鲫鱼中草药诱食剂的研究

本实验采用咬球法和摄食生长法相结合，系统地研究了大茴香、苏叶、植物肽、木香、公丁及复合氨基酸等对鲫鱼（Carassius auratus）的诱食效果，并筛选出各中草药诱食效果最佳的浓度，然后按照最适浓度将中草药分别添加到基础饲料中，对鲫鱼进行15d摄食率试验，通过测定其日摄食率、增重率、饲料系数等指标来判断中草药对鲫鱼的诱食和促生长效果。实验结果表明：各种中草药对鲫鱼诱食效果最佳的浓度为：大茴香0．05％、苏叶0．75％、植物肽025％、木香0．05％、公丁0．15％。复合氨基酸为0．35％。鲫鱼在摄入添加不同中草药的饲料后，在生长速度上均比对照组有了不同程度的提高，在饲料中添加0．35％复合氨基酸和0．05％木香的效果最佳，分别比对照组增重率高282．5％和228．9％，添加0．05％大茴香和0．25％植物肽的效果次之，而添加0．75％苏叶和0．15％公丁的效果最差。     

复合氨基酸、小肽及中草药饲喂鲫试验

以鲫为对象进行投饲试验，研究复合氨基酸、小肽及几种中草药对鲫在摄食方面及生长情况的影响。结果表明，0．1％复合氨基酸组和0．5％木香组的鱼明显集中抢食，15d的摄食率结果为0．1％复合氨基酸组和0．5％木香组的鱼体活力明显强于其他组，即0．1％复合氨基酸和0．5％木香组的鱼增重率和特定生长率（SGR）明显高于其他组。饲料中添加0．5％木香组比对照组增重率高18．9％，比0．1％复合氨基酸组高6．3％，表现出明显的增重作用；而0．5％动物肽纽增重可能由于添加量的不足而没体现出增重作用。     

几种诱食剂对克氏原螯虾生长、血清生化指标及消化酶活性的影响

为研究饲料中添加诱食剂对克氏原螯虾生长、血液生化指标、肌肉常规营养成分及消化酶活性的影响,以初始体质量为(4.29±0.03)g的克氏原螯虾(Procambarus clarkii)为试验对象,选用克氏原螯虾231只,随机分为7个处理组,每个处理设3个重复,每组重复11只。采用单因素试验设计,在基础饲料中分别添加1%甜菜碱、TMAO、DMPT、复合氨基酸、大蒜素和复合诱食剂(40%甜菜碱+20%TMAO+20%DMPT+20%大蒜素),试验结束后测定克氏原螯虾生长性能、血清生化指标、肌肉常规营养成分和消化酶活性。结果显示,与对照组相比,在饲料中添加甜菜碱、TMAO、复合氨基酸、大蒜素、复合诱食剂均能显著提高克氏原螯虾的增重率,降低饲料系数(P0.05),复合诱食剂还可以显著提高其摄食率(P0.05);而对存活率没有显著影响(P0.05)。DMPT、复合氨基酸和复合诱食剂组均能显著降低血清谷丙转氨酶的水平;复合氨基酸组还能显著降低胆固醇的水平(P0.05)。添加甜菜碱、TMAO、DMPT、大蒜素和复合诱食剂组肌肉粗脂肪含量显著高于对照组(P0.05)。此外,在日粮中添加诱食剂能提高虾肠道消化酶活性(P0.05)。各组间血清谷草转氨酶、葡萄糖、总蛋白和白蛋白水平、肌肉水分和灰分含量差异均不显著(P0.05)。综上所述,饲料中添加诱食剂能显著提高克氏原螯虾的摄食、生长以及消化酶的活性。其中,复合诱食剂(40%甜菜碱+20%TMAO+20%DMPT+20%大蒜素)对促进克氏原螯虾生长效果最显著。     

