吉富罗非鱼FAS基因的克隆及再投喂和饲料脂肪水平对其表达的影响

分离、克隆了吉富罗非鱼脂肪酸合成酶(fatty acid synthase,FAS)基因的部分cDNA片段,共557bp,编码185个氨基酸,序列分析表明吉富罗非鱼FAS与其他物种的相似性为62%～82%。为了研究饲料中脂肪对吉富罗非鱼FAS活性和表达的影响,设置3组含不同脂肪含量的等氮饲料组(3.71%组、7.67%组和16.55%组),饲养90d,禁食48h,测定吉富罗非鱼肝脏中FAS的生物活性,使用实时荧光定量PCR分别测定了饲喂3.71%组、7.67%组和16.55%组饲料的吉富罗非鱼肝脏和肌肉中FASmRNA的表达丰度以及再投喂后6、12、24、48h肝脏中FASmRNA的表达丰度。结果显示,饲料脂肪水平对肝脏中FAS活性无显著影响(P>0.05);肝脏中FASmRNA的表达丰度显著高于肌肉(P<0.05),肝脏和肌肉中FASmRNA的表达丰度随着饲料中脂肪水平增加而显著下降(P<0.05);再次投喂后6～48h,各个组的肝脏中FASmRNA表达丰度显著下降(P<0.05)。结果说明,吉富罗非鱼肝脏中FASmRNA的表达丰度高于肌肉,饲料脂肪水平能够抑制FASmRNA表达,脂肪水平越高抑制作用越明显...     

不同配合饲料对南方鲇幼鱼体组成的影响

主要探索不同饲料组成对鱼体组成的影响.将360尾南方鲇(Silurus meridionalis Chen)幼鱼随机分成24组,饲养于24个水泥池中;共设计了21种饲料;实验持续了40 d.结果表明:(1)不同营养素水平,对鱼体中的蛋白质沉积无明显影响;肌肉中脂肪水平随着饲料中脂肪和碳水化合物(CBH)水平的增加而增加;CBH含量为33%时,肌肉中的CBH的沉积量显著高于其他几个组(P<0.05);(2)脏体比和肠脂比随着饲料中脂肪水平升高而升高,脂肪水平9%～15%,肝脏中沉积的脂肪含量随着饲料中脂肪含量的增加而增加,添加CBH含量为33%的饲料时,肝脏中糖原的沉积含量显著的高丁其他几个CBH含量的组(P<0.05).     

吉富罗非鱼对饲料亚油酸的需要量

选用初始体重为(60.98±3.82)g的吉富罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)630尾,随机分成7组(每组设3个重复,每个重复30尾),饲喂亚油酸含量分别为0.07%(对照组)、0.36%、0.61%、1.03%、2.00%、3.00%和4.15%的7种半纯化等能等氮饲料10周。结果表明,鱼体增重率、饲料效率、蛋白质效率和蛋白质沉积率均在亚油酸水平为1.03%时较对照组差异显著(P0.05),且均在饲料亚油酸水平为2.00%时达到最大。经二次回归分析,饲料亚油酸水平为2.49%和2.66%时吉富罗非鱼分别获得最大增重率和最高饲料效率。通过折线回归发现饲料亚油酸水平为1.02%时,吉富罗非鱼获得最大蛋白沉积。肝体比和脏体比均随亚油酸水平的升高而升高,当饲料亚油酸含量为0.61%~4.15%时显著高于对照组(P0.05)。亚油酸添加组的肌肉粗脂肪含量显著高于对照组(P0.05);当饲料亚油酸含量为1.03%~4.15%时,肝和全鱼粗脂肪含量显著高于对照组(P0.05)。随饲料亚油酸水平升高,血清甘油三酯和总胆固醇变化趋势一致,呈现先下降后上升的趋势,经二次回归分析亚油酸水平为1.63%时血清甘油三酯含量最低;各亚油酸添加组的血清高密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量显著高于对照组,且在饲料亚油酸含量为1.13%时达到最大(P0.05);当饲料亚油酸水平为1.03%~4.15%时,血清低密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量显著低于对照组(P0.05)。随饲料中饱和脂肪酸(∑SFA)含量下降,吉富罗非鱼肌肉和肝脏∑SFA含量均呈下降的趋势;随饲料亚油酸水平增加,肌肉和肝脏的n-6多不饱和脂肪酸(∑n-6 PUFA)含量呈上升趋势,肌肉和肝脏的∑n-3 PUFA含量呈下降趋势。综上所述,初始体重为(60.98±3.82)g的吉富罗非鱼饲料亚油酸需要量为1.02%~2.66%。     

