基于RAG2基因序列分析仿石鲈科鱼类及其相关种类系统进化关系

为探讨仿石鲈科鱼类目前存在的分类争议问题,测定了仿石鲈科(Haemulidae),金线鱼科(Nemipteridae),眶棘鲈属(Scolopsis)等相关科属共33种鱼类RAG2基因部分序列,利用最大简约法(MP法)和贝叶斯分析法(BI法),并以黄鹦嘴鱼作为外类群构建分子系统进化树.结果显示,33种鱼类共形成三大类群,其中仿石鲈科8个属聚成一类群,金线鱼属和眶棘鲈属的种类聚成另一类群,眶棘鲈属未能与仿石鲈科形成单系.同时,基于属间遗传距离比较,眶棘鲈属与金线鱼科的遗传距离比其与仿石鲈科各属的遗传距离要小得多,表明眶棘鲈属与金线鱼科有更近的亲缘关系,支持眶棘鲈属隶属于金线鱼科的观点.此外,传统分类资料中归类于仿石鲈科的髭鲷属(Hapalogenys)也没有与仿石鲈科聚成单系,而是独自形成一支,位于进化树基部,显示出髭鲷属与仿石鲈科关系较远,与近年来认为髭鲷属应该从仿石鲈科中划分出去的结果一致.在仿石鲈科内部,少棘胡椒鲷属(Diagramma)中的少棘胡椒鲷与胡椒鲷属(Plectorhinchus)的种类关系很近.在进化树上,少棘胡椒鲷位于胡椒鲷属的内部,花尾胡椒鲷最先分化出来,位于该分支基部,支持少棘胡椒鲷归为胡椒鲷属,名称沿用原来的学名胡椒鲷的观点.     

中国鲷科鱼类骨骼系统比较及属种间分类地位探讨

为进一步探讨鲷科鱼类分类和系统进化关系长期存在的争议问题,实验采用常规方法制备采自中国近海鲷科5属8种(亚种)鱼类的骨骼标本,并对头骨进行比较分析。结果显示,依据尾舌骨腹缘是否分叉、前颌骨犬齿数目、中筛骨背面中央为纵嵴或为凹窝、蝶耳骨后侧缘是否与额骨相连、围眶骨形态、腭骨后支是否发达等特征,将中国鲷科鱼类分为2个类群:平鲷属和棘鲷属为一类;赤鲷属、犁齿鲷属和牙鲷属为另一类。犁齿鲷属和赤鲷属在前颌骨和齿骨的臼齿列数、第三围眶骨、后耳骨以及腭骨等骨骼特征差异较小。金赤鲷与真赤鲷之间、黑棘鲷与切氏黑棘鲷之间骨骼特征差异较小,支持真赤鲷与金赤鲷、黑棘鲷与切氏黑棘鲷为同一物种的观点。研究表明,鲷科鱼类各属种间在尾舌骨、前颌骨、围眶骨、中筛骨、蝶耳骨、腭骨上表现出明显的形态差异,这些特征可以作为属间、种间的鉴别特征。     