复合诱食剂对牙鲆摄食生长的影响

以初始体质量为(3.01±0.04)g的牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)为实验对象,进行为期70 d的摄食生长实验。共配制5种等氮等能饲料,其中以鱼粉和豆粕为蛋白源(豆粕蛋白替代45%的鱼粉蛋白)配制出基础饲料,分别在基础饲料中添加0.0%、0.5%、1.0%和1.5%的复合诱食剂配制成4种豆粕取代饲料,同时以全鱼粉饲料为对照饲料,研究复合诱食剂对牙鲆摄食生长的影响。结果表明,当豆粕取代饲料中诱食剂添加量为1.0%时,牙鲆的摄食率(P<0.05)、饲料效率(P<0.05)、鱼体脂肪含量(P<0.01)以及肝脏、肠胰蛋白酶活力和肠氨肽酶活力(P<0.01)显著高于不添加诱食剂组;当豆粕取代饲料中诱食剂的添加量为0.0%和0.5%时,牙鲆的特定生长率显著低于全鱼粉组(P<0.05);而当添加量为1.0%和1.5%时,牙鲆的特定生长率与全鱼粉组比较没有出现显著差异(P>0.05)。结论认为,当以豆粕蛋白替代45%的鱼粉蛋白时,添加1.0%的复合诱食剂能够显著提高牙鲆幼鱼对饲料的摄食率和生长率。     

单核苷酸等纯化学制剂对鳖的诱食效果

以单核苷酸、脂肪酸、挥发性碱等纯化学制剂对鳖所做的诱食试验表明 ,除氨基酸是鳖的首要诱食物质外 ,单核苷酸是另一类重要诱食物质 ,其中三磷酸腺苷 (ATP)和腺苷酸 (AMP)对鳖有明显的诱食作用 ,但对日本鳗鲡有强烈诱食作用的尿苷酸 (UMP)却对鳖无效。短链脂肪酸是鳖的又一类诱食物质 ,乙酸、壬酸、戊酸、已酸和月桂酸对鳖均具有明显的诱食作用 ,其中乙酸的诱食效果较之壬酸、戊酸、已酸等更强 ,这与日本鳗鲡情况基本相同。对鱼类有很强诱食作用的甜菜碱、二甲胺、盐酸三甲胺等挥发性碱 ,未发现对鳖有诱食效果     

河蟹配合饲料添加诱食剂的研究

在河蟹配合饲料中添加诱食剂后其饲养效果有较显著的变化。应用正交设计针对复合氨基酸、甜菜碱和风味素三因子对中华城繁星进行了诱食剂的研究，得出一个比较合适的添加量：复合氨基酸0．6％；甜菜碱0．15％；风味素0．5％。其中，风味素是河蟹诱食作用的主要因子。     

河蟹配合饲料中诱食剂的研究

在河蟹配合饲料中添加诱食剂,饲养效果显著增强。作者用正交设计,以复合氨基酸、甜菜碱和风味素三因子对中华绒螯蟹进行了诱食剂的研究,获得了比较合适的添加量,即：复合氨基酸０．６％;甜菜碱０．１５％;风味素０．５％。其中风味素是诱食作用的主要因子。     

仔猪诱食剂应用的研究进展

<正>饲料诱食剂又称饲料风味剂或饲料香味剂,饲料诱食剂属非营养性添加剂,是根据不同动物在不同生长阶段的生理特征和采食习惯,为改善饲料适口性、诱食性及饲料转化率,提高饲料品质而添加到饲料中的一种添加     

天然食物游离氨基酸对鳖的诱食效果

根据鳖对不同食物的嗜食试验结果及相应食物的游离氨基酸组成与含量 ,作聚类分析 ,按鳖对食物的嗜食程度在欧氏距离d >0 5 0 6 90时 ,可将食物分为鳖嗜食食物、可食食物、迫食食物和拒食食物四类。进一步分析比较鳖嗜食食物、HE中游离氨基酸组成特点 ,并进行不同配伍的游离氨基酸诱食试验验证 ,可以断定 ,Ala、Gly、Pro和Lys 4类氨基酸对鳖具有很强的诱食作用 ,是鳖的主要诱食物质     