高糖饲料对吉富罗非鱼生长性能、饲料利用和糖脂代谢的影响

为探讨高糖饲料对吉富罗非鱼(GIFT Oreochromis niloticus)生长性能、饲料利用和糖脂代谢的影响,设置糖水平为34%的对照饲料(C组,能量水平13.68 k J·g-1)、糖水平为48%的高糖高能饲料(HCE组,能量水平16.03 k J·g-1)和高糖等能饲料(HE组,能量水平13.81 k J·g-1),在室内循环水系统中饲养初始体质量(20.34±0.42)g的吉富罗非鱼幼鱼60 d。结果表明,HCE组和HE组的增重率、特定生长率、肝脏粗蛋白均显著低于C组(P0.05),饲料系数、肝脏粗脂肪、肝糖原、总糖表观消化率、血清低密度脂蛋白胆固醇和高密度脂蛋白胆固醇均显著高于C组(P0.05);HE组增重率、全鱼粗脂肪、血清甘油三酯和总胆固醇均显著低于HCE组(P0.05);高糖组肝脏葡萄糖激酶显著高于C组,HE组葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶、苹果酸酶、脂肪酸合成酶活性最高,C组最低(P0.05);由肝脏组织切片看出,高糖饲料引起吉富罗非鱼肝脏细胞肿大变形,出现空泡,HCE组对肝脏损伤更加显著。研究结果表明,吉富罗非鱼能够耐受48%糖水平的饲料,但长期摄食导致鱼体糖脂代谢紊乱,尤其影响脂肪代谢,造成鱼体脂肪蓄积,肝功能损伤,不利于生长与健康。     

34 ℃水温下吉富罗非鱼对饲料脂肪的需求量

为研究34 ℃水温下吉富罗非鱼对饲料脂肪的需求量，选用初始体质量为(50.88±1.57) g的吉富罗非鱼360尾，随机分成6组(每组设3个重复，每重复20尾)，饲喂脂肪含量分别为0.22%(对照组)、2.83%、4.98%、7.45%、9.23%和12.47%的6种纯化饲料，在34 ℃水温下饲养56 d后，测定并分析了吉富罗非鱼的生长性能、体成分、部分血清生化和肝脏脂肪代谢酶活性等指标。结果显示，随饲料脂肪水平升高，吉富罗非鱼增重率、特定生长率、蛋白质效率与蛋白质保留率均呈现先上升后下降的趋势，饲料系数和摄食率呈现相反的趋势；12.47%实验组肝体比显著高于其他实验组，其他指标组间无显著性差异。饲料脂肪水平对吉富罗非鱼的成活率无显著影响。对照组全鱼粗脂肪含量显著低于其他实验组；当饲料脂肪含量为7.45%~12.47%时，肌肉粗脂肪含量显著高于对照组；肝脏粗脂肪含量在饲料脂肪含量为2.83%~9.23%时较对照组显著降低。血清甘油三酯和总胆固醇随饲料脂肪水平升高呈现先下降后上升的趋势；肝脏脂肪酶和脂蛋白酯酶活性随脂肪水平的增加呈上升趋势，在12.47%组达到最大值；肝脂酶的活性呈先上升再下降最后趋于稳定的趋势，在脂肪水平为2.83%时最高, 显著高于其他各组。经回归分析，在34 ℃水温下，吉富罗非鱼要获得最佳的增重率、蛋白质效率和最低饲料系数对饲料脂肪的需求量分别为4.92%、5.67%和6.49%。     

