nipponense)血细胞进行显微形态观察、分类、测量和计数。依据细胞的形态,胞质中颗粒的数量和密度以及细胞的核质比把日本沼虾血细胞分为透明细胞(hyaline cell,HC)、半颗粒细胞(semigranular cell,SGC)和颗粒细胞(granular cell,GC)3类。血细胞大小依次为颗粒细胞>半颗粒细胞>透明细胞。血细胞密度为(1.13±0.50)×106个/mL,其中GC占48.5%,SGC占31.8%,HC占19.7%。并对我国日本沼虾的华南种群、华中种群及白洋淀所在地华北种群的血细胞大小和数量进行了比较。     

Purification of white spot syndrome virus by iodixanol density gradient centrifugation

Up to now, only a few brief procedures for purifying white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) have been described. They were mainly based on sucrose, NaBr and CsCl density gradient centrifugation. This work describes for the first time the purification of WSSV through iodixanol density gradients, using virus isolated from infected tissues and haemolymph of Penaeus vannamei (Boone). The purification from tissues included a concentration step by centrifugation (2.5 h at 60 000  g ) onto a 50% iodixanol cushion and a purification step by centrifugation (3 h at 80 000  g ) through a discontinuous iodixanol gradient (phosphate‐buffered saline, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%). The purification from infected haemolymph enclosed a dialysis step with a membrane of 1 000 kDa (18 h) and a purification step through the earlier iodixanol gradient. The gradients were collected in fractions and analysed. The number of particles, infectivity titre (in vivo), total protein and viral protein content were evaluated. The purification from infected tissues gave WSSV suspensions with a very high infectivity and an acceptable purity, while virus purified from haemolymph had a high infectivity and a very high purity. Additionally, it was observed that WSSV has an unusually low buoyant density and that it is very sensitive to high external pressures.     

Erythrocyte fractionation by velocity sedimentation and discontinuous density gradient centrifugation

Investigation of development, maturation and senescence in fish red blood cells depends on effective separation methods. Preliminary to initiation of studies of this type the erythrocytes of goldfish,Carassius auratus, and rainbow trout,Oncorhynchus mykiss, were fractionated by velocity sedimentation at unit gravity or discontinuous Percoll density gradient centrifugation in an attempt to separate and characterize enriched populations of juvenile and mature cells. Cytomorphological variables were assessed by microphotography (trout) and image analysis (goldfish). In both species velocity sedimentation led to fractions which were readily recognized in terms of mean length (maximum cell chord), area and shape (chord ratio, form factor), and sufficiently enriched for some types of study. Density gradient centrifugation also lead to cell separation. However, fractional densities appeared to reflect nuclear rather than cellular morphologies, and the fractions obtained were not readily categorized in relation to stage of development. Accordingly, at the present time, velocity sedimentation appears to offer the more suitable means for fractionating red cells for investigation of maturation and aging processes.     

A technique for separating high- and low-quality embryos of the scallop, Pecten maximus L.

This paper describes an original technique for separating the embryos of scallop Pecten maximus collected in a hatchery, according to their quality. This technique is a centrifugation on Percoll (colloidal polyvinyl pyrrolidone-coated silica) gradient. It has been adapted from the techniques commonly used to separate mammalian spermatozoa. After centrifugation with coloured marker beads of standard density, different bands of embryos appeared clearest with the 30.6% Percoll media. The study of each band using photonic and transmission electron microscopes showed that the structural characteristics of the embryos differed depending on the bands. The intermediate stratum (density 1.042) was constituted of embryos whose cytological features were better than in the other bands. The success of larval rearing in the hatchery was positively correlated with the relative thickness of this intermediate stratum.     

黄鳍棘鲷重组IL-1β的表达及生物学活性检测

将扩增得到的黄鳍棘鲷Acanthopagrus latus白细胞介素1β（Interleukin 1β，IL-1β）基因克隆到表达载体pQE30，并转化到大肠杆菌M15中进行表达。采用Ni^2＋-Chelating Sepharose FF层析对重组蛋白进行纯化，并用梯度透析对纯化蛋白进行复性。经SDS-PAGE和Western Blot分析，获得了分子量为21kD的重组白细胞介素1β（Recombinant Interleukin 1β，rIL-1β）。采用Percoll不连续密度梯度离心分离黄鳍棘鲷头肾白细胞，在分离液密度1．080g／ml的界面上可以有效富集白细胞。用不同终浓度的rlL-1β和5μg／ml脂多糖（LPS）刺激培养的黄鳍棘鲷头肾白细胞，23℃培养4h后提取细胞的总RNA，经RT-PCR半定量检测，当培养基中rIL-1β的浓度达到20ng／ml时可以提高IL-1β基因的转录水平，与5ug／ml LPS的刺激效果相当，表达的重组蛋白表现出很好的生物学活性。     

Use of an ELISA-based assay for the detection of antibody-secreting cells in channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque)

Abstract. An ELISA-bascd plaque assay for the detection and quantification of antibody-secreting cells has been adapted for use in fish. The assay involves incubating catfish lymphocytes in 24-well plates previously coated with the antigen of interest. Cells producing antibody to the antigen leave an immunological fingerprint of bound antibody which is detected through the use of an ELISA technique to yield a colored plaque (Elisaplaque). Specificity of the assay was established by demonstrating that cells taken from fish vaccinated with an antigen exhibit the greatest response on plates coated with the given antigen. A strong positive correlation was also demonstrated between the number of Elisaplaques generated and serum agglutination titre. Using the ELISA plaque assay, it was found that antibody-secreting lymphocytes located at a different density interface and behaved differently from other lymphocyte populations when separated through discontinuous Percoll gradient centrifugation. Among the haematopoietic organs examined, the head kidney appeared to produce more antibody-secreting cells per million lymphocytes than did spleen or peripheral blood lymphocytes.     

斜带石斑鱼肝细胞分离及原代培养方法的建立

本研究以斜带石斑鱼肝细胞为实验对象,在不同培养条件下进行原代培养,旨在探讨稳定可靠的斜带石斑鱼肝细胞分离及原代培养方法。采用组织块分离法和胰蛋白酶(含EDTA)消化法分离肝细胞,并通过密度梯度离心法分离纯化肝细胞,细胞悬液于DMEM/F-12、M199和L-15培养液中培养;细胞活力及数量采用血球计数板计数,并通过MTT法测定细胞增殖率;同时,测定不同时间培养上清液中乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活性、白蛋白(ALB)和尿素氮(BUN)的含量,以分析肝细胞生长状态。结果表明,组织块方法不适于斜带石斑鱼肝细胞的培养,未见细胞从组织块中迁出,而胰蛋白酶消化法获得良好稳定的培养效果,细胞产量达到1.6×108个/g肝重,活细胞数达到95%;L-15培养基细胞生长明显优于DMEM/F-12和M199培养基;启动原代培养的48~72 h阶段肝细胞生长代谢旺盛,培养上清液中LDH活性显著降低,ALB和BUN含量显著升高。结果显示,0.25%的胰蛋白酶常温消化法适合斜带石斑鱼肝细胞的分离,斜带石斑鱼肝细胞原代培养的最适培养基为L-15培养基,肝细胞在启动原代培养的48~72 h生长代谢旺盛。     

Functional characterization of Farfantepenaeus californiensis, Litopenaeus vannamei and L. stylirostris haemocyte separated using density gradient centrifugation

Haemocytes from penaeid shrimp (Farfantepenaeus californiensis, Litopenaeus vannamei and L. stylirostris) were separated using a discontinuous Percoll gradient. Shrimp haemocytes were spontaneously adhered to glass, allowing slide preparations for staining and microscopic differential counting. Like other crustaceans, shrimp has three main populations differing in presence and size of cytoplasmic granules and each population seems to be biochemical or functionally compromised. Prophenoloxidase (proPO )activity was mainly located in large granules haemocytes (75%) while the small granules cells participate with 25%, but seem to be responsible for encapsulation. Haemocyte discrimination ability was tested using Sephadex? (Seph?), DEAE‐Seph? and CM‐Seph?. Only DEAE‐Seph? was encapsulated by shrimp haemocytes and provoked the release of proPO activating system, indicating the role of particle charge in the activation of shrimp immune response.     

Use of a discontinuous Percoll gradient technique for the separation of channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque), peripheral blood leucocytes

Abstract The use of a discontinuous density Percoll gradient in the separation of channel catfish peripheral blood leucocytes is described. The procedure yielded fractions enriched in monocytes and lymphocytes at the 1·060–1·065 g/ml interface, lymphocytes at the 1·065–1·070 g/ml interface, and neutrophils at the 1·070–1·080 g/ml interface. Cell purities among fractions ranged from 14·4–51·6% for monocytes, 61·4–72·8% for lymphocytes, and 60·4–79·2% for neutrophils. Factors influencing the outcome of the separation procedure include the use of pooled blood samples and calcium- magnesium-free salt solutions.     

Effects of ultra-violet irradiation on sperm motility and diploid gynogenesis induction in large yellow croaker (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pseudosciaena crocea</Emphasis>) undergoing cold shock

Large yellow croaker, Pseudosciaena crocea, exhibit sexually dimorphic growth, with females growing faster and reaching larger adult sizes than males. Thus, development of techniques for preferentially producing females is necessary to optimize production of these species. We have established a protocol to produce all-female croaker P. crocea through induction of meiotic gynogenesis with homologous sperm. The first set of experiments investigated the ultra-violet (UV) irradiation on sperm motility and duration of sperm activity to determine the optimal UV dosage for genetic inactivation of sperm, yet retaining adequate motility for activation of eggs. Milt from several males was diluted 1:100 with Ringer’s solution and UV irradiated with doses ranging from 0–150 J cm⁻². The results indicated that motility and duration of activity generally decreased with increased UV doses. At UV doses greater than 105 J cm⁻², after fertilization, motility was <10% and fertilization rates were significantly lower. Highest hatching rate was obtained at 75 J cm⁻². A second set of experiments was carried out to determine appropriate conditions of cold shock for retention of the 2nd polar body in P. crocea eggs after fertilization with UV-inactivated sperm by altering the timing, temperature and duration of shock. At 20°C, shock applied at 3 min after fertilization resulted in higher survival rate of larvae at 6 h after hatching. Results of different combinations of three shock temperatures (2°C, 3°C or 4°C) and five shock durations (4 min, 8 min, 12 min, 16 min or 20 min) at 3 min after fertilization demonstrated that shocks of 12 min gave highest production of diploid gynogens. Statistical analysis revealed that maximum production of diploid gynogens (44.55 ± 2.99%) were obtained at 3°C. The results of this study indicate that the use of UV-irradiated homologous sperm for activation of P. crocea eggs and cold shock for polar body retention is an effective method for producing gynogenetic offspring.