几种诱食剂对大口鲶摄食效果的影响

试验表明，复合诱食剂2号、肝墨粉对大口鲶的诱食效果最好，其次为复合诱食剂1号、扇贝粉、甜菜碱及甲鱼诱食剂。饲料中添加大蒜素后大口鲶的摄食率明显下降。     

Effects of dietary lipid levels on growth performance,whole body composition and fatty acid composition of juvenile gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio)

We evaluated the effects of dietary lipid levels on the growth, whole body composition and fatty acid composition of juvenile gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio). Triplicate groups of 120 juvenile Carassius auratus gibelio (average weight: 2.05 g) were fed four isonitrogenic diets formulated with lipid levels of 1.4% (low), 6.1% (control), 11.6% (medium) and 21.1% (high) for 60 days. Weight gain in the 11.6% lipid group was significantly higher than that in the other groups (P < 0.05). The feed conversion ratio decreased and protein efficiency ratio increased (P > 0.05) as dietary lipid levels increased. N‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) were not detected in faeces. The whole body lipid contents of 11.6% and 21.1% lipid level groups were significantly higher than that of the 1.4% and 6.1% lipid level groups (P < 0.05). The content of whole body n‐3 PUFA in the 21.1% lipid level group enhanced significantly (P < 0.05). The whole body contents of eicosapntemacnioc acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in the 21.1% lipid level group were the highest (P < 0.05). These results indicated that high dietary lipid levels (21.1%) inhibit weight gain and promoted fat and n‐3 PUFA deposition in juvenile Carassius auratus gibelio, which led to liver damage. A dietary lipid level of 11.6% was determined to be optimal for growth performance of juvenile Carassius auratus gibelio.     

银杏叶提取物对鲫CYP4503A和溶菌酶活性的影响

以红霉素为探针,采用NaSH法研究了银杏叶提取物对鲫细胞色素P4503A和溶菌酶活性的影响.研究结果显示,银杏提取物能诱导鲫细胞色素P4503A活性,试验组CYP4503A活性显著高于对照组,而且银杏叶提取物可以提高鲫头肾溶菌酶的活性和免疫保护率.鲫日粮中添加银杏叶提取物的适宜量为25 mg/kg.     

Effects of DL‐methionine supplementation on the success of fish meal replacement by plant proteins in practical diets for juvenile gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio)

A ten‐week feeding trail was conducted to investigate the effects of increasing DL‐methionine (Met) supplementation on the success of fish meal (FM) replacement with plant proteins in practical diets for juvenile gibel carp, Carassius auratus gibelio. Twelve isoenergetic diets were formulated including two 150 g kg^?1 FM diets (Diet 1—positive control 1 reflecting a commercial diet and Diet 2—positive control 2 reflecting a commercial diet but with balanced essential amino acid (EAA) profile) and ten 50 g kg^?1 FM diets (negative controls) supplemented with graded levels (0–3.0 g kg^?1) of DL‐Met (Diets 3–12). Each diet was fed to triplicate groups of gibel carp, near satiation four times daily for 10 weeks. Diet 2 with balanced EAA profile produced better final weight, specific growth rate (SGR) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) than the negative control diet containing no supplemental Met (Diet 3), but did not significantly differ from Diet 1. However, DL‐Met supplementation (0.5–3.0 g kg^?1) in the negative control diets (Diets 4–12) produced growth performances similar to those fed the positive control diets (Diets 1 and 2). Based on quadratic regression analysis, the optimal dietary Met level with 5.2 g kg^?1 of dietary cysteine (Cys) was found to be 7.1 g kg^?1 dry diet for SGR and FCR. The corresponding total sulphur amino acid requirements (Met + Cys) of this species were calculated to be 12.3 g kg^?1 dry diet for SGR and FCR. DL‐Met supplementation in 50 g kg^?1 FM diets showed a decreasing trend in plasma cholesterol contents (p < .05). No significant differences were observed in whole‐body composition, plasma protein, triglyceride and free EAA contents among dietary treatments, while plasma aspartate transaminase, albumin and ammonia contents were significantly influenced by dietary Met levels. Juvenile gibel carp grew equally well on 150 g kg^?1 FM diet or 50 g kg^?1 FM diets balanced for EAA profile with supplemental amino acids. The results of this study overall indicate that balancing dietary amino acid levels with DL‐Met supplementation is a key strategy in successfully reducing FM levels in the diets of gibel carp.     

