云纹石斑鱼精子冷冻保存

以云纹石斑鱼精液为实验材料,对精子稀释液、抗冻剂种类和适宜浓度、冷冻保存液进行了筛选。结果表明,利用9g/L NaCl、10g/L KHCO3和10%小牛血清配制而成的稀释液EM1-2适宜于云纹石斑鱼精子冷冻保存,以2ml冷冻管为精子容器,在60L液氮生物保存罐中冷冻保存精子,冷冻解冻精子活力可达56.67%±5.77%,要优于TS-2、ES1-3和其他EM系列稀释液冷冻保存精子活力。利用EM1-2为基础液对抗冻保护剂进行筛选,结果显示,10%~20%的二甲基亚砜(DMSO)和1-2-丙二醇(PG)冷冻保存后精子活力无显著差异(P0.05),其中15%的DMSO和10%PG冷冻保存精子效果最优,解冻后精子活力分别可达54.52%±7.81%和57.24%±3.69%。利用冷冻保存1年的精液与云纹石斑鱼卵进行受精,受精率和孵化率均达到80%以上,与新鲜精子无显著性差异(P0.05)。本研究表明,利用EM1-2配制15%的DMSO或10%的PG可用于冷冻保存云纹石斑鱼精液。在此基础上,建立了精子冷冻库,保存精子130ml,为人工繁育和杂交育种提供了丰富的精子源。     

云纹石斑鱼精子冷冻保存

以云纹石斑鱼精液为实验材料,对精子稀释液、抗冻剂种类和适宜浓度、冷冻保存液进行了筛选。结果表明,利用9g/L NaCl、10g/L KHCO3和10%小牛血清配制而成的稀释液EM1-2适宜于云纹石斑鱼精子冷冻保存,以2ml冷冻管为精子容器,在60L液氮生物保存罐中冷冻保存精子,冷冻解冻精子活力可达56.67%±5.77%,要优于TS-2、ES1-3和其他EM系列稀释液冷冻保存精子活力。利用EM1-2为基础液对抗冻保护剂进行筛选,结果显示,10%~20%的二甲基亚砜(DMSO)和1-2-丙二醇(PG)冷冻保存后精子活力无显著差异(P0.05),其中15%的DMSO和10%PG冷冻保存精子效果最优,解冻后精子活力分别可达54.52%±7.81%和57.24%±3.69%。利用冷冻保存1年的精液与云纹石斑鱼卵进行受精,受精率和孵化率均达到80%以上,与新鲜精子无显著性差异(P0.05)。本研究表明,利用EM1-2配制15%的DMSO或10%的PG可用于冷冻保存云纹石斑鱼精液。在此基础上,建立了精子冷冻库,保存精子130ml,为人工繁育和杂交育种提供了丰富的精子源。     

双斑东方鲀精子冷冻保存方法探究

双斑东方鲀(Takifugu bimaculatus)在福建已形成较大规模的养殖产业,但其精卵成熟同步率低、自然交配受精率低等繁殖特点已成为养殖规模化发展的最大制约因素。而精子超低温冷冻保存技术作为直接保存细胞遗传物质的一种有效方法,为双斑东方鲀规模化人工繁育问题的解决提供了方案。研究以复苏后的精子活力为选择指标,开展双斑东方鲀精子冷冻保存方法的研究,对抗冻剂、基础液、精子稀释浓度和降温程序等几个关键影响因素进行了筛选,获得了双斑东方鲀精子的最适冷冻方法:以含5%二甲亚砜(DMSO)的MPRS溶液与精子按1∶1比例稀释,样品在4℃冰箱中平衡30 min,液氮上方10 cm处熏蒸5 min,再下降到5 cm处熏蒸5 min,之后投入液氮。按此方法保存的双斑东方鲀精子在解冻激活后,其活力可达(83±3)%,与相应卵子受精,可得到平均70%的孵化率,可以满足双斑东方鲀规模化人工繁育的需求。研究结果也可为其他东方鲀鱼类的相关研究提供参考。     

石鲽、牙鲆精子冷冻保存研究及其在人工杂交中的应用

对石鲽(Kareius bicoloratus )和牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)精子冷冻保存技术进行了研究,筛选到一个优良的稀释液MPRS,用MPRS冷冻保存石鲽、牙鲆精子,冻后成活率在70%以上。在石鲽冻精和牙鲆卵的杂交实验中,杂交组受精率是 28 4%±4 55(n=3),孵化率是 42 7%±7 35(n=3),胚胎发育正常;5 000尾杂交鱼苗有102尾成功度过变态期。在牙鲆冻精和大菱鲆卵的杂交实验中,杂交组的受精率只有2 7%,部分受精卵虽能孵化出膜,但仔鱼全为畸形。这两个杂交实验,特别是石鲽冻精和牙鲆卵的杂交实验,证实了冷冻保存的精子完全可以应用在杂交育种工作中。     

棘头梅童鱼精子超低温冷冻保存研究

为保护和利用棘头梅童鱼种质资源,以常用无机盐及葡萄糖配制的5种溶液(依次编号A、B、C、D、E)作为稀释液,不同体积分数的DMSO作为抗冻剂,采用2 mL冻存管和两步降温的方式,对棘头梅童鱼精子的超低温冷冻保存技术进行了研究,并利用人工养殖黄姑鱼的成熟卵子对冻存3年的棘头梅童鱼冷冻精子的授精能力进行检验。结果表明,以E溶液为稀释液、10%DMSO为抗冻剂、两步降温方式冷冻保存的棘头梅童鱼精子在37℃水浴解冻后复活率较高,为(76.67±10.41)%^82.33±4.62%;以上述方法冻存3年的棘头梅童鱼冷冻精子与人工养殖黄姑鱼的成熟卵子杂交,受精率达到(20.26±4.12)%。     

马氏珠母贝精子的超低温保存

通过比较不同pH值（5．5-9．5）、不同盐度的海水等作为基础液对马氏珠母贝精子保存的影响，选择其中无激活精子作用又对其生理特性（活力，寿命，受精能力等）无影响者，加入二甲亚砜抗冻剂配制成超低温保存的抗冻保护液，精液与保护液按1：10和1：20的比例混合，样品按4组不同的降温程序平衡后转入液氮冷冻，比较其超低温冻存的效果。结果表明：以海水（pH7．5—8．0）为基础液，配制10％DMSO作为抗冻保护液，精液与保护液比例为1：20，在低温（0-4℃）中平衡约30min，在距液氮面15cm、5cm处分别停留5min、10min后转入液氮（-196℃），冻存精子效果良好。冷冻24h、48h及5个月后，在38—40℃下水浴解冻复苏后，用终浓度0．25‰的氨海水刺激，精子存活率可超过60％，受精率可达80％。     

龙须菜对水体Cu2+、Cd2+的去除效率及其生理响应

通过室内实验，研究了龙须菜对水体Cu^2＋、Cd^2＋的去除效率及其部分生理生化指标的变化状况。结果显示，龙须菜对水体低浓度（0．05mg／L）Cu^2＋、Cd^2＋的去除率分别达到了99．9％和93．1％；对较高浓度（0．5mg／L）Cu^2＋、Cd^2＋的去除率分别为55．24％和86．15％；水体较高浓度（0．5mg／L）Cu^2＋会导致龙须菜叶绿素a、b和藻红素的含量均显著下降（P〈0．05），而高浓度（2．5mg／L）Cd^2＋不会导致色素含量的显著下降；龙须菜对环境中Cu^2＋的生理响应浓度也明显小于Cd^2＋，藻体SOD活性出现峰值且MDA含量显著高于（P〈0．05）对照组的浓度水平分别为Cu^2＋0．05mg／L及Cd^2＋0．5mg／L。龙须菜更适宜作为对海水Cd^2＋污染进行生物修复的植物。     

土霉素对半滑舌鳎后肠好氧菌耐药性影响与药物残留分析

在（22±1）℃海水温度下，以初始体重（180～220）g的半滑舌鳎为研究对象，分别在配合饲料中以土霉素浓度为0mg·kg^-1和125mg·kg^-1拌料投喂，研究半滑舌鳎后肠中好氧菌耐药率的变化情况，同时使用高效液相色谱检测半滑舌鳎肌肉中土霉素的残留量。结果表明：在添加16mg·kg^-1土霉素的选择性培养基上，半滑舌鳎后肠好氧菌其耐药率从开始投喂时的（12．32±2．36）％增加到停药期间最大值（43．15±4．20）％；而在160mg·L^-1浓度土霉素的培养基上，其耐药率从开始的（5．6±2．94）％增加到（18．64±0．45）％。土霉素残留实验表明，在投喂药期间，土霉素在肌肉中的残留量处于（2．23±0．40）～（3．14±0．15）mg·kg^-1之间，但投药期结束后，残留量迅速下降，直到第6天降到检测限以下。本研究结果表明，在土霉素作用下，实验组耐药率出现较大的变化，但在停药16天时基本恢复到正常水平。     

鲈鱼冷冻精子诱导半滑舌鳎胚胎发育

半滑舌鳎是分布在我国黄、渤海的特有鱼类,雌鱼明显具有较雄鱼生长快的特点,利用雌核发育方法诱导产生半滑舌鳎超雌鱼,通过与正常雄鱼交配,最终可培育生长速度快、个体大的全雌性后代,对于提高养殖效益具有重要的意义。为此利用冷冻保存的异源鲈鱼精子诱导半滑舌鳎卵产生雌核发育二倍体、单倍体、杂交胚胎,利用同源精子受精产生普通二倍体,在Olympus显微镜下对它们的胚胎发育进行了观察比较。冷冻解冻的鲈鱼精子,在1000μj/cm2紫外线下照射0·2~1min,诱导半滑舌鳎卵受精,在受精后2~5min将卵置于2~5℃的水浴冷休克20min,获得了雌核发育的胚胎和鱼苗,在21·7~23·6℃水温中,雌核发育胚胎经过2781min孵化出膜。普通胚胎在21·7~23·6℃水温下,经2621min孵化出膜。经紫外线灭活处理的鲈鱼精子诱导半滑舌鳎卵,但不经过冷休克获得的单倍体胚胎,具有明显的单倍体综合症,发育至1949min陆续死亡。鲈鱼精子与半滑舌鳎卵杂交受精,胚胎不能正常发育,相当于胚孔封闭期后全部死亡。实验证明,鲈鱼冷冻精子可刺激半滑舌鳎卵雌核发育。     

超低温冷冻保存中华鲟F_1精子授精方法研究

利用超低温冷冻保存中华鲟子一代(F_1)的精液,研究4种不同激活液、2种不同的授精方式及5种不同冻精授精量对授精效果的影响。结果表明,冷冻保存365d的中华鲟F_1冻精,用养殖水激活授精效果优于4种激活液,获得(15.04±0.58)%的受精率和(14.6±0.59)%的孵化率。相同条件下,试验1、试验2和试验3的湿法受精率和孵化率分别为(18.3±1.45)%、(13.57±0.76)%、(18.65±0.42)%和(16.82±2.01)%、(11.03±0.98)%、(15.87±1.25)%,湿法授精效果均优于干法授精。用10mL中华鲟卵与不同冻精授精量进行湿法授精,精子密度3.82×109个/mL,稀释比1∶2,冻精活力(35.45±5.26)%,冻精用量0.1~0.6mL,随着冻精用量的加大,受精率和孵化率呈现上升趋势,0.6mL时,受精率和孵化率达最高,分别为(16.43±1.57)%和(14.58±1.35)%,但随着冻精用量的继续加大,其受精率和孵化率随之下降。     