基于Cytb及AFLP标记探讨仿石鲈科及相关科属分子系统进化关系

为从分子水平澄清我国仿石鲈科(Haemulidae)鱼类分类争议, 研究测定分析了仿石鲈科及其相关科属共 66 种鱼类的线粒体 DNA 细胞色素 b (Cyt b)部分序列, 结合 AFLP 标记信息, 共同探讨仿石鲈科及相关争议科属系统分类关系。结果表明, 在 Cyt b 基因上, 66 种鱼类一致序列为 729 bp, 编码 243 个氨基酸; AFLP 图谱中, 6 对引物组合共得到 669 条清晰条带, 多态性条带 669 条, 多态性比率 100%。基于 Cyt b 基因利用最大似然法与 AFLP 标记基于 UPGMA 聚类法构建的系统进化树大致相同, 进化树上, (1)仿石鲈科鱼类主要形成石鲈亚科(Haemulinae)与胡椒鲷亚科(Plectorhynchinae)两大分支, 石鲈属(Pomadasys)、仿石鲈属(Haemulon)、异孔石鲈属(Anisotremus)等 7 个属聚为石鲈亚科分支, 胡椒鲷属(Plectorhinchus)、少棘胡椒鲷属(Diagramma)与矶鲈属(Parapristipoma) 3 个属聚为胡椒鲷亚科分支。(2)髭鲷属(Hapalogenys)与眶棘鲈属(Scolopsis)没有与仿石鲈科聚在一起, 髭鲷属独自形成一支, 眶棘鲈属与金线鱼科(Nemipteridae)聚为一支。(3)鯻科(Teraponidae)的种类也没有与仿石鲈科鱼类相聚, 鯻科与舵鱼科(Kyphosidae)、石鲷科(Oplegnathidae)存在更近的亲缘关系。对于仿石鲈科及相关科属的分类争议, 研究支持仿石鲈科分为石鲈亚科与胡椒鲷亚科两个亚科, 以及鯻科、眶棘鲈属、髭鲷属不应该归为仿石鲈科的观点。     

笛鲷科鱼类养殖的现状及其发展前景

笛鲷科Lutjanidae为热带、亚热带海洋性经济鱼类开发对象,其种类繁多,一般为中小型鱼类,亦有大型鱼类。据文献报道,笛鲷科分成四个亚科:Lutjaninae、Paradicichthinae、Etelinae、Apsilinae,代表17个属,103种;笛鲷亚科中笛鲷属(Lutjanus)拥有65种,其中印度—西太平洋海域记载39种,菲律宾描述笛鲷属32种。目前东南亚国家均在探索养殖笛鲷科鱼类,专家认为,发展笛鲷科鱼类养殖很有发展前途。现将东南亚地区开发笛鲷科鱼类养殖作扼要概述。     

台湾笛鲷科鱼类产业发展的限制

鲷科鱼类广泛分布于全球各大洋的沿岸及珊瑚礁区,全世界分4亚科,之前列入本科之乌尾鮗亚科(Caesioninae),已将其独立成一科,所以四亚科分别为滨鲷亚科(Etrlinae)、笛鲷亚科(Lutjaniane)、曳丝笛鲷亚科(Paradicichthyinae)及拟乌尾亚科(Apsilinae),共计17属约105种(Nelson,2006),台湾纪录4亚科10属52种(台湾鱼类数据库,2011).     

4种鲷科鱼类的线粒体细胞色素b基因序列及分子系统学分析

从鲷科鱼类中黄猪鲷(Sparus latus)、黑鲷(S.macrocephalusM)、真鲷(Pagrosomus major)和平鲷(Rhabdosargus sarba)的线粒体DNA扩增出约430bp的细胞色素b(Cytb)基因，经Clastal X同源排序后得408bp序列，对该序列进行分析并结合GeneBank中黄鲷(Taius turnifrons)、灰鳍鲷(S.berda)、犁齿鲷(Evynnis japonica)和高背四长棘鲷(Argyrops spinifer)的该区段DNA序列比较，共发现126个核苷酸位点存在变异(30．7％)，序列中的转换大于颠换，碱基替换多发生在密码子的第3位点。黑鲷和灰鳍鲷亲缘关系最近，序列差异为3.8％；而黄鲷和平鲷的亲缘关系最远，序列差异为21．7％。用MEGA2．1软件中的NJ法构建的分子系统树，将上述8种类分为4组，其中黄鲷属、平鲷属和鲷属分类的结果与形态分类学的观点一致；而传统分类上把犁齿鲷、真鲷和高背四长棘鲷归为3个不同属，在本研究分子系统树中，这3个属却聚成一支。本研究目的在于从分子水平上阐明鲷科鱼类的分类与系统进化关系。     