Effect of dietary protein reduction with lysine and methionnine supplementation on growth performance,body composition and total ammonia nitrogen excretion of juvenile grass carp,Ctenopharyngodon idella

A 63‐day growth trial was undertaken to estimate the effects of supplemented lysine and methionine with different dietary protein levels on growth performance and feed utilization in Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). Six plant‐based practical diets were prepared, and 32CP, 30CP and 28CP diets were formulated to contain 320 g kg^?1, 300 g kg^?1 and 280 g kg^?1 crude protein without lysine and methionine supplementation. In the supplementary group, lysine and methionine were added to formulate 32AA, 30AA and 28AA diets with 320 g kg^?1, 300 g kg^?1 and 280 g kg^?1 dietary crude protein, respectively, according to the whole body amino acid composition of Grass Carp. In the groups without lysine and methionine supplementation, weight gain (WG, %) and specific growth rate (SGR, % day^?1) of the fish fed 32CP diet were significantly higher than that of fish fed 30CP and 28CP diets, but no significant differences were found between 30CP‐ and 28CP‐diet treatments. WG and SGR of the fish fed 32AA and 30AA diets were significantly higher than that of fish fed 28AA diets, and the performance of grass carp was also significantly improved when fed diets with lysine and methionine supplementation (P < 0.05), and the interaction between dietary protein level and amino acid supplementation was noted between WG and SGR (P < 0.05). Feed intake (FI) was significantly increased with the increase in dietary protein level and the supplementation of lysine and methionine (P < 0.05), but feed conversion ratio (FCR) showed a significant decreasing trend (P < 0.05). Two days after total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) concentration test, the values of TAN discharged by the fish 8 h after feeding were 207.1, 187.5, 170.6, 157.3, 141.3 and 128.9 mg kg^?1 body weight for fish fed 32CP, 32AA, 30CP, 30AA, 28CP and 28AA diets, respectively. TAN excretion by grass carp was reduced in plant‐based practical diets with the increase in dietary protein level and the supplementation of lysine and methionine (P < 0.05). The results indicated that lysine and methionine supplementation to the plant protein sources‐based practical diets can improve growth performance and feed utilization of grass carp, and the dietary crude protein can be reduced from 320 g kg^?1 to 300 g kg^?1 through balancing amino acids profile. The positive effect was not observed at 280 g kg^?1 crude protein level.     

微生态制剂对鲤、鲫和草鱼养殖池塘效益的影响

以枯草芽孢杆菌为主的主要用于促进鱼类消化生长的微生态制剂I、多种混合微生物主要用于调节水质的微生态制剂II,或是两者混合使用的方法,比较研究了黑龙江省及辽宁省池塘养殖的鲤（Cyprinus carpio）、鲫（Carassius auratus）和草鱼（Ctenophyargodon idellus）的增重率、饲料系数及药价等效益。结果表明,单种或者混合使用微生态制剂均对池塘养殖鲤及草鱼的增重率、饵料系数及用药价格有一定影响,同时使用两种微生态制剂提高鱼类增重率最显著,辽宁省和黑龙江省分别提高了423.57%和90%;而两省养殖池塘的药价也分别降低了29%和56.25%。微生态制剂I及混合同时使用两种微生态制剂均能显著降低饲料系数,辽宁及黑龙江分别降低0.35及0.05。结果可见,适当使用微生态制剂对辽宁草鱼及黑龙江池塘养鲤效益有较好影响,对减少用药、发展绿色养殖业具极大的推动作用。     

Effects of five compound attractants in high plant‐based diets on feed intake and growth performