对虾工厂化养殖水环境基本特征研究

采用现场试验方法研究了工厂化养殖水环境基本特征,并与室外土池对虾养殖环境进行了对比分析。研究结果表明,对虾工厂化养殖水环境的基本特征为：水温、盐度和DO完全可以人为控制;pH和Chla在短时间内可以被人工调控,但无法在长时间尺度内控制其变化趋势和变化幅度;而氮、磷营养盐的浓度和变动则无法人工控制。与对虾室外土池养殖相比,工厂化养殖水体中水温、盐度和DO的变动较小,其平均值的差异非常显著;pH的变动较大,其平均值显著高于室外养殖池水体;Chla含量较高,与室外养殖相比无显著差异;水体中氮、磷营养盐含量均在较低的浓度范围内波动,而且其平均值在两种养殖模式下差异均不显著。其中,NO3-N是DIN的主要存在形式,NO3-N占DIN的平均比率为62.17%。另外,与室外养殖相似,对虾工厂化模式下NH4-N、NO2-N、NO3-N以及PO4-P浓度并不受养殖密度或DO含量的影响。     

大鹏澳海湾养殖生态环境的化学计量分析

根据2008 2009年在深圳大鹏澳养殖海域周年4个季节的生态环境调查数据,采用化学计量学方法(主成分分析、系统聚类分析和分类主成分分析)研究了大鹏澳养殖海域生态环境的时空变化。结果表明,第一主成分以海水温度、盐度、海水营养盐中的无机三氮、硫化物、叶绿素a(Chla)和颗粒有机物(POM)等为特征,表征了大鹏澳海洋生态环境主要受气候和水文因素的影响;第二主成分以海水磷酸盐(PO4-P)和沉积物硫化物为特征,与网箱养殖自身污染效应有关;第三主成分以海水溶解氧(DO)和化学需氧量(CODMn)为特征,与养殖生物耗氧代谢活动有关;第四主成分以沉积物有机质为特征,与养殖贝类的生物沉降作用有关。该养殖海域生态环境的时空分布特征主要受亚热带季风气候和养殖活动的空间布局及其季节周期性养殖生产的共同影响。     

大鹏澳网箱养殖海域水质评价及因子分析

根据2001年6月至2002年6月对大鹏澳网箱养殖海域6个航次的水质监测数据，采用有机污染评价指数法对养殖区水质状况进行了评价，同时应用因子分析方法对T(水温)、DO、SS(悬浮物)、CoDMn、BOD5、NO2-N、NO3-N、NH3-N、TIN(总无机氮)、PO4-P等10个水质成分的监测数据进行了分析。结果表明，(1)2001年9月和2002年3月海水出现轻度污染，前者主要是由NO3-N、CoDMn和BoD5所引起，后者是由NH3-N、PO4-P引起的。(2)水质监测数据的总体方差主要来源于T、Do、SS、NO3-N及TIN等5个成分，其次是NO2-N、NH3-N、PO4-P，再次是CODMn和BOD5。(3)因子分析结果表明，各水质成分之间存在一定的相关关系。其中，T、Do、SS、NO3-N及TIN同时载荷于第1主因子上，说明此5个水质成分之间具有较好的相关性；NO2-N、NH3-N、PO4-P同时载荷于第2主因子上，则此3个水质成分之间的相关程性较好；CODMn和BOD5同时载荷于第3主因子上，二者之间具有较好的相关性。     

厦门同安湾硅藻赤潮与理化环境条件的关系研究

通过对厦门同安湾2003年5月28日至7月21日以地中海指管藻为主的硅藻赤潮的跟踪监测,研究了赤潮发生前后,海域水环境中水温、盐度、pH值、DO、COD、无机氮(D IN)、活性磷酸盐(PO4-P)、叶绿素a含量与赤潮种群细胞密度之间的关系,并对此次赤潮发生的机理进行了探讨。结果表明,海水中丰富的无机氮和PO4-P为赤潮的发生提供了营养基础,适宜的水温和盐度的变化可能是诱发硅藻赤潮的原因之一,海水中PO4-P则是硅藻赤潮的主要限制因子之一,海水中DO含量变化可作为赤潮预报的主要特征指标。     

网箱养殖对白洋淀草型湖泊水质的影响

为研究白洋淀网箱养鱼对北方浅水草型湖泊水质的影响,选取不同养殖年限下的网箱进行采样监测,分析白洋淀有关环境因子与养殖时间的相关性,并建立相应的回归方程。结果表明：白洋淀网箱养鱼的养殖时间与湖泊水体的环境因子DO、Chl.a显著负相关,与COD显著正相关;养殖时间与NH4＋-N、NO3-N和TN显著正相关,与NO2-N无...     

唐岛湾网箱养殖区底层水营养盐变化及营养状况分析

根据2004年8月、10月和2005年2月、5月对唐岛湾网箱养殖区现场调查,分析了网箱养殖区底层海水营养盐的季节变化,并对水质营养化状况进行了评价。结果表明,与对照点相比,唐岛湾网箱养殖对底层海水pH、DO影响不明显,对COD、NO2--N、PO34--P、NH4 -N影响相对较大。从无机氮营养结构看,DIN在冬季和春季以NO3--N为主,秋季NO3--N和NH4 -N二者相差不大,占主要比重,而在夏季NH4 -N所占比重最大。从A值和NQI值的统计结果看,在养殖活动较强的夏季和秋季,A值范围为1～2,为开始受污染等级,其他季节为水质处于良好等级,营养状态指数EQI值也呈夏季和秋季较其他季节高的变化趋势。     

福建近海若干个拟投放深水网箱海湾理化环境调查与评估

根据2000和2001年福建主要港湾调查所获得的海洋水文和海洋化学环境资料，对拟投放深水抗风浪网箱海域的海水理化因子作了较详细的分析研究，以评估该海域是否适合于投放深水网箱。结果表明，三都澳、官井洋、东吾洋、罗源湾、福清湾、兴化湾，湄州湾和东山湾水深在25m以上，湾外有岛屿屏障，环境隐蔽、水流稳定，水温、盐度和透明度有显著的季节变化，pH和DO符合国家渔业水质标准，COD一般符合一类海水水质标准，局部海域达到二类海水水质标准，IN、PO3-P一般符合二类海水水质标准，在秋季有些港湾达到三类海水水质标准。从理化环境的角度分析，上述海湾可作为投放深水网箱之场所。     

大亚湾海域2009—2015年氮、磷营养盐时空分布及富营养化评价

为了解大亚湾海域海水中氮(N)、磷(P)营养盐的时空分布情况及富营养化程度,于2009年4月和5月、2010年5月和6月、2012年2月、2015年1月和2月对大亚湾海域进行海水采样监测。结果表明,大亚湾海域不同功能区无机氮(DIN)和活性磷酸盐(PO4-P)浓度总体上为先增后降的趋势,DIN和PO4-P的时空分布由于受陆源污染、海水养殖等影响,浓度呈近海岸向远海岸递减的趋势。潜在富营养化评价表明,大亚湾海域整体上经历了由贫营养转为中度营养再转为贫营养的过程,其中一类功能区长年处于贫营养状态。总体上大亚湾平均氮磷比(N/P)接近或小于Redfield比值。     

网箱养殖对白洋淀草型湖泊水质的影响

为研究白洋淀网箱养鱼对北方浅水草型湖泊水质的影响,选取不同养殖年限下的网箱进行采样监测,分析白洋淀有关环境因子与养殖时间的相关性,并建立相应的回归方程。结果表明:白洋淀网箱养鱼的养殖时间与湖泊水体的环境因子DO、Chl.a显著负相关,与COD显著正相关;养殖时间与NH4+-N、NO3-N和TN显著正相关,与NO2-N无显著相关关系,与TP呈一定的正相关关系。随着养殖时间的增加,网箱养鱼加重了白洋淀浅水草型湖泊CODCr、N和P的污染负荷,在一定程度上加快了白洋淀湖泊水体的富营养化进程。     

黄颡鱼养殖池塘氮磷营养盐周年变化研究

通过对黄颡鱼养殖池塘水体主要水质因子周年变化的测定与比较,探讨黄颡鱼养殖对水体环境的影响。研究主要测定了水体总磷(TP)、磷酸盐(PO4-P)、硝酸盐氮(NO3-N)、亚硝酸盐氮(NO2-N)和氨氮(NH4-N)含量。结果表明:养殖水体TP全年变化范围为0.08~1.17mg/L,5月份TP含量最低。PO4-P全年变化范围为0.02~0.27mg/L,10-12月份PO4-P含量较高为0.24~0.27mg/L。NO3-N全年变化范围为0.02~11.67mg/L,8月和11月份形成2个峰值;NO2-N全年变化范围为0.02~0.48mg/L,10月份呈现最高值0.48±0.01mg/L。NH4-N全年变化范围为0.06~2.02mg/L,5月份呈现峰值。溶解态无机氮(DIN)全年含量为0.43~11.76mg/L,且从全年氮平均含量进行考察,NO3-N、NH4-N和NO2-N分别占DIN的78.16%、16.72%和5.12%,N/P比值在5月和11月份出现2个峰值。黄颡鱼养殖池塘的水体氮和磷营养含量受光照、水温和鱼体活动等因素影响。     

Spatial and temporal variations of sediment quality in and around fish cage farms: A case study of aquaculture in the Seto Inland Sea, Japan

ABSTRACT: Fish cage farming generates large amounts of organic waste in the form of unconsumed feed and fecal matter, resulting in sediment deterioration and a threat to its own sustainability. Field studies analysed the scale of the impact of fish cage farming on sediment quality, variability of impact and spread of sediment enrichment in the vicinity of a fish farm. Two fish culture sites near the Fukuyama area of the Seto Inland Sea of Japan were chosen for the study. There was a significant difference between the quality of the sediment in aquaculture and non-aquaculture areas. The sediment underlying the fish cage farms was found to be extremely reducing, acidic and sulfidic. Sediment ignition loss did not vary markedly with the season. However, the redox potential and acid volatile sulfide content of aquaculture areas did show some seasonal variation. Sediment encircling a 165 m radius from the center of a farm in Yokota was judged as organically enriched by fish farming. A variation in sediment quality within the two sites and also within the stations was observed. Based on sediment quality, the stations could be categorized as less affected, highly affected or moderately affected.     

大亚湾鱼类深水网箱养殖对环境的影响

2016年5月(养殖开始前)和2016年8月(养殖投饵高峰期)对大亚湾大碓鱼类深水网箱区、外围区(网箱外0.1 km)和非养殖区(网箱外10~15 km)的海水和沉积环境进行了调查,采用有机污染指数(A)法、营养状态质量指数(NQI)法对水环境进行评价,用潜在生态危害指数(RI)法对表层沉积物重金属潜在生态危害进行评价。结果显示,与传统网箱养殖化学需氧量(COD)由网箱区中心向四周递减的趋势不同,深水网箱养殖CODMn浓度在3个区域间无显著性差异。深水网箱养殖海域水质较好(A1),水质处于贫营养水平(NQI2)。深水网箱养殖海域表层沉积物重金属铅(Pb)和锌(Zn)含量均符合第一类海洋沉积物质量标准,但铜(Cu)和镉(Cd)含量轻微超标。沉积环境处于轻微生态危害状态(Eir30,RI100),与中国同类型海区相比,污染危害程度相对并不严重。深水网箱养鱼对周围海域环境的影响较小。     

象山港三种不同养殖方式对浮游动物群落的影响

为探究不同营养类型养殖方式对半封闭海湾浮游生态系统的影响,于2015年在象山港的鱼类网箱养殖、牡蛎筏式养殖和海带筏式养殖3种养殖区内外分别进行大、中型和中、小型浮游动物群落及相关环境因子的四季研究。结果显示,牡蛎养殖区内大、中型浮游动物群落结构变化明显,夏、秋季优势种太平洋纺锤水蚤的优势度下降,冬季优势种腹针胸刺水蚤的优势度上升;网箱养殖区内浮游动物群落变化不明显,变化主要为大、中型浮游动物优势种,春、冬季腹针胸刺水蚤的优势度下降,秋季优势种种类组成变化明显;海带养殖区内浮游动物群落和优势种变化均不明显。此外,3种养殖方式对浮游动物的生物量、丰度和α多样性均未产生明显影响。结合象山港的水文特征和养殖区内外的环境因子,研究表明,牡蛎养殖区浮游动物群落变化是牡蛎滤食行为和铁港水交换能力差的综合结果,而浮游动物优势种变化可能与水体总磷含量较高有关;因目前网箱养殖规模小且西沪港水动力条件较好,网箱区内局部环境和浮游动物的变化较小;海带养殖因面积小且仅春、冬季养殖,不足以对水质和浮游动物产生影响。此外,本研究显示不同环境中,大、中型浮游动物群落结构的变异较中、小型浮游动物明显,这可能与中、小型浮游动物群落的稳定性较高有关。     

Impact of fish and pearl farming on the benthic environments in Gokasho Bay: Evaluation from seasonal fluctuations of the macrobenthos

ABSTRACT: In order to clarify the influence of mariculture on the benthic fauna, samples of the macrobenthos were collected from Gokasho Bay, where intensive fish culture and pearl oyster culture have been carried out. Monthly samples collected from the fish farm and pearl farm sites during June 1995 to July 1996 revealed that the community structure of the two sites showed distinct differences with seasonal fluctuations. At the fish farm site, azoic conditions were found from July to November; after December, the diversity increased markedly through successive recruitments of small-sized species such as the polychaetes Capitella sp. and Pseudopolydora paucibranchiata , and the amphipods Aoroides spp.; macrofaunal density, biomass and species richness peaked from March to April. At the pearl farm site, a higher diversity, including larger-sized species, and no clear seasonal fluctuations in abundance was found, and the community structure was similar to that at the control site. These results show the large impact by fish farming on the macrofauna, whereas pearl farming causes less effect on the benthic fauna. It is suggested that the difference in the level of organic input between the two sites results in the differences in the dissolved oxygen content of the bottom water, sulfide content of the sediments and, subsequently, the macrobenthic assemblages.     

网箱养殖对千岛湖水环境的影响

通过对千岛湖网箱养殖区内外水域的四季水质调查,分析得出网箱养殖对千岛湖局部水域会产生明显的影响。造成养殖区水域的DO、pH下降,TN升高,不同季节和不同的水层影响存在差别。冬季对浅层的DO、pH产生明显下降,影响区域小;春季对表层的DO、pH产生明显下降,影响区域大;夏季受水温分层,影响不明显;秋季造成各层水体DO、pH下降,TN上升,影响区域大。千岛湖网箱养殖在春季和秋季对养殖区局部水域影响明显,但分散的网箱养殖对水域影响范围较小,对千岛湖水体短期内影响不明显。     

Relationship between feed input and sediment quality of the fish cage farms

ABSTRACT: A study was conducted to examine the variation in fish farm sediment quality with varying organic carbon input in the form of feed. In order to elucidate the seasonal variation in farm sediment quality, relation between seasonal organic carbon input, temperature and sediment quality was studied. The sediment ignition loss, redox potential and acid volatile sulfide sulfur (AVS-S) content showed a correlation with annual organic carbon input. The seasonal AVS-S content showed a significant correlation with the seasonal organic carbon input as well as temperature. Multiple regression analysis revealed that both of these factors explicated 80% of the seasonal variation in AVS-S content. Although redox conditions of the sediment could also be correlated with both the organic carbon input and temperature, the latter seemed to have a greater control. Thus, the farm sediment quality could be directly related to the annual organic carbon input to the fish farm under similar hydrographic conditions. Acid volatile sulfide sulfur content exhibited a significant correlation with both the annual as well as the seasonal organic carbon input. Therefore, AVS-S content proved to be a fairly simple and better indicator for monitoring the fish farm environment for effective farm management and sustainable aquaculture. Importance of size of pellets as a factor affecting the feed input-sediment quality relation is also demonstrated in the present study.     

三都湾网箱鱼类养殖容量的估算

以底质硫化物为指标,采样实地调查估算法,估算福建宁德三都湾网箱鱼类养殖容量。选取的5片网箱养殖区底质硫化物调查结果,每片网箱养殖区底质硫化物的含量从网箱养殖区的中心向边缘递减,网箱养殖区外侧硫化物含量均没有超标;利用SPSS软件的双变量相关性分析功能,分析底质硫化物与单位水体养殖密度之间的相关关系,得到指数增长曲线方程:y=81.858e1.214x,经相关性分析,得到R=0.989,R2=0.977,p0.01(n=6),相关性显著。根据该方程和底质硫化物评价标准,计算得出三都湾网箱适养水域的鱼类养殖容量为1.07kg/m3。     

Ecological footprint for assessment of resource use and development limitations in shrimp and tilapia aquaculture

We review estimates of the spatial ecosystem support required to run a typical semi-intensive shrimp farm in a coastal mangrove area in Carribean Colombia, and to produce food inputs and process wastes for large-scale industrially managed tilapia cage culture and small-scale, semi-intensive tilapia pond farming in Lake Kariba, Zimbabwe. The tilapia farming is discussed in relation to the pelagic kapenta, Limnothrissa miodon (Boulenger), fishery and to inshore fisheries in the Lake. The results show that a semi-intensive shrimp farm needs a spatial ecosystem support—the ecological footprint—35 to 190 times the surface area of the pond, mainly mangrove area. Based on the analysis, we conclude that shrimp farming in Colombia is already utilizing close to the full support capacity of its coastal environment. In intensive tilapia cage farming, the ecological footprint for feed production is 10 000 times larger than the area of the cages. In contrast, a tilapia pond farm maintained on offals from fisheries, agriculture and households depends very little on external ecosystem areas. As long as there is a direct market for human consumption of all kapenta caught in the Lake, fish cage farming based on fish meal from kapenta would be doubtful from ethical, ecological as well as resource management points of view, even if it was economically feasible.     

柘林湾网箱养殖海域溶解氧分布及其影响因素

根据１９９８年７月在南海东北部柘林湾的调查数据，探讨网箱养殖海域溶解氧的分布及其与其他环境因子间的关系，结果显示夏季海水溶解氧浓度为３.03-7.86mg/L( 平均５．３０）,退潮时（平均５.71)高于涨潮时（平均４.65)涨潮时网箱区内贫氧（ ＜０．mg/L).多元逐步回归分析表明，对溶解氧浓度有重要影响的水质因子为pH和水温，其次为盐度，ＣＯＤ和营养盐，它们的变化与ＤＯ的变化有较好的相关性，区域比较表明，海水溶解氧浓度与观测僧置到网箱区的距离呈正相关（Ｐ＜０．０２），与底质硫物，ＰＯ４－Ｐ含量呈负相关（Ｐ＜０．０５）,溶解氧浓度偏低与养殖环境的污染有直接关系。