南方地区斑石鲷工厂化养殖试验

<正>斑石鲷(Oolegnathus punctatus),俗称斑鲷、花金鼓、黑金鼓,属石鲷科(Oplegnathidae),石鲷属(Oplegnathus)鱼类,分布于朝鲜、日本、台湾岛以及中国南海、东海、黄海等海域,属温、热带近海沿岸中下层鱼类,喜栖息于岩礁或珊瑚礁海域。在自然海域中,斑石鲷无明显的盛渔期,自然资源稀少。斑石鲷不仅体态优美、体色靓丽,而且食用和药用价值极高,素有"梦幻之鱼"、"矶钓之王"以     

二长棘犁齿鲷线粒体DNA控制区结构和进化

测定了二长棘犁齿鲷（Evynnis cardinalis）线粒体控制区全序列，并结合从GenBank中下载的9种鲷科鱼类的相应序列，采用ClustalX对控制区结构进行了分析，识别了相应的保守序列，包括终止相关序列ETAS、中央保守区的CSB-F、CSB-E、CSB-E、CSB-C、CSB-B和CSB-A序列，以及保守序列区的CSBl、CSB2和CSB3序列。以副鲈（Paralabrax clathratus）和条斑星鲽（Verasper moseri）为外群，用最大简约法（MP）和邻接法（NJ）构建了系统发育树。结果显示鲷科鱼类构成一个单系类群，二长棘犁齿鲷应该归入赤鲷属，建议有必要对犁齿鲷属和赤鲷属的分类地位重新评估。     

珠江口紫红笛鲷的池养生长与饲养

笛鲷科(Lutjanidae)鱼类是东南亚国家地区70年代以来开发的海水养殖经济鱼类。微鲷属(Lutjanidae)种类在印度一太平洋的东南亚国家水域中均有分布，为热带、亚热带中底层鱼类，已成为台湾、新加坡、香港、菲律宾、马来西亚和中国华南地区海水网箱的饲养对象，主要的品种有紫红笛鲷Lutjanus argentmacnlatus(Forsska)、     

中国沿海鯻科鱼类DNA条形码研究及新记录种三线鯻分类地位探讨

鯻科鱼类是广泛分布于印度-西太平洋常见经济鱼类,由于不同物种间外部形态较为相似,且种内有一定变化,物种鉴定存在一定困难。为明确中国鯻科鱼类的分类地位,对中国鯻科鱼类进行了详细的形态计测,并测定了3属共62 ind鱼类COI基因5’端652 bp COI序列,结合Gen Bank中三线鯻3个地点9条序列,发现我国除已报道的3属4种鯻科外,新发现目前仅见于广东的三线鯻,是中国鯻科鱼类的新纪录。在基于Kimura-2-paramter的邻接树上,5种鯻科鱼类均独立成支。种间遗传距离18.34%(15.9%~20.1%)约为种内遗传距离0.72%(0.1%~2.7%)的24.93倍,形成较为明显的条码间隙。三线鯻可按地理来源分为西太平洋和印度洋-地中海2个谱系,具有明显的谱系结构和地理结构;谱系间遗传距离为5%(0.2%~5.6%)为谱系内遗传距离0.85%[谱系A为0.6%(0~1.7%),谱系B为1.1%(0.2%~5.6%)]的5.88倍,谱系间与谱系内遗传距离倍数略低于大多数物种(种间是种内遗传距离10倍),但远高于其种内遗传距离一般小于2%的范围。同时,鯻科内种间在形态上存在诸如侧面体型细长扁平或肥厚、臀鳍是否带隐约散点斑纹、背鳍硬棘的Ⅲ–VI或Ⅶ-Ⅷ间是否有黑色斑点、头部至背鳍前端略带蓝灰或黄绿光泽、身体背部浅灰或浅棕色等区别。分子和形态差异表明,印度-西太平洋分布的三线鯻可能是2个亚种乃至2个种。由于本文分析的三线鯻的数量和地理范围有限,其准确的分类地位仍需要更多的形态计测和核基因数据等研究加以确定。     

Ocean warming alters species abundance patterns and increases species diversity in an African sub‐tropical reef‐fish community

The impacts of ocean warming resulting from recent climate change on the abundance patterns of marine species have been well documented in temperate seas of the northern hemisphere, but the impacts of a widening tropical belt are largely unexplored. Using measurements of sea surface temperature and spear‐fishing records for 84 species spanning a 19‐yr period, we examined the effects of ocean warming on a sub‐tropical reef‐fish community on the southeastern coast of Africa. Corresponding with a 0.46°C increase in average sea surface temperature between the time periods 1989–97 and 2002–2007, the ratio of species showing an overall decrease/ no change/increase in abundance was 1 : 3 : 2 among six species at the northern limits of their distribution in the region (temperate species), 1 : 15 : 6 among 22 broadly distributed species, and 1 : 5 : 9 among 15 species at the southern limits of their distribution (tropical species). Also, the relative abundance of temperate species as a whole decreased by 10–13% whereas that of tropical species increased by 9%, and broadly distributed species showed little change. Average species richness and diversity increased 33 and 15% respectively between the two time periods. These results are broadly consistent with a predicted poleward shift in species ranges and a predicted increase in species richness and diversity with increasing sea temperature. Our findings confirm that large‐scale climate change causing a widening of the tropical belt and subsequent ocean warming is having a profound impact on marine species abundance patterns and community composition at a local scale in the sub‐tropics.     

On species and speciation with reference to the fishes

The nature of species and the processes in which they participate are subjects of continuing debate among evolutionary biologists. I begin by examining how ichthyologists treat species empirically. Such treatments provide a pattern of species and their relationships over time and space. I suggest that this empirical record points to a predominant mode of speciation: vicariant, Model I, allopatric speciation. I also suggest that species are real and that they are individuals. There is a single species concept, the evolutionary species concept (ESC), that best captures the way we think about fish species. This concept is also well integrated with the manner in which species are treated in Phylogenetic Systematics and with the philosophical concept that species are particulars rather than universals.     

A new protocol for assessing the conservation priority of groundwater‐dependent ecosystems

1. Species of conservation concern are usually considered important elements in site prioritization for biodiversity conservation. To overcome the lack of information on species conservation status, multidimensional measures of species rarity can be used as proxies of species vulnerability.
2. Under this assumption, a two‐step protocol for site prioritization of aquatic groundwater‐dependent ecosystems is proposed using invertebrate vulnerability estimated from species' traits. In the first step, each species occurring in the sites of interest are scored according to their vulnerability. In the second step, sites are prioritized using species' scores.
3. Species vulnerability scores are based on five dimensions, for which various traits are scored: (i) geography, (ii) ecology, (iii) biology, (iv) population, and (v) evolutionary history. For each species, the scores of the various traits belonging to the same dimension are multiplied to obtain a synthetic score. These scores are then ranked into four classes and, for each dimension, each species receives a new score that reflects its rank. The sum of these scores represents the species' overall score.
4. Site conservation priorities are assessed by combining species scores into three indices: Sum of Species Scores, Biodiversity Conservation Concern (which relates the sum of species scores with the local species richness) and Groundwater Biodiversity Concern (which is the average of the former two). The protocol is illustrated using case studies in Italy and it is fully implemented in the software AQUALIFE which is freely available at: http://app.aqualifeproject.eu by registered users.
5. Sensitivity analyses showed that the protocol is robust against the lack of information on species biology or sampling limitations. However, trait scoring rests with the user, who must be familiar with the study group.
6. This approach can be applied at any spatial scale and to different types of aquatic groundwater‐dependent ecosystems.

     

Managing non‐target,data‐poor species using catch limits: lessons from the Alaskan groundfish fishery

Abstract The 2006 reauthorisation of the Magnuson‐Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act requires annual catch limits for all target and non‐target species within federally managed fisheries in the United States. In Alaska, both target and non‐target species in the Alaska groundfish fisheries have been managed using catch limits since the early 1990s. Non‐target species that are caught incidentally in a fishery require monitoring to ensure that the population is not negatively impacted by commercial fishing. Resource assessment scientists have been challenged with obtaining sufficient data to recommend an acceptable catch level for management of these species. This paper reviews three case studies where a catch limit is determined for non‐target species when certain data are limited: (1) varying levels of biomass and catch data for all species within a species group or complex; (2) adequate catch data but no biomass data; (3) emerging target fishery of data‐poor species, plus an example of how a complex of ecosystem component species is managed.     

The effectiveness of seahorses and pipefish (Pisces: Syngnathidae) as a flagship group to evaluate the conservation value of estuarine seagrass beds

• 1. Syngnathids (Pisces, Syngnathidae: seahorses and pipefish) were investigated for their use as a flagship group to evaluate the conservation value of estuarine seagrass beds in estuaries in south‐east Australia. Some species of syngnathids are listed internationally as vulnerable or endangered, and they are a charismatic group of fish that attracts a high level of public support and sympathy. Syngnathids are also protected in several states of Australia. Conservation of syngnathids might provide coincidental benefits to other species that share their habitats.
• 2. The effectiveness of syngnathids as a flagship group was assessed by (1) testing for correlations with other fish in species richness, density, assemblage variation, and summed irreplaceability value, and (2) determining the number of species of all other fish coincidentally captured in marine protected areas (MPAs) selected for syngnathids. The study was undertaken in a single estuary (scale: tens of square kilometres) and across multiple estuaries (scale: hundreds of square kilometres).
• 3. Densities of syngnathids and other fish were correlated only at the scale of multiple estuaries. Species richness and summed irreplaceability of syngnathids and other fish were not spatially correlated. Spatial variations in assemblages of syngnathids and other fish were correlated. MPAs selected for syngnathids included more non‐syngnathid species than a random selection of locations.
• 4. This study provides evidence that ranking the conservation value of seagrass beds on the basis of the density and assemblage variation of syngnathids, and selecting MPAs to represent syngnathid species, will simultaneously benefit other fish. Synganthids are therefore regarded as a useful flagship group for conservation planning.

Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

黑龙江的鱼类区系

作者根据多年来对黑龙江水系鱼类调查所获标本和参考文献资料，对 黑龙江鱼类区系进行了研究。黑龙江水系共有鱼类120种（包括8亚种），隶属82属24科；河口海淡水鱼类和溯河性鱼类为22种，纯属淡水鱼类计89种，尚包括移植放流鱼类6种，土著鱼类仅为92种。     

Diel vertical migration of myctophid fishes (Family Myctophidae) in the transitional waters of the western North Pacific

The diel vertical migration patterns of adult myctophid fishes were determined in the transitional waters of the western North Pacific off Japan, using day–night sampling from 20 to 700 m depths with a commercial otter trawl in the summer of 1995. A total of 12 species belonging to 9 genera were collected. Four patterns were recognized in the diel vertical migration of 11 of the 12 species. (1) Migrants showing clear day–night habitat separation with peak abundance above 200 m at night: Symbolophorus californiensis, Tarletonbeania taylori, Notoscopelus japonicus, Diaphus theta, Ceratoscopelus warmingi, and Diaphus gigas. (2) Semi-migrants, in which part of the population often remains in the daytime habitat at night. The distribution depths of migratory and nonmigratory individuals do not overlap: Stenobrachius leucopsarus . (3) Passive-migrants, in which there is no separation of day–night habitats, but the upper limit of daytime distribution depth shifts to a shallower layer at night, probably as the fish follow migratory prey: Lampanyctus jordani . (4) Nonmigrants: Stenobrachius nannochir, Lampanyctus regalis (> 140 mm SL), and Protomyctophum thompsoni . The day–night habitat temperature ranges are also given for the 11 species. No remarkable east–west differences were seen in the vertical migration patterns compared with previous knowledge of eight of these species in the eastern Pacific. The diel migration patterns are newly described for three other species endemic to the western Pacific. The standing stock of myctophids in the study area was conservatively estimated at 18.5 ± 4.7 g m⁻² (avg. ± SD).     

基过鱼对象多维量化体系在南渡江流域的应用

过鱼对象的确定对于过鱼设施建设至关重要。量化评定过鱼对象优先保护次序，为南渡江过鱼设施建设、鱼类保护提供决策依据。基于过鱼设施建设目的及过坝鱼类的生境适宜能力，从过坝需求度、生境适应度、资源丰富度、物种效用度、物种濒危度和遗传损失度等6个维度，建立多指标量化的过鱼对象选择体系。采用主客观结合的组合权重，构建基于逼近理想排序法的过坝鱼类优先等级评定模型。以南渡江流域为实例进行初步分析，结合南渡江流域梯级建设，运用过鱼对象评定体系确定花鳗鲡、鲢、鳙等洄游性鱼类为首要过鱼对象，?、月鳢、鲇、海南长臀鮠为主要过鱼对象；乌塘鳢、红鳍原鲌、赤眼鳟、蒙古鲌为次要过鱼对象；鲮、倒刺鲃、马口鱼、纹唇鱼、唇?、翘嘴鲌、东方墨头鱼等鱼类为兼顾过鱼对象。本研究通过构建科学合理的多指标体系对南渡江流域过鱼设施过鱼对象优先保护次序进行量化，有助于指导过鱼设施效果评价，对过鱼设施建设具有一定参考价值。     

Local‐scale habitat influences morphological diversity of species assemblages of cichlid fishes in a tropical floodplain river

Montaña CG, Winemiller KO. Local‐scale habitat influences morphological diversity of species assemblages of cichlid fishes in a tropical floodplain river.
Ecology of Freshwater Fish 2010: 19: 216–227. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S Abstract – We examined the taxonomic and morphological diversity of cichlid fish assemblages in a floodplain river in Venezuela during the dry season at two spatial scales: macrohabitats (lagoons, main channels and creeks) and mesohabitats (leaf litter, sand banks, rocky shoals and woody debris). Nonmetric multidimensional scaling did not reveal differences for species assemblages among macro and mesohabitats. The first two axes from canonical correspondence analysis based on 19 species and six physical variables modelled >61% of the taxonomic variation in assemblages from rock shoals and woody debris, and 55% of variation in assemblages from sand banks and leaf litter. Principal components analysis based on 22 morphological variables yielded two dominant axes that explained >86% of variation in the cichlid assemblages. Morphological diversity was analysed to test the idea that assemblage structure is nonrandom, with structurally complex habitats supporting more species with more functional morphological diversity than simple habitats. Average and standard deviation (SD) of the morphological Euclidean distances of local assemblages among mesohabitats tended to decrease or be constant as the number of species increased. Regressions of the average nearest neighbour distance (NND) and SD of NND with species richness resulted in low and negative slopes of species assemblages among mesohabitats. These relationships suggest that when more species are added to a habitat patch, assemblage morphospace remains approximately constant, species average similarity increases and species dispersion in morphological space becomes more uniform. Results support that cichlids partition habitat at the local scale but not at the macrohabitat scale.     

Species range shifts along multistressor mosaics in estuarine environments under future climate

Range shifts are a key mechanism that species employ in response to climate change. Increasing global temperatures are driving species redistributions to cooler areas along three main spatial axes: increasing latitudes, altitudes and water depths. Climate‐mediated range shift theory focuses on temperature as the primary ecological driver, but global change alters other environmental factors as well, and these rarely work in isolation. Ecosystems are often characterized as mosaics of overlapping environmental stressors, resulting in temporal and spatial heterogeneity which differs between stable, low complexity mosaics (e.g. open ocean) and highly variable, highly complex mosaic environments (e.g. estuaries). We propose a multistressor mosaic of climate‐mediated species range shift across abiotic environmental gradients, typical for mobile species (e.g. fish) in variable coastal environments. We conceptualize how climate‐driven changes in salinity, temperature, dissolved oxygen and pH can drive redistribution of estuarine species in a future world. Non‐thermal drivers are a critical component of species range shifts and when not considered, underestimate the impact of global change on species populations and ecosystem services.