厚壳贻贝人工繁殖技术的研究

厚壳贻贝(Mytilus coruscus)是我国贻贝的主要养殖品种,其苗种主要依靠天然苗种和半人工采苗获得。2006年浙江海洋学院于嵊泗县石柱育苗厂,首次突破了厚壳贻贝规模化全人工繁殖和稚贝海区中间培育技术。研究结果表明,厚壳贻贝亲贝通过室内强化培养,经人工催产可获得成熟受精卵,受精率可达95%。在水温16℃时,受精卵在受精后25min出现第一极体,受精后39h50min发育至直线绞合幼虫期,胚胎孵化率达92%,在水温15.8～21℃的条件下,经39d室内人工培育,获平均壳长0.694mm的附着稚贝1304.7×104ind;附着稚贝经102d海区中间培育,获平均壳长13.95mm的稚贝404.46×104ind,海区保苗成活率达31%。该研究结果为今后厚壳贻贝大规模苗种生产奠定了重要理论和技术基础。     

硬壳蛤稚贝的中间培育技术

2001年6月至10月和2002年8月至10月对硬壳蛤稚贝中间培育进行了试验研究。中间培育选择了潮间带池塘底播、池塘网箱、海区吊挂网袋和育苗池网箱等方式。池塘底播试验在黄海北部庄河海域潮间带池塘(泥底)和渤海营城子海区的潮间带池塘(砂底)进行。结果表明:不同中间培育方式稚贝的日生长量和成活率存在显著性差异(P<0.05),采用网箱和网袋的中间培育方式能够明显地提高稚贝的生长速度和成活率,海上网袋、池塘网箱和育苗池网箱稚贝壳长日生长量分别为0.16mm·d~(-1)、0.14mm·d~(-1)、0.15mm·d~(-1),成活率大于98.0％,试验结束时稚贝的壳长大于10mm。底播方式培养稚贝在试验结束时壳长小于7mm,壳长日生长量小于0.06mm·d~(-1)。两地潮间带池塘的成活率差异极显著(P<0.01),试验结束时渤海营城子的成活率为96.0％。     

黄河口毛蚶稚贝池塘中间培育技术研究

<正>毛蚶(Scapharca subcrenata)是黄河口地区重要的海产经济贝类,受生境破坏及过度捕捞等因素影响,近年来其资源和产量大幅下降。针对毛蚶稚贝海区成活率较低、生长缓慢等问题,开展了毛蚶稚贝池塘中间培育技术研究,主要在池塘使用自主研制的网笼进行了试验。本试验投放毛蚶稚贝437.4kg,平均壳长3.4mm、壳高2.3mm,使用网笼180组,经过45d培育,共收获稚贝2155万粒,共计1728kg,成活率98.5%,平均壳长10.1mm,增长了197.1%。     

大珠母贝人工苗水泥池中间培育技术的初步研究

为了解决大珠母贝幼贝海区养殖大规模死亡问题，开展了贝苗水池中间培育技术研究。本实验共用3批人工繁殖的2～3mm贝苗，经6个月的水泥池（335m^2）养殖，平均壳长分别增长至35．8mm、27．7mm、23．4mm，平均壳高分别增长至30．1mm、24．9mm、20．1mm，成活率分别为29．5％、17．4％、17．9％。该试验表明，大珠母贝种苗池塘中间培育生长速度快，成活率高，有望克服海区养殖大规模死亡问题。     