饲料糖水平对吉富罗非鱼幼鱼生长和肝代谢功能的影响

为研究饲料糖水平对吉富罗非鱼幼鱼生长性能和肝代谢功能的影响,实验配制等蛋白、等脂肪含量的8种不同糖水平(10％、15％、20％、25％、30％、35％、40％和45％)饲料,每个糖水平设3个重复,饲养周期49 d,结果显示:(1)饲料糖水平对吉富罗非鱼幼鱼的增重率、成活率、饲料系数和肝体比均有显著影响(P＜0.05).饲料糖水平为35％时,罗非鱼增重最快;饲料糖水平为40％时饲料系数最低.(2)随着饲料糖水平的升高,鱼体肌糖原、粗脂肪含量逐渐升高,鱼体肝糖原含量先增加后下降.(3)饲料糖水平对各组鱼血清谷草转氨酶、谷丙转氨酶、血清磷酸果糖激酶活性、总蛋白和总胆汁酸浓度均有显著影响(P＜0.05),且随着糖水平的升高,呈上升趋势;而鱼体肝酯酶和脂蛋白脂酶活性则是先上升后下降.(4)饲料糖水平35％时,肝脏组织出现少量细胞脂滴空泡状现象;饲料糖水平40％和45％时,肝脏组织切片有明显的细胞脂滴空泡状、核偏移和细胞质消失现象.肝脏脂滴空泡状面积率与组织脂肪含量具有显著的正相关,与肝脏组织的脂肪肝病变程度成正比.结果表明,吉富罗非鱼苗种饲料以29.10％～ 35.00％的糖水平较利于吉富罗非鱼幼鱼生长及后期的脂肪肝病预防.     

饲料牛磺酸对尼罗罗非鱼生长、体成分及组织游离氨基酸含量的影响

本文探讨了饲料牛磺酸水平对尼罗罗非鱼幼鱼生长性能、体成分及游离氨基酸含量的影响。选用体重为5.89±0.03g的罗非鱼300尾,随机分为5个处理组,每个处理3个重复,每个重复20尾。在基础饲料中分别添加0、0.4%、0.8%、1.2%、1.6%的牛磺酸,配制成5种试验料,分别饲喂不同处理组的罗非鱼,饲养周期为56d。结果表明： 0.8%牛磺酸组罗非鱼增重率最高,且显著高于0%和1.6%组(P<0.05);饲料牛磺酸水平(0.4%-1.2%)显著提高了罗非鱼摄食率、肝脏指数和内脏指数,显著降低了饲料系数(P<0.05)。随着饲料牛磺酸水平的提高,鱼体粗蛋白质和粗脂肪含量随之升高,鱼体水分和粗灰分含量随之降低(P<0.05);以增重率为指标,通过二次曲线回归分析得出罗非鱼饲料牛磺酸最适需要量为0.75%。罗非鱼血清、肝脏、肌肉和全鱼中牛磺酸含量与饲料牛磺酸含量存在正相关关系,且牛磺酸添加组血清、肝脏、肌肉和全鱼牛磺酸含量显著高于对照组相(P<0.05)。罗非鱼肝脏和肌肉中游离氨基酸含量随饲料牛磺酸含量的增加均呈逐渐下降的趋势,且牛磺酸添加组肝脏和肌肉中游离氨基酸含量显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。     

饥饿胁迫对吉富罗非鱼生长及生理生化指标的影响

实验选取90吉富罗非鱼(GIFT,Oreochromis niloticus),平均体质量137.18 g,随机分为6个平行组,饥饿处理0 d、7 d、14 d、21 d,测定饥饿对鱼体的生长、血液生化指标、应激蛋白HSP70基因表达以及鱼体组成的影响,结果表明,饥饿0～21 d过程中,随着饥饿时间的延长,鱼体体质量、内脏质量、肝体比、内脏比、血清甘油三酯、血清一氧化氮浓度、血清超氧化物歧化酶活性、肝脏HSP70的mRNA水平、鱼体能量、肌肉粗脂肪、肝脏灰份、肠系膜脂肪含量等指标呈现下降的趋势,而血清丙二醛浓度呈现增加趋势,并且与饥饿前相比在饥饿21 d时有显著性差异(P<0.05).血清皮质醇与总蛋白浓度呈现先增加后降低趋势,并且与饥饿前相比在饥饿7 d时有显著性差异.饥饿0～21d过程中,鱼体肌肉水份、肝脏水份、肌肉粗蛋白、肝脏粗蛋白与粗脂肪等含量没有较大的变化.因此饥饿时吉富罗非鱼先动用体内储存的脂肪来满足鱼体需要,长期的饥饿有可能降低鱼体免疫与抗氧化能力,直接影响鱼体健康.     