紫外辐射灭活大黄鱼和黄姑鱼精子及其激活大黄鱼卵子发育为胚胎的效果

为探讨大黄鱼(Larimichthys crocea)和黄姑鱼(Nibea albiflora)精子的紫外辐射灭活适宜剂量及其激活大黄鱼卵子发育为胚胎的效果,以Ringer氏液为稀释液,按1:30稀释大黄鱼和黄姑鱼精子,采用自制紫外灭活装置[紫外辐射强度2200μW/(cm~2·s),紫外波长254 nm]对这2种鱼的精子进行紫外照射处理及活力测定,然后与正常大黄鱼卵子进行人工授精,授精后一部分卵未作冷休克处理,另一部分卵进行了冷休克处理(受精2 min 30 s,3℃海水,冷休克10 min),并进行了早期胚胎成活率和仔鱼孵化率的测定与比较。结果显示:1)大黄鱼和黄姑鱼精子的激活率与紫外照射处理时间呈负相关,精子的快速运动时间变化呈典型的Hertwig效应。2)未冷休克组中大黄鱼和黄姑鱼诱导的早期胚胎成活率与精子的紫外照射时间总体呈负相关,而仔鱼孵化率呈Hertwig效应。3)冷休克组中大黄鱼和黄姑鱼精子诱导的早期胚胎成活率和仔鱼孵化率随紫外照射时间的增加呈Hertwig效应,分别于2 min 20 s和1min 30 s时达相对峰值,此时,大黄鱼早期胚胎成活率和仔鱼孵化率分别为(38.3±4.3)%和(66.5±5.1)%,黄姑鱼早期胚胎成活率和仔鱼孵化率分别为(43.3±3.3)%和(67.7±6.3)%。分析认为,大黄鱼和黄姑鱼精子遗传失活的紫外辐射剂量分别以308 m J/cm~2和198 m J/cm~2为佳。本研究旨在为大黄鱼雌核发育技术的改进提供依据。     

Effect of extender composition and freezing rate on post-thaw motility and fertility of Arctic char, Salvelinus alpinus (L.), spermatozoa

The effects of extender composition and freezing rate on motility and fertility of frozen‐thawed Arctic char, Salvelinus alpinus, spermatozoa were investigated. Three freezing rates, two semen diluents and three cryoprotectants were tested. Semen frozen in 0.3 mol L^?1 glucose diluent with 10% methanol as a cryoprotectant or in a diluent described by Lahnsteiner with 10%N,N‐dimethylacetamide (DMA) resulted in the highest sperm motility. Fertility was the highest for semen frozen in a glucose–methanol extender but was not significantly different than that for semen frozen in Lahnsteiner's diluent with 10% DMA. Dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) at 10% was a relatively ineffective cryoprotectant with either semen diluent. Semen frozen at 6 cm above the surface of liquid nitrogen resulted in a higher post‐thaw sperm motility and fertility than semen frozen at 5 cm. The addition of 7% fresh egg yolk to glucose diluent containing methanol or DMSO did not improve the fertility of frozen‐thawed spermatozoa. However, the addition of 7% fresh egg yolk to glucose–DMA extender significantly improved the fertilization percentages of frozen‐thawed spermatozoa. In conclusion, dilution of semen 1:3 in 0.3 mol L^?1 glucose with 10% methanol and freezing 6 cm above the surface of liquid nitrogen (freezing rate of 40±8°C min^?1, mean±SD from ?5 to ?55°C) is a promising protocol for cryopreservation of Arctic char semen.     