黑蝶贝苗种中间培育技术的初步研究

以黑蝶贝野生群体人工繁育苗种为研究材料,探索了大、小两种规格和不同吊养深度对黑蝶贝苗海区中间培育的影响。将壳长、体质量分别为(4.12±0.019)mm、(0.07±0.008)g,(2.02±0.012)mm、(0.03±0.005)g两种规格黑蝶贝吊养于2m、4m、5m区,每组黑蝶贝500枚,养殖水温23.09~29.77℃,养殖海区水深8~10m。每隔30d随机抽取50枚贝苗测量壳高、壳长、壳宽、体质量。经180d中间培育,壳长(4.12±0.019)mm的黑蝶贝生长速度明显大于壳长(2.02±0.012)mm的黑蝶贝,表明壳长(4.12±0.019)mm的黑蝶贝出池移入海区养殖较理想。同一规格贝苗在2m、4m、5m养殖水层的成活率差异不显著(P0.05),而3个不同养殖水层中不同规格贝苗养殖成活率差异显著(P0.05)。该研究结果为进一步开展黑蝶贝苗种人工繁育提供了重要参考。     

底砂粒径对方斑东风螺生长、消化、抗氧化及底质的影响

为探究不同粒径养殖底砂对方斑东风螺(Babylonia areolata)稚螺养成效果的影响，在微流水养殖系统中采用3种不同粒径养殖底砂(细砂1 mm、中砂2 mm和粗砂3 mm)进行了养殖对比试验，比较其对稚螺生长、消化、抗氧化的影响以及对底质氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮含量的影响。试验稚螺的初始体质量、壳高、壳宽分别为(0.263 3±0.0033)g、(10.67±0.11)mm、(7.06±0.15)mm,试验周期为30 d。结果显示：试验结束时，细砂组稚螺的体质量、壳高、壳宽分别为(0.560 3±0.026 3)g、(12.72±0.06)mm、(8.50±0.16)mm,存活率为(92.67±0.94)%,均显著高于中砂组和粗砂组(P<0.05);随着养殖时间的推移，中砂组和粗砂组稚螺的存活率逐步降低，试验结束时分别降至(58.22±4.57)%、(48.44±1.13)%;中砂组稚螺最终的体质量、壳高、壳宽分别为(0.452 0±0.024 6)g、(12.13±0.17)mm、(7.91±0.13)mm,粗砂组分别为(0.427 5±0.019 6)g、(12.26±0.0...     

不同花纹文蛤杂交育种初步研究

挑选不同花纹并且性腺成熟较好的文蛤亲贝进行阴干刺激,在水温约30 ℃,海水相对密度1.016～1.018,pH 7.9～8.1的条件下采用升温刺激、异性产物等诱导方法促使其产卵排精.共育出2组文蛤苗种.亲贝于2004年6月30日(即自交组)排放的精卵经过受精后,受精卵在底面积为0.1 m2、体积为60 L的水桶中,经过孵化、附着变态等生长发育过程, 至9月6日, 共得到平均壳长2.18 mm,壳高1.87 mm的稚贝8703个,共15.57 g;经过室内培养至12月8日,测量得到壳长8.32 mm, 壳高7.03 mm的幼贝1843个,共150 g.至2005年6月28日,得到壳长19.22 mm,壳高16.39 mm文蛤2.5 kg.亲贝于7月9日(即杂交组)排放的精卵受精后,经孵化、附着变态等生长发育过程,至9月6日,共得到平均壳长4.19 mm,壳高3.71 mm的稚贝12721个,共102.50 g.至12月8日,测量得到壳长15.32 mm,壳高12.93 mm的幼贝4999个,共4000 g.2005年6月28日,称量得到壳长28.06 mm,壳高22.73 mm文蛤30 kg.在文蛤幼虫培育及稚贝培育过程中,观察了文蛤稚贝生长状况及贝壳花纹的形成变化过程.试验中发现文蛤稚贝生长状况较好,并且稚贝在生长发育过程中贝壳出现不同形状的花纹.     

