鱼粉的胃蛋白酶消化率及其影响因素的研究

利用胃蛋白酶法对国产鱼粉的消化率进行了测定，得出国产鱼粉特级品的消化率在90％以上，一级品在88％以上，二级品在85％以上。与进口鱼粉相比，国产鱼粉质量已有了很大提高，但还存在一定差距。另对鱼粉存放时间、VBN值、VA值对消化率的影响做了初步探讨。     

几种国产和进口鱼粉的部分营养成分及对牙鲆消化率的比较

本文通过对随机抽取的几种国产与进口鱼粉的几种重要品质指标进行比较，研究了牙鲆对几种单一饲料的蛋白质和干物质的消化率。结果表明：采用粪分析法测定牙鲆对饲料蛋白质和干物质的消化率的方法是行之有效。据检测结果：从常规成分检测的均值上看，国产鱼粉粗蛋白含量偏低，水分、灰分、粗脂肪偏高。国产鱼粉抽样中蛋白质和干物质的平均消化率分别为79．61％和73．39％，而进口鱼粉为87．4％和81％，都比国产鱼粉高。根据试验结果，分析了国产鱼粉与进口鱼粉的优劣，提出了国产鱼粉加工工艺改进的方向，对提高国产鱼粉质量，生产优质国产鱼粉具有指导意义。     

红鳍东方鲀对8种饲料原料的表观消化率

本研究旨在探讨红鳍东方鲀(Takifugu rubripes)幼鱼对红鱼粉、白鱼粉、豆粕、菜粕、花生粕、棉粕、玉米酒糟蛋白(DDGS)和肉骨粉中干物质、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、氨基酸、总能和总磷的表观消化率。实验饲料由70%的基础饲料和30%的待测饲料原料组成，并添加0.1%的三氧化二钇(Y2O3)作为外源添加剂，选取平均体重为37.90 g的红鳍东方鲀幼鱼，随机分成8组，每组3个重复，每个重复30尾鱼，按照不同处理分别投喂相应饲料，采用虹吸法收集粪便。结果显示，白鱼粉、红鱼粉和豆粕的干物质表观消化率分别为70.54%、69.02%和60.37%，显著高于菜粕、棉粕及DDGS(P<0.05)；粗蛋白的表观消化率为50.91%~92.78%，肉骨粉粗蛋白表观消化率最低(50.91%)，显著低于白鱼粉、红鱼粉、豆粕、菜粕、花生粕和DDGS(P<0.05)，各待测饲料原料中总氨基酸表观消化率的变化趋势与粗蛋白的表观消化率基本一致；粗脂肪的表观消化率为70.6%~94.19%，白鱼粉粗脂肪表观消化率最高(94.19%)，显著高于棉粕和肉骨粉(P<0.05)；能量的表观消化率为30.58%~90.01%，白鱼粉、红鱼粉、豆粕和花生粕总能的表观消化率最高(76.26%~90.01%)(P<0.05)；磷的表观消化率为9.13%~68.14%，白鱼粉和红鱼粉的总磷表观消化率最高(分别为66.98%和68.14%)(P<0.05)。白鱼粉、红鱼粉的各种营养成分的表观消化率均较佳，肉骨粉及棉粕各种营养成分的表观消化率相对较差；豆粕及花生粕的粗蛋白消化率及必需氨基酸的消化率优于其他植物蛋白，菜粕次之。     

13种饲料原料蛋白质对尼罗罗非鱼的营养价值

以Ｃｒ２Ｏ３为指示物，以７０％基础饲料和３０％的待测饲料原料组织成试验饲料，测定尼罗非鱼对１３种饲料对料的蛋白质和必需氨基酸的表观消化率。以有效必需氨基酸含量计算了饲料原料中蛋白质的必需氨基酸指数，并和鱼体必需氨基酸含量进行比较，评价了饲料原料蛋白质对尼罗罗非鱼的营养价值。结果表明，氨基酸总量消化率和蛋白质消化率接近；秘鲁鱼粉、大豆粕和玉米蛋白质的有效必需氨基酸指数均在７０％以上，其营养价值分别是     

鳗鲡肠道细菌对鱼粉降解和饲料消化率的影响

应用从养殖鳗鲡肠道分离的细菌菌株A40209CDC4和A31009NA,对鱼粉进行降解处理和作为饲料添加剂测定对鳗鲡饲料表观消化率的影响。对鱼粉分解试验结果表明:试验组各游离氨基酸含量、游离氨基酸总量、寡肽 游离氨基酸和水溶性蛋白质含量均较对照组有较大幅度的提高。对鳗鲡饲料表观消化率影响测定结果显示:A40209CDC4组干物质表观消化率和蛋白质表观消化率分别比对照组提高30.96%和10.04%;A31009NA组干物质表观消化率和蛋白质表观消化率分别比对照组提高42.96%和13.11%。2株试验菌株作为微生态饲料添加剂具有良好的开发和应用价值。     