Cryopreservation of Persian sturgeon (Acipenser persicus) sperm: effects of cryoprotectants,antioxidant, membrane stabilizer,equilibration time and dilution ratio on sperm motility and fertility

Three experiments were performed to develop protocols for cryopreservation of Persian sturgeon Acipenser persicus, sperm. In the first experiment, sperm from six males was individually split in three subsamples and cryopreserved using Modified Tsvetkova's extender (mT) supplemented with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), methanol (MeOH), glycerol (Gly) and ethylene glycol (EG) at concentration of 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%. In the second set of experiments, the effects of six equilibration times (0, 5, 10, 20, 40 and 60 min) and dilution ratios (volume sperm: volume extender 1:0.5, 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:5 and 1:10) and the additive advantage of bovine serum albumin (BSA; 0, 2.5, 5 and 10 mg mL^?1) and ascorbic acid (0, 2.5, 5 and 10 U mL^?1), on the post‐thaw survival of sperm (triplicate set of six fish) were evaluated. Then, sperm was diluted in 1:1 mT extender with 10 mg mL^?1 BSA with selected cryoprotectants (15% MeOH and 10% DMSO) for 5 min. After a month of storage in liquid nitrogen, post‐thawed sperm motility; fertilization and hatching rate and viability of derived larvae were measured (Exp.3). Evaluation of cryoprotectants efficiency showed that MeOH 15% and DMSO 10% were suitable for cryopreservation of Persian sturgeon sperm. Gly and EG resulted in very low post‐thaw motility rates even at lowest concentration. No significant difference was observed among the four different equilibration times (0, 5, 10, 20 min) (P > 0.05) although higher equilibration times than 20 min resulted low post‐thaw motility (P < 0.05). The motility of frozen–thawed sperm did not significantly change when dilution ratio was increased from 1:0.5 to 1:3 (P > 0.05). However, higher dilution ratios (1:5 and 1:10) reduced the percentage of motile sperm. Supplementation of the cryoprotectant solution with 10 mg mL^?1 BSA significantly improved post‐thaw motility (P < 0.05), but ascorbic acid did not improve post‐thaw motility (P > 0.05). The results of experiment 3 showed that the highest fertilization (30.2 ± 5.75) and hatching rates (28.2 ± 5.25) were observed when samples were frozen with 15% MeOH (P > 0.05). Our study indicates that the use of mT extender consisting of 10 mg mL^?1 BSA in 15% MeOH diluted with sperm at 1:1 ratio for 5 min can be recommended cryopreservation method for Persian sturgeon sperm.     

Short-term storage and cryopreservation of Urechis unicinctus (Echiura: Urechidae) sperm

In the present study, attempts were made to preserve Urechis unicinctus sperm at 4°C. Cryopreservation procedures were optimized for various cryoprotectants and freezing rates, equilibration times and dilution ratios. During short‐term storage, the motility of undiluted sperm was extended for 6 days of cold storage,and in 70% and 100% artificial seawater only persisted for 2 and 4 days respectively. The survival rate of undiluted sperm was maintained at a high level accordingly. After cryopreservation, the highest motility and survival rate (41.5±2.2%) were obtained in 15% dimethyl sulphoxide (Me₂SO) using a freezing rate of 30°C min^?1. After thawing the sperm cryopreserved in glycerol lost almost all motility. The motility and survival rate of post‐thawing sperm did not show significant differences after 8 and 15 min equilibration using 15% Me₂SO as cryoprotectant; the values were significantly higher than those of 2 min equilibration. Comparisons of motility and survival rate between treatments pooled by dilution ratio showed that the effect of 1:1 ratio (sperm volume to cryoprotectant volume) was best. There was no difference between 1:3 and 1:5, and other ratioswere significantly worse.     

史氏鲟精子超低温冷冻保存研究

比较了史氏鲟精子在3种不同配比浓度稀释液的保存效果。试验结果表明,配方Ⅲ作为稀释液,8%甲醇作为抗冻剂,二步法超低温(-196℃)冷冻保存,5h后取出,38℃水浴解冻取得最好的冻后激活率,解冻后激活率为(52.3±3.5)%。解冻精子分别采用井水和激活液D(10mmol/L Tris+10mmol/L NaCl+25mmol/L Glu,pH 8.0)激活,进行人工授精。结果显示配方Ⅲ冻精采用激活液D激活授精获得最高受精率为68.56%,最高孵化率为52.91%。本次试验表明,1～2mmol/L范围内,低浓度K+比高浓度K+对史氏鲟精子保存有利;52～82mosmol/kg范围内,高渗稀释液有利于史氏鲟精子的保存;且激活授精方法是影响冻精受精率和孵化率的关键因素之一。     

Cryopreservation of sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka) sperm

A simple and convenient method for the cryopreservation of sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka) sperm was tested in the present study. The highest motility (76.7±2.9%) of post‐thawing sperm was obtained in 15% dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) with a 1:9 dilution (semen volume to DMSO volume) when 0.5 mL semen–DMSO mixture was frozen at 6 cm above liquid N₂ in a closed styrofoam box. After thawing, sperm cryopreserved in glycerol almost lost motility entirely. Although there was no significant difference in percentage of motile sperm between 15% and 20% DMSO, the duration of sperm motility of 15% DMSO group was longer than that of 20% DMSO group. The motility of post‐thawing sperm enhanced when the dilution ratio of semen increased from 1:1 to 1:9. Morphological changes such as the loss of mitochondria, swollen plasma membrane and broken or rolled‐up tails were observed in post‐thawing sperm using an eosin–nigrosin staining. The fertility of cryopreserved sperm was significantly lower than that of unfrozen sperm. The 10‐fold increase in sperm to egg ratio resulted in double fertility for cryopreserved sperm, and about 70% fertility relative to the control.     

Sperm cryopreservation of silver barb (Barbodes gonionotus): cryoprotectants,cooling rate and storage time on sperm quality

Effectiveness and efficiency of frozen sperm on fertilization and hatching success of eggs from silver barb was examined in relation to cryoprotectants, freezing rate and storage period. Sperm was diluted in calcium‐free Hank's balanced salt solution, equilibrated with dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO), propylene glycol, sucrose or methanol at 5%, 10%, 15% or 20% final concentrations, and frozen in 250‐μL straws using a one‐step freezing procedure (1, 5 and 8°C min^?1 from 25 to ?40°C). Highest post‐thaw sperm motility was found from a treatment using 10% DMSO and 5°C min^?1 (82.2 ± 2.1%), similar to that of 10% DMSO and 8°C min^?1 (87.8 ± 3.2%). Post‐thaw motility of sperm frozen at 5 or 8°C min^?1 was significantly higher than 1°C min^?1. Relative sperm motility declined significantly after 10 months of cryostorage while viability did not change during a 12‐month cryostorage. Average fertilization rates of sperm after 1 and 4 months of storage were 64.5 ± 4.6% and 61.3 ± 3.4%, respectively, similar to those of fresh sperm (69.6–72.3%). Hatching rates of cryopreserved sperm (45.4–51.2%) were similar to those of fresh sperm (51.8–57.8%). This study developed suitable methods for cryopreservation of silver barb sperm that can be used to facilitate hatchery operation.     

Development of cryopreservation for maintaining yellow catfish Pelteobagrus fulvidraco sperm

Yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco) is a candidate freshwater fish for aquaculture in China with its high consumer demand. The aim of this study was to examine the possibility of storage of the sperm of yellow catfish by cryopreservation in liquid nitrogen. Experiments were designed to investigate the effects of the different combinations of three extenders (Ringer extender, Kurokura-1 extender and D-15 extender) and three cryoprotectants (DMSO, Glycerol and Methanol) on the cryopreservation of yellow catfish sperm. Post-thaw sperm motility, fertilization and hatching rate were detected to evaluate the reliability of sperm cryopreservation. The results demonstrated that Ringer extender and 10% methanol was the best combination for protecting the sperm during freezing in liquid nitrogen by a three-step method and thawing in a water bath at 37 °C for 60 s. In this combination for cryopreservation, sperm maintained the highest post-thaw motility (65 ± 5%), fertilization (90.47 ± 3.67%) and hatching rate (88 ± 4%). And more interestingly, the fertilization and hatching rate were similar to those of fresh sperm (97.55 ± 2.74% and 92 ± 5%). Successful sperm cryopreservation techniques for yellow catfish have been developed for hatchery purpose.