饲料中添加几丁聚糖对吉富罗非鱼幼鱼肝脏抗氧化力、血清激素及肌肉营养的影响

以吉富罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)幼鱼为研究对象,探讨添加不同剂量的几丁聚糖对吉富罗非鱼幼鱼肝脏抗氧化力、血清生化与肌肉品质的影响。选择体重为(2.97±0.02)g的健康吉富罗非鱼375尾,随机分为5组,每组3个重复,每个重复25尾鱼,分别饲喂在基础日粮中添加0%(对照组)、1%、2%、3%和4%几丁聚糖溶液(有效成分为0.6%)。养殖63 d后,测定肝脏抗氧化性能、血清生化和激素水平以及肌肉中氨基酸与脂肪酸组成。结果显示,饲料中添加1%和2%几丁聚糖能显著提高血清C3、T3和Po水平,降低Lac与T4水平(P0.05)。同时,1%和2%添加组能显著降低肝脏MDA含量,提高SOD、CAT和GSH-Px活力(P0.05)。各实验组水分、灰分与粗蛋白含量无显著差异(P0.05)。然而,随几丁聚糖添加水平的增加,粗脂肪含量显著下降(P0.05)。各实验组氨基酸组成与脂肪酸组成无显著差异(P0.05);2%和3%几丁聚糖组氨基酸组成中EAA、DAA和TAA含量与PUFA含量略高于其它实验组。     

亚麻籽油替代鱼油对大菱鲆幼鱼生长、脂肪酸组成及脂肪沉积的影响

为研究亚麻籽油替代不同鱼油水平对大菱鲆幼鱼[初始体质量为(5.89±0.02)g]生长、脂肪酸组成以及肝脏和肌肉脂肪沉积的影响,以亚麻籽油分别替代0、33.3%、66.7%和100%鱼油,配制4种等氮等脂饲料。每组饲料随机投喂3组实验鱼,饱食投喂,养殖周期为92 d。结果发现,饲料亚麻籽油水平并未显著影响大菱鲆幼鱼存活率(SR)和特定生长率(SGR),但显著影响其摄食率(FI)、饲料效率(FE)和表观净蛋白利用率(ANPU)。随饲料亚麻籽油水平升高,FI显著升高,而FE和ANPU显著下降,且其均在100%亚麻籽油组分别达到最大值或最小值。饲料亚麻籽油水平并未显著影响大菱鲆饲料脂肪表观消化率、肝体比和肌肉脂肪含量。当饲料中亚麻籽油替代100%鱼油,鱼体肝脏脂肪含量显著高于全鱼油组。肝脏和肌肉脂肪酸组成与饲料脂肪酸组成相似。相对于全鱼油组,亚麻籽油替代组肌肉和肝脏中亚油酸和亚麻酸显著升高,而EPA和DHA含量显著下降。研究表明,大菱鲆饲料中亚麻籽油替代水平应低于66.7%,且大菱鲆饲料中n-3长链多不饱和脂肪酸含量需大于0.8%。     

Comparison of effects of vegetable oils blended with southern hemisphere fish oil and decontaminated northern hemisphere fish oil on growth performance, composition and gene expression in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.)