利用沉淀池进行海湾扇贝贝苗中间培育技术试验

将壳高５００－７００μｍ的出库稚贝放在沉淀池和养殖海区进行中间培育的对比试验，结果：经沉淀池培育到２－３ｍｍ在下海培育至５ｍｍ商品苗的保苗率为４３％，直接下海培育至商品苗的保菌率仅为１２％，商品苗规格基本相同，本试验开辟了海湾扇贝贝苗中间培育的新途径。     

海湾扇贝晚苗池塘底播及在褐潮暴发海区筏式养殖效果

为有效避开河北地区褐潮暴发与海湾扇贝养殖时间的重叠,为海湾扇贝产业健康持续发展提供技术支持,对海湾扇贝进行晚苗培育(4月初种贝入室,以下称晚苗)及池塘底播和筏式养殖实验。结果显示,池塘底播海湾扇贝晚苗培育的稚贝(壳长5.0–6.1 mm),经过139 d 的养殖,收获时平均壳长达59.7 mm,扇贝柱5.2 g。2012年筏式养殖海湾扇贝晚苗,收获时平均湿质量、鲜贝柱重和出贝柱率分别为28.7 g、3.8 g 和13.8%。2013年,晚苗收获时平均壳高、湿质量、鲜贝柱重和出贝柱率分别为50.3 mm、24.4 g、3.1 g 和12.7%。按1000 m3育苗水体计算,海湾扇贝晚苗培育可以节省燃煤45.5 t,节约成本6.75万元,养殖晚苗可以降低养殖成本11.6%。研究结果表明,海湾扇贝晚苗养殖技术可以有效规避褐潮暴发的不利影响,而且还可以节约养殖成本和节省能源。     

魁蚶增养殖技术试验

1魁蚶苗的中间暂养2004年4月自山东烟台购进苗种2 000万粒,稚贝壳长1 mm左右,首先经过浮筏式中间暂养培育成大规格苗种。中间育成要选择无风浪,水质清新,饵料生物丰富的海区,视稚贝的附着量多少,按一定稚贝数量(一     

配合饲料中不同蛋白含量对方斑东风螺稚螺生长和体组成的影响

为探讨人工配合饲料中不同蛋白水平对方斑东风螺稚螺生长和体组成的影响。采用蛋白质含量分别是18.58%,24.30%,30.08%,36.44%,42.64%和48.86%的配合饲料进行了试验。试验水温(28.5±1.5)℃,海水盐度1.0178±0.0008,pH值7.9±0.5,试验期6周。结果表明:配合饲料各组中,当蛋白水平高于36.44%(IV组)时,方斑东风螺稚螺壳高和壳宽增长率以及增重率均显著高于18.58%～30.08%组;各组间成活率差异不显著(P0.05)。配合饲料中不同蛋白水平对方斑东风螺肉中水分、灰分和磷的含量均有显著的影响(P0.05),肉中蛋白含量各组间差异不显著(P0.05)。采用折线回归模型分析配合饲料中蛋白水平与增重率的变化关系,通过折线回归方程y1=5.573X-1.84(R2=0.922);y2=2.367X+135.33(R2=0.823)。可见,0.34～1.18 g方斑东风螺稚螺配合饲料中,适宜的蛋白质添加水平为42.78%。     

Effects of air emersion on survival and growth of hatchery rearedgreat scallop spat

Scallop spat production normally requires transfer between growthsystems. Simulated transport experiments were carried out in April, June,December and February to evaluate effects of transport time on greatscallop (Pecten maximus) spat growth and survival. The spat (1.7–1.8 mm in shell-height and 21–25 µg ash free dry weight [AFDW]) wereheld in moist coffee filters at a temperature of 10 °C for up to 24 h,before being replaced into sieves in rearing tanks at 15 °C. The studyshowed that by increasing air emersion time, survival and growthdecreased. No significant difference in the results between 0 and 4 h of airemersion was found, while the effects after 12 and 24 h differed betweenspat groups. Survival and growth rates showed seasonal differences. Meansurvival was 35–71% in April and 77–99% from June to February. In Junemean growth rates attained were 115–128 µm shell-height and 15–18µg AFDW per day compared with 49–69 µm and 3.8–7.0 µgper day for the other spat groups. Great scallop spat may survive atransfer time of 24 h, but transportation for longer than 12 h is notrecommended if subsequent high survival and growth rates are to beensured.     

Early Larval Growth of Pacific Halibut Hippoglossus stenolepis

Growth of Pacific halibut Hippoglossus stenolepis larvae was studied in the laboratory during 1989 and 1991. Larvae increased in length from 6.3 mm at hatching to 9.9 mm 20 d post-hatch. The average daily length increment was 0.17 mm. Dry weight of the larvae increased from an average of 210 μg at hatching to 570 μ g on day 20, providing a specific growth rate of 4.99. During the same period, mean yolk sac weight decreased from 1,390 μ g to 646 μ g, resulting in a yolk to body conversion efficiency of 48.5%. At hatching, the larval body made up only 13% of total dry weight. On day 20, the larval body made up 46.9% of the total weight. Larvae started feeding at a length of 12 mm after about 90% of their yolk sac had been absorbed.     

Effect of increased water recirculation rate on algal supply and post-larval performance of scallop (Pecten maximus) reared in a partial open and continuous feeding system

In a commercial scallop hatchery spat production depends on a culture system which ensures high survival and good growth. Reuse of water with algae may increase the food exploitation and hence reduce the costs. Post-larvae of great scallop (Pecten maximus) were studied in a commercial hatchery using a partial open and continuous feeding tank system. Three different water recirculation rates (67, 83 and 92%) were tried out in two experiments with post-larvae originating from three spawning groups of ages between 43 and 57 days post-spawn, 316–886 μm shell-height and 1.1–9.6 μg ash-free dry weight. The post-larvae were held in sieves in tanks of 2500 l where a downwelling flow was maintained by airlifts. New water with a mix of monocultured algae was continuously added to the tanks at algal concentrations of 10 and 15 cells μl⁻¹ in experiment 1 (groups 1 and 2) and 2 (group 3), respectively. The algal supply to each sieve was reduced along with increased recirculation rate, but was kept between 6 and 13 cells μl⁻¹. Generally no significant differences in survival, growth or chemical content were found between the three recirculation rates, while few differences were found between and within groups. Large variation in survival was found between and within groups (1–81%). Highest survival was found in experiment 1, and where post-larvae from two settlements were used, the first settlement survived better than the second. The daily growth ranged from 15 to 62 μm shell-height and from 0.3 to 2.6 μg ash-free dry weight. The scallop post-larvae could well be reared at all three recirculation rates studied as an increase from 67 to 92% did not seem to affect the post-larval performance seriously. The algal supply, however, had to be compensated by an increasing number of cells (>10 cells μl⁻¹) when increasing the recirculation rate.     

海湾扇贝秋季半人工采苗试验

通过观测莱湾海湾扇贝８￣１０月内脏得率及肉柱得率的变化规律，对海湾扇贝的秋季生殖习性进行探讨，认为：海湾扇贝用秋季半人工育苗法替代室内加温育苗法可获得较好苗种，投放采苗袋２０天后，秋苗平均壳高４．９６ｍｍ，产卵前，内脏得率呈上升趋势，之后下降；肉柱得率一直呈上升趋势。     

室内工厂化养殖犬齿牙鲆的生长特性

对室内工厂化养殖的犬齿牙鲆生长特性进行了研究。结果表明,其生长旺盛期在2龄,日生长最快达5.52g/d,第1年平均为1.65g/d,第2年平均为2.34g/d,第3年平均为1.3g/d,第4年平均为0.75g/d。养殖1周年其平均体重可达600g左右,两周年达1500g;其全长和体重的关系为W=0.0076TL3.1785(R2=0.9765),全长与体高和标准体长的关系分别为TL=2.5685BD-0.6594(R2=0.9823),TL=1.1957SL-0.1724(R2=0.9922)     

Effect of increased water recirculation rate on algal supply and post-larval performance of scallop (Pecten maximus) reared in a partial open and continuous feeding system

In a commercial scallop hatchery spat production depends on a culture system which ensures high survival and good growth. Reuse of water with algae may increase the food exploitation and hence reduce the costs. Post-larvae of great scallop (Pecten maximus) were studied in a commercial hatchery using a partial open and continuous feeding tank system. Three different water recirculation rates (67, 83 and 92%) were tried out in two experiments with post-larvae originating from three spawning groups of ages between 43 and 57 days post-spawn, 316–886 μm shell-height and 1.1–9.6 μg ash-free dry weight. The post-larvae were held in sieves in tanks of 2500 l where a downwelling flow was maintained by airlifts. New water with a mix of monocultured algae was continuously added to the tanks at algal concentrations of 10 and 15 cells μl⁻¹ in experiment 1 (groups 1 and 2) and 2 (group 3), respectively. The algal supply to each sieve was reduced along with increased recirculation rate, but was kept between 6 and 13 cells μl⁻¹. Generally no significant differences in survival, growth or chemical content were found between the three recirculation rates, while few differences were found between and within groups. Large variation in survival was found between and within groups (1–81%). Highest survival was found in experiment 1, and where post-larvae from two settlements were used, the first settlement survived better than the second. The daily growth ranged from 15 to 62 μm shell-height and from 0.3 to 2.6 μg ash-free dry weight. The scallop post-larvae could well be reared at all three recirculation rates studied as an increase from 67 to 92% did not seem to affect the post-larval performance seriously. The algal supply, however, had to be compensated by an increasing number of cells (>10 cells μl⁻¹) when increasing the recirculation rate.     

人工养殖施氏鲟性腺发育观察

供实验用施氏鲟（Acipenser schrenckii）为野生亲本人工繁殖的第1代人工养殖群体。对0-4龄鲟性腺发育定期活体取样监测观察，发现雌鲟在3龄，肉眼可以观察到卵巢中直径为0.2-0.3mm的白色卵粒，处于卵巢发育的第Ⅱ期。4龄雌鲟卵径达0.5-0.8mm，卵黄生长期开始，卵核位于卵母细胞的中央。推测养殖雌性施氏鲟在5-6龄可以达到性成熟产卵。3龄雄性养殖施氏鲟精巢宽0.9-1.5cm，重9.1-15.6g，呈粉白色。4龄雄鲟已完全达到性成熟，精巢宽度达3.5-5.7cm，重260-504g，通过注射激素催情，可获得大量优质精液。养殖雄性施氏鲟的性成熟年龄比野生的提早3-4年。     

胶州湾移植底播菲律宾蛤仔面盘幼虫生物学特性研究

2006年5～9月,通过浮游拖网调查对胶州湾移植底播菲律宾蛤仔面盘幼虫(D形幼虫)生物学特性进行研究,结果表明:移植底播菲律宾蛤仔面盘幼虫壳长、壳高呈线性相关,与其它蛤仔种群面盘幼虫差异显著。     

四角蛤蜊形态性状对重量性状的影响效果分析

以随机选取的123只野生四角蛤蜊为材料,对其形态性状(壳长X₁、壳高X₂、壳宽X₃)和重量性状(活体质量Y、软体质量Z)进行了测量,然后运用相关分析、通径分析和回归分析等分析方法研究形态性状对重量性状的影响。结果表明,5个数量性状间的相关系数均达到极显著水平(P<0.01)。形态性状对活体质量和软体质量的直接影响依次为壳宽>壳长>壳高。壳宽是影响活体质量和软体质量的主要因素,其决定系数分别为0.302 5和0.224 7。多元回归分析建立了估计活体质量、软体质量的最优回归方程:Y=-19.537+0.244X₁+0.266X₂+0.732X₃、Z=-2.456+0.035X₁+0.035X₂+0.089X₃。