预处理对甲鱼饲用红鱼粉蛋白质离体消化率的影响

采用离体消化法,以甲鱼的胃、肠道的粗酶液作为酶原,测定了红鱼粉经不同预处理后蛋白质的离体消化率。试验结果表明:甲鱼对挤压膨化处理的红鱼粉蛋白质的离体消化率最高,其次为直接加热处理的红鱼粉,环模制粒和未经水热处理的红鱼粉的效果较差;挤压膨化使甲鱼饲用红鱼粉的蛋白质表观消化率提高16.20%。     

鱼粉水解物中小肽对幼龄草鱼生长性能的影响

用150尾3.74±0.23 g的草鱼作日粮中鱼粉水解物中小肽对幼龄草鱼生长性能影响研究。实验分为2 组,每组75尾鱼,每25尾鱼饲于0.25m3的水族箱中,每组设3个平行水族箱。试验组日粮中添加0.5%鱼粉水解物 0.5%鱼粉,对照组为1%鱼粉,试验期56 d。结果表明,试验组草鱼其特定生长率、蛋白保留效率、饲料系数和血浆中镁含量与小肽总量均显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。草鱼日粮中添加一定比例的鱼粉水解物小肽可提高饲料表观消化率和蛋白消化率,增加血液循环中生物活性肽的含量,增加体内氮沉积,减少肝胰脏和肠系膜脂肪储积,从而提高机体对日粮中蛋白质的利用率。     

花鱼骨 鱼种对11种蛋白质饲料原料的消化率

为获得花(鱼骨)对常用蛋白源的可消化性数据,按照"70%基础饲料+30%被测原料"的饲料配制方法,用三氧化二铬指标物,测定了花(鱼骨)鱼种对白鱼粉、褐鱼粉、四海豆粕、加佳豆粕、血粉、蚕蛹粉、啤酒酵母、菜籽粕、棉籽粕、花生粕、玉米蛋白粉等11种蛋白原料干物质和粗蛋白的表观消化率.结果表明:花(鱼骨)对11种原料的干物质和蛋白质表观消化率分别为54.84%～86.96%和69.17%～96.77%.其中自鱼粉、褐鱼粉、血粉以及豆粕、啤酒酵母等的干物质消化率较高,白鱼粉、褐鱼粉及豆粕、花生粕等的蛋白质消化率较高.     

饲料中大豆蛋白源对鱼类健康养殖的影响

鱼类对饲料中蛋白质要求较高,鱼粉具有必需氨基酸和脂肪酸含量高,碳水化合物含量低,适口性好,抗营养因子少,营养丰富,消化率高等特点,一直以来是水产饲料中不可缺乏的优质蛋白源。随着集约化水产养殖业的发展,鱼粉的需求量大增,由于受全球性的酷捕滥获、厄尔尼诺现象及环境污染     

青鱼对十四种饲料的消化率

以三氧化二铬(Cr_2O_3)为指示剂测定了青鱼(Mylophayngodon piceus)鱼种对饲料酵母、糊精、酪蛋白、豆饼粉、脱脂蚕蛹粉、玉米粉、麸皮、大麦粉、药用鱼粉、花生饼粉、棉仁饼粉、菜饼粉、苜蓿粉、青草粉共14种饲料的表观总消化率以及营养物质的消化率,并测算了总能量、能量蛋白比(C/P)以及可消化能。在水温25～28℃试验条件下,青鱼对酪蛋白的消化率最高,达93.8%;其次是饲料酵母、糊精、豆饼粉、脱脂蚕蛹粉、玉米、麸皮、消化率在82.1%～69.5%间;再次为大麦粉、棉仁粉饼、药用鱼粉、花生饼粉和菜饼粉,消化率在66.9%～45.9%间;苜蓿和草粉的消化率最差,为36.3%和22%。青鱼对营养物质的消化率有以下特点: 1.饲料中粗纤维含量与总消化率呈明显的负相关。2.粗蛋白含量与蛋白质消化率呈抛物线相关,当蛋白质在35%～40%时,蛋白质消化率最高。3.青鱼对脂肪的消化率很高,达90%以上。4.青鱼对碳水化合物具一定的消化能力。     

鱼粉在水产饲料中的应用研究

As a main protein source in aquafeeds, fish meal has been extensively studied. Fish sources, freshness, processing temperature, lipid quality and microbiological index are five main aspects of the evaluation of fish meal quality. This paper reviewed the researches on fish meal including the evaluation of fish meal quality, the use of fishmeal and the environmental problems. Biogenic amine is the main potential toxin in decomposed fish meal including mainly histamine, cadaverine, putrescine and tyramine and most studies showed that they could affect the fish growth performance and health. The determination of protein digestibility of fish meal includes pepsin-digestion method, animal test, capillary electrophoresis, etc. The content of phosphorus in fish meal and its utilization can introduce pollution to water bodies and the use of alternative protein and improvement of utilization of fish meal can help to reduce the pollution from fish meal.     

Fishmeal availability in the scenarios of climate change: Inevitability of fishmeal replacement in aquafeeds and approaches for the utilization of plant protein sources

Fishmeal is being trusted as the most reliable protein source due to its nutritional quality in terms of attractability, palatability, digestibility, excellent nutrient profiles to fulfil the dietary requirement of aquatic species. The aquaculture sector consumes >70% of global fishmeal, though aqua feeds constitute only 4% in total industrial feed production (900–1,000 Mt in 2018). The global fishmeal production has shown a downward trend of 26.50% during 2000 to 2018 due to the occurrences of El Niño–Southern Oscillationsand other climatic events, which in turn increased the fishmeal price from 452 USD/t (2000) to 1596.54 USD/t (2018). The increasing trend of aquaculture production along with reduced fish‐in/fish‐out ratios (0.63 in 2000 to 0.33, 0.22 in 2010 and 2015 respectively) indicates the resilience of the aquafeed sector for fishmeal replacement. The wide availability, reasonable price and reliable nutrient content made an interest in plant protein sources, but their utilization was limited due to poor digestibility, imbalanced profiles of essential nutrients and the presence of anti‐nutrients. Numerous methodologies are invented in recent times to enrich the nutritional qualities for maximizing the utilization of plant proteins in aquafeed formulations. The present review concludes that the aquafeed sector should use climate economics and technological innovations for substituting fishmeal to formulate the cost‐effective feeds.     

An evaluation of pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) testes meal in diets for pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei): effect on palatability,digestibility and growth performance

This study compared the nutritional profiles of menhaden fishmeal and pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) testes meal and investigated the nutritional values of the testes meal based on its effect on palatability, digestibility and growth performance of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). The testes meal replaced 0–91% of fishmeal protein in a control diet containing 150 g kg⁻¹ fishmeal. Replacement of 69% of the fishmeal protein in the control diet significantly increased feed intake of shrimp from 0.61% to 1.10%. The apparent digestibility coefficient of dietary protein increased significantly when 91% of the fishmeal protein was replaced by the testes meal. Replacement of dietary fishmeal protein with up to 46% testes meal protein did not cause adverse effects on growth rate or nutritional composition of tail muscle. However, growth rate was significantly decreased in shrimp fed diets in which 69% or 91% of fishmeal protein was replaced by the testes meal. Results of this study indicate that the testes meal can be used as a feed additive to enhance the palatability and protein digestibility of low fishmeal diets for shrimp. It can replace up to 46% of fishmeal protein without any adverse effect on the growth performance of shrimp.     

Availability of protein and energy from three protein sources in hybrid sturgeon Acipenser guldenstadti × A. bester

The apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) of three diet ingredients serving as protein sources for adult sturgeon Acipenser guldenstadti × A. bester was studied using an inert marker in the feed and collecting the faeces by stripping. Each experimental diet contained a different protein source, fishmeal, soybean meal and poultry meal, making up 50% of the total, the other 50% being reference diet (28% fishmeal, 9% poultry meal, 24% soybean meal, 26% wheat flour, 8% poultry oil plus 0.5% vitamins, egg yolk, guar and chromic oxide). The digestibility of protein from fishmeal was 81.0%, from soybean meal 81.9% and from poultry meal 64.6%. Energy digestibility tests gave the following results: fishmeal 13.0 kJ g^?1; soybean meal 12.1 kJ g^?1; and poultry meal 10.2 kJ g^?1. The differences in the ADC of various protein and carbohydrate sources are discussed.     

Growth performance,nutrient digestibility and intestinal morphology of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed graded levels of the yeasts Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Wickerhamomyces anomalus

In a 10‐week study, we evaluated the effects of replacing 20%, 40% or 60% of fishmeal (present in control diet at 300 g/kg) on a digestible protein basis with yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae or a yeast mixture of Wickerhamomyces anomalus and S. cerevisiae on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, nutrient retention and intestinal health of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Triplicate tanks with 35 rainbow trout (144.7 ± 25.1 g mean ± SEM) were fed rations of 1.5% of total biomass per tank. Replacement of 60% of fishmeal with yeast mixture resulted in lower specific growth rate of 1.0% versus 1.2%/day for other diets. Apparent digestibility coefficients for crude protein and most amino acids were highest in fish fed fishmeal‐based diet, with similar values for fish fed the diet with 20% replacement with yeast mixture. Diet with 20% replacement with yeast mixture resulted in highest phosphorus digestibility. Replacement of 60% of fishmeal with S. cerevisiae resulted in oedematous mucosal fold tips in the proximal intestine. The results of this study suggest that these yeasts can replace up to 40% of fishmeal under current inclusion levels in diets for rainbow trout without compromising growth performance, nutrient digestibility or intestinal health.     

鱼粉质量对中国对虾、真鲷、饲料转化率和蛋白质消化率的影响

IntroductionInherent to the practice of intensive aquaculture is the generation of wastes having immediate and verybroad effects on the aquatic environment.There is a growing consensus about the need to reduce waste pro-duction in aquaculture to minimize the negative impacts on the environment.Nitrogen(N) and phosphorus(P) wastes are major concerns for many aquaculture operations.In the past,formulation of diets in intensive aquaculture was often aimed at meeting requirements formaximum growt…     

Growth and protein utilization in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) given a protease inhibitor in the diet

In a series of experiments the effects of dietary protease inhibitor inclusions on growth and amino acid absorption rate were investigated in Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar L.). An optimal inclusion of inhibitor was found by conducting dose–response studies with specific growth rate as the main response variable. No negative effects on feed conversion ratio or nitrogen digestibility were observed at this level. In protein sources studies the addition of potato protease inhibitor to a fishmeal based diet increased specific growth rate by 14%. When a proportion of the fishmeal was replaced with hydrolysed protein (fish silage) the addition of the inhibitor resulted in a 31% increase in specific growth rate. Absorption of amino acids from the gastrointestinal tract into the blood was investigated in two experiments using ¹⁴C-labelled algal ( Synechoccus leopoliensis ) protein. The absorption pattern of ¹⁴C-labelled amino acids was altered by adding potato protease inhibitor when the algal protein was supplied in intact form, but not when the algal protein was hydrolysed. The absorption of amino acids from a hydrolysed protein was significantly faster than from intact protein. The enzymatic activity of pepsin in the stomach and of trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidases A and B in the different segments of the intestine changed significantly with increasing inclusion of potato protease inhibitors in the diet.     

Replacement of fishmeal by chicken plasma powder in diets for largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides): Effects on growth performance,feed utilization and health status

The present study was conducted to explore the effects of graded replacing fishmeal (0, 50, 100 and 150 g/kg) with chicken plasma powder in diets for largemouth bass, and each diet was fed to triplicate groups of fish (initial weight: 49.50 ± 0.07 g) twice daily. Results showed that specific growth rate was not remarkably reduced until 150 g/kg fishmeal being replaced. Meanwhile, the inclusion of chicken plasma powder led to a significant decrease in feed intake, and the replacement of 150 g/kg fishmeal significantly decreased the apparent digestibility coefficient of protein and essential amino acids, which may account for the lowered protein retention rate and decreased crude protein content of liver and whole body composition. Moreover, the replacement of 150 g/kg fishmeal resulted in a significantly reduced activity of lysozyme, classical complement pathway and respiratory burst, and meanwhile, the red blood cell count and haemoglobin content were also significantly reduced, indicating the impaired health status of fish with high inclusion of chicken plasma powder. In above, approximately 50–100 g/kg fishmeal could be replaced by chicken plasma powder in the diets for largemouth bass.     

Earthworm powder as an alternative protein source in diets for common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.)

The increasing need for aquafeed resources and the finite availability of conventional feed resources are making it necessary to search for alternative high‐protein resources that are not used as human food. The earthworm Perionyx excavatus was tested as a feed ingredient in diets for common carp. An experiment was conducted to evaluate the potential of earthworm powder as a replacement for fishmeal. In a recirculation aquarium system, triplicate groups of five common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) were fed a control feed (fishmeal based protein), or experimental diets in which 30% (EW30), 70% (EW70), or 100% (EW100) of fishmeal protein was replaced by earthworm protein. Fish growth, feed digestibility and feed utilization were monitored. Growth rate, protein efficiency and energy retention in fish were similar (EW30, EW100) or higher (EW70) for diets containing earthworm meal compared to the control diet. Protein digestibility in EW30, EW70 and EW100 was higher than in the control diet, but in (EW100), lipid conversion was lower. We conclude that earthworm is a suitable partial replacement for fishmeal in feeds for common carp.