Replacement of fish oil with sustainable alternatives, such as vegetable oil, in aquaculture diets has to be achieved without compromising the nutritional quality, in terms of n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acid (HUFA) content, of the product. This may be possible if the level of replacement is not too high and oil blends are chosen carefully but, if high levels of fish oil are substituted, a fish oil finishing diet prior to harvest would be required to restore n-3HUFA. However, a decontaminated fish oil would be required to avoid increasing undesirable contaminants. Here we test the hypotheses that blending of rapeseed and soybean oils with southern hemisphere fish oil will have a low impact upon tissue n-3HUFA levels, and that decontamination of fish oil will have no major effect on the nutritional quality of fish oil as a feed ingredient for Atlantic salmon. Salmon (initial weight ~ 0.8 kg) were fed for 10 weeks with diets in which 60% of fish oil was replaced with blends of soybean, rapeseed and southern hemisphere fish oil (SVO) or 100% decontaminated northern fish oil (DFO) in comparison with a standard northern fish oil diet (FO). Decontamination of the oil was a two-step procedure that included treatment with activated carbon followed by thin film deodorisation. Growth performance and feed efficiency were unaffected by either the SVO or DFO diets despite these having lower gross nutrient and fatty acid digestibilities than the FO diet. There were also no effects on the gross composition of the fish. Liver and, to a lesser extent flesh, lipid levels were lower in fish fed the SVO blends, due to lower proportions of neutral lipids, specifically triacylglycerol. Tissue lipid levels were not affected in fish fed the DFO diet. Reflecting the diet, flesh eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and total n-3 fatty acids were higher, and 18:1n-9 lower, in fish fed DFO than FO, whereas there were no differences in liver fatty acid compositions. Flesh EPA levels were only slightly reduced from about 6% to 5% although docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) was reduced more severely from around 13% to about 7% in fish fed the SVO diets. In contrast, the liver fatty acid compositions showed higher levels of n-3 HUFA, with DHA only reduced from 21% to about 18% and EPA increased from under 8% to 9–10% in fish fed the SVO diets. The evidence suggested that increased liver EPA (and arachidonic acid) was not simply retention, but also conversion of dietary 18:3n-3 and 18:2n-6. Increased HUFA synthesis was supported by increased hepatic expression of fatty acyl desaturases in fish fed the SVO diets. Flesh n-3HUFA levels and desaturase expression was significantly higher in fish fed soybean oil than in fish fed rapeseed oil. In conclusion, partial replacement of fish oil with blends of vegetable oils and southern hemisphere fish oil had minimal impact on HUFA levels in liver, but a greater effect on flesh HUFA levels. Despite lower apparent digestibility, decontamination of fish oil did not significantly impact its nutritional quality for salmon.     

Dietary lipid sources for seabream and seabass: growth performance, tissue composition and flesh quality

Due to its traditionally good availability, digestibility and high content of n ? 3 HUFA, fish oil is the main lipid source in fish feeds. However, world demand for this product has grown significantly in recent years, whereas its production, based on fisheries landings, is static. The purpose of the present study was to assess the effect of partial replacement of fish oil in compound diets for gilthead seabream and seabass, by several vegetable oil sources, on growth, dietary fatty acid utilization and flesh quality. Five iso‐energetic and isoproteic experimental diets were formulated (25% lipid content). Fish oil was the only added lipid source in the control (FO) diet, and it was included in the other experimental diets at a level high enough (40% of FO diet) to keep the n ? 3 HUFA levels well over 3% in order to cover the essential fatty acid requirements of these species. Fish oil was replaced by soyabean oil (SO), rapeseed oil (RO) and linseed oil (LO) or a mixture (Mix) of them. Feed intake in all dietary groups was in the range of results obtained for commercial diets in both species, and growth and feed utilization were very good. The results show that, providing a minimum content of essential fatty acids in the diet, it is possible to replace up to 60% of the fish oil by SO, LO and RO or a mixture of them in diets for seabream and seabass, without compromising fish growth. Fatty acid composition of liver and muscle reflected that of the diet, but utilization of dietary lipids differed between these two tissues and was also different for the different fatty acids. Despite reduction in dietary saturated fatty acids by the inclusion of vegetable oils, their levels in fish liver were as high as in fish fed the fish oil diet, whereas, in muscle, levels were reduced according to that in the diet. Linoleic and linolenic acids were accumulated in the liver proportionally to their levels in the diet, suggesting a lower oxidation of these fatty acids in comparison to other 18C fatty acids. Regarding eicosapentaenoic acid (20 : 5n ? 3; EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (22 : 6n ? 3; DHA) and arachidonic acid (20 : 4n ? 6; ARA), these essential fatty acids were reduced in the liver at a similar rate, whereas DHA was preferentially retained in the muscle in comparison with the other fatty acids, denoting a higher oxidation particularly of EPA, in the muscle. Some other PUFA increased despite their low dietary levels in seabream fed LO diets and in seabass fed SO diet, suggesting the stimulation of delta‐6 and delta‐5 desaturase activity in marine fish. Despite differences in fatty acid composition, fillet of fish fed vegetable oils was very well accepted by trained judges when assessed cooked.     

Growth performance,vitamin E status,and proximate and fatty acid composition of channel catfish, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Ictalurus punctatus</Emphasis>, fed diets containing various levels of fish oil and vitamin E

A study was conducted to determine the effect of increasing dietary levels of fish oil on vitamin E requirement and their effect on growth performance, liver vitamin E status, and tissue proximate and fatty acid compositions of channel catfish. Basal purified diets (42% protein and 3,800 kcal DE/kg) supplemented with 6, 10, and 14% menhaden fish oil were each supplemented with 50, 100, and 200 mg vitamin E/kg (3 × 3 factorial experiment). Each diet was fed to juvenile channel catfish in three random aquaria to apparent satiation twice daily for 12 weeks. Weight gain, feed intake, and feed efficiency ratio were not affected by dietary levels of fish oil, vitamin E, or their interaction. Survival rate at the end of week 12 was significantly lower for fish fed diets containing 14% fish oil, regardless of vitamin E content. Whole-body moisture significantly decreased and lipid increased when dietary lipid levels were increased to 10 or 14%. Dietary vitamin E levels had no effect on body proximate composition. Lipid content of liver was not influenced by dietary levels of fish oil and vitamin E or their interaction. Hepatosomatic index significantly decreased with increasing lipid levels but was not affected by dietary levels of vitamin E. Liver vitamin E increased with increasing dietary vitamin E but decreased with increasing fish oil levels. Fatty acid composition of whole body and liver reflected that of dietary lipid but was not influenced by dietary levels of vitamin E. Whole-body saturates increased, whereas MUFA decreased with increasing dietary levels of fish oil. Liver saturates were not affected by fish oil levels, but MUFA and n-6 decreased and increased, respectively, with increasing fish oil levels. Total n-3 and n-3 HUFA in both tissues increased with increasing fish oil levels in diets, but liver stored much higher levels of these fatty acids.     

Use of White Fat as a Replacement for Squid Liver Oil in Practical Diets for Surubim Pseudoplatystoma coruscans

The effect of dietary lipid on culture performance, fatty acid composition of carcass, and the liver polar lipid of surubim fingerlings Pseudoplatystoma coruscans was investigated. Five isonitrogenous (46.5% crude protein) and isolipidic (19% crude lipid) diets were formulated with squid liver oil (SLO) and white fat (pig lard-PL) as lipid sources. Diet 1 was supplemented with 12% SLO, diet 2 with 8% SLO and 4% PL, diet 3 with 6% SLO and 6% PL, diet 4 with 4% SLO and 8% PL, and diet 5 with 12% PL. Fish were fed to apparent satiation over a 64-d feeding trial. No statistically significant difference ( P >0.05) was observed in growth performance of fish. In contrast, fatty acid profile of fish carcass and liver polar lipid fraction was affected ( P 0.05) by dietary fatty acid composition. Palmitic (16:O) and the oleic (18:1n-9) acids were the major saturated and monoene fatty acids respectively found in fish carcass, independent of the lipid source in the diets. The total amount of saturated and monoene fatty acids was significantly higher ( P 0.05) in the carcass of the fish fed diets 4 and 5, than in the other fish. The concentration ( P 0.05) of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids and the n-3/n-6 ratio in fish carcass and in polar lipid fraction of liver increased in direct proportion to the level of squid liver oil in diet. Results of this experiment clearly demonstrated that both squid liver oil and pig lard have a positive nutritive value for surubim and that it is possible to increase the n-3 to n-6 ratio in favor of n-3, without loss in the growth performance, feeding fish with a diet containing a lipid source rich in this fatty acid.     

Growth Performance and Proximate and Fatty Acid Compositions of Channel Catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, Fed for Different Duration with a Commercial Diet Supplemented with Various Levels of Menhaden Fish Oil

A 15‐wk study was conducted to evaluate the effect of supplemental menhaden fish oil levels and feeding duration on growth performance and tissue proximate and fatty acid (FA) compositions of juvenile channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus. Dietary fish oil levels had no effect on final weight gain, feed efficiency, and survival of channel catfish. Tissue lipid contents were directly correlated to dietary lipid levels, while moisture contents were inversely related to dietary lipid levels. Fillet moisture contents progressively decreased, whereas fillet lipid increased with increasing feeding duration. Significant increase in saturated and total n‐3 FAs and decrease in monoenoic and total n‐6 FA in whole body and fillet were observed at each incremental level of dietary fish oil. Percentages of n‐3 and n‐3 highly unsaturated fatty acids in fillet of fish fed the control and 3% fish oil diets decreased with increasing feeding periods, whereas those of fish fed 6 or 9% added fish oil diets remained stable or increased. Ratios of n‐3/n‐6 were statistically comparable throughout the 15‐wk feeding. When expressed in terms of mg/g of fillet, the highest concentration of n‐3 was obtained in fillets of fish fed the 9% added fish oil diet for 15 wk.     

Requirement of n-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids for European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) juveniles: growth and fatty acid composition

European sea bass juveniles (14.4±0.1 g mean weight) were fed diets containing different levels of fish oil then of n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (n-3 HUFA) for 12 weeks. The fish performance as well as fatty acid (FA) composition of neutral and polar lipids from whole body after 7 and 12 weeks feeding were studied. The requirements of juvenile sea bass for n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (n-3 HUFA) were studied by feeding fish diets containing six different levels of n-3 HUFA ranging from 0.2% to 1.9% of the diet, with approximately the same DHA/EPA ratio (1.5:1).

The growth rate at the end of the trial showed significant differences. Fish fed low dietary n-3 HUFA (0.2% DM of the diet) showed significantly lower growth than the diet 3 (0.7%), then no further improvement (P>0.05) of growth performance was seen by elevating the n-3 HUFA level in the diet up to 1.9% (diet 6). No difference in feed efficiency, protein efficiency ratio or protein retention was observed among treatments, nor in protein and total lipid content. However, the n-3 HUFA levels in diets highly influenced fish fatty acid composition in neutral lipid, while polar lipid composition was less affected. Comparison of polar lipid content after 7 or 12 weeks indicated that DHA remained stable at the requirement level, while arachidonic acid decreased with time. Results of this experiment suggest that the requirement for growth of n-3 HUFA of juvenile sea bass of 14 g weight is at least 0.7% of the dry diet.     

Dietary lipid level affects fatty acid composition and hydrolase activities of intestinal brush border membrane in seabass

Triplicate groups of juvenile seabass (initial weight of 241 g) were fed during 13 weeks three isonitrogenous experimental diets containing different lipid levels, 12% (LL group), 21% (ML group) and 30% (HL group). At the end of the experiment, fish weight gain was similar among the 3 dietary groups. Intestinal brush border membranes were purified for each dietary group; one part of the brush border fraction was dedicated to enzyme assays, the remaining fraction being used for lipid extraction followed by fatty acid analysis. The fatty acid composition of the brush border membrane differed among the 3 groups, although the 3 experimental diets had the same fatty acid composition. The increase in dietary lipid level resulted in a lowering in (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) paralleled with an increase in monounsaturated fatty acid. A significant reduction in the brush border enzyme activities, namely alkaline phosphatase, aminopeptidase N, -glutamyl transpeptidase and maltase, was also observed with the elevation of the dietary lipid level. The change in activity of intestinal digestive enzymes, which are membrane-bound proteins, could be attributed to the modification of fatty acid composition and fluidity of the brush border membranes (BBM). Such lowering in PUFA and increase in monounsaturated fatty acid in BBM, concomitant with a decline in membrane enzymatic activity, has been described as a malnutrition indicator in mammals. It raises the question of possible disorders of gut functions in fish fed increasing lipid levels.     

Incorporation of fatty acids from dietary neutral lipid in eye, brain and muscle of postlarval turbot fed diets with different types of phosphatidylcholine

Previous results demonstrated the stimulating effect of soybean phosphatidylcholine (PC) on the utilization of dietary neutral lipid in larval and postlarval fish. The present study further investigated the effect of the degree of saturation of dietary PC on the enhancement of dietary fatty acid incorporation in lipids of turbot. Newly-weaned turbot were fed for 20 days on four isolipidic diets containing the same amount of highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA), presented either as neutral lipid, i.e. fish oil ethyl esters, or as polar lipid. Diet FO was a phospholipid-free control diet. Diets HPC, SPC and FPC were supplemented with 3% hydrogenated soybean PC, 3% native soybean PC and 3% marine fish roe PC, respectively.The three PC-supplemented diets resulted in better growth and higher muscle triacylglycerol levels than the PC-free diet FO. The fish fatty acids were determined in 3 lipid classes (neutral lipid, PC, phosphatidylethanolamine) of 3 organs or tissues (eye, brain and muscle). Despite the identical amounts of n-6 and n-3 fatty acids provided by the soybean oil and by the HUFA ethyl esters, the substitution of 3% hydrogenated coconut oil in diet FO by 3% hydrogenated PC in diet HPC caused, averaged over the various tissues and lipid classes, a 7 to 12% higher incorporation of 18:2n-6, 20:4n-6, 20:5n-3 and a 32% higher 22:6n-3 level in turbot lipid. Diet HPC appeared as efficient as diet SPC for enhancing the incorporation of the n-3 HUFA from the ethyl esters. Feeding diet FPC, in which the n-3 HUFA were provided through the marine PC source, resulted in slightly higher levels of these fatty acids in the fish than feeding the ethyl ester HUFA diets, even if supplemented with PC. Present results confirm the positive effect of PC, either hydrogenated or native, on the utilization of fatty acids provided in the diet as neutral lipid. The slightly higher incorporation of HUFA, when esterified on dietary PC instead of neutral lipid, raises the question regarding the form of intestinal absorption of PL in fish.p>     

Effects of varying dietary docosahexaenoic acid levels on growth,proximate composition and tissue fatty acid profile of juvenile silver pomfrets,Pampus argenteus (Euphrasen, 1788)

This study investigated the effects of varying dietary levels of decosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on growth performance, proximate composition and whole body fatty acid profiles of juvenile silver pomfret, Pampus argenteus. Triplicate groups of fish (30.55 ± 0.08 g) were fed diets containing 5.2%, 9.31% and 13.38% DHA (% of total fatty acids) or 0.85%, 1.52% and 2.18% DHA on dry diet weight for diets 1, 2 and 3 respectively. Survival was not affected by dietary DHA levels. The growth performance and feed utilization parameters of fish fed diets 2 and 3 were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than those fed diet 1, although these parameters in diets 2 and 3 did not differ significantly (P > 0.05). Whole body lipid and fatty acid profiles were influenced by dietary DHA levels. Significantly higher n‐3 fatty acids particularly DHA, DHA:EPA(eicosapentaenoic acid) ratios and n‐3:n‐6 ratios were observed in fish fed diets 2 and 3 compared to those fed diet 1. Better growth performance and higher whole body DHA:EPA (2.31, 2.29) ratios and n‐3:n‐6 ratios (2.17, 2.12) observed in fish fed diets 2 and 3, respectively, suggests that silver pomfret juveniles have a higher requirement for n‐3 fatty acids, notably DHA for optimum growth and survival.     

Growth response of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) to dietary ω3 and ω6 fatty acids

Different levels of trilinolenin (ω3) and trilinolein (ω6) fatty acids were incorporated in 16 trout diets. Results from feeding experiments showed inferior fish growth on diets (a) deficient in ω3 fatty acid (FA), (b) high in ω6 and low in ω3 FAs, and (c) high in both ω3 and ω6 FAs. Diets supporting rapid fish growth were those containing (a) high levels of ω3 FA and (b) high ω3 and low ω6 FAs. Fish lipid fatty acid composition, feed conversion efficiency and fish mortality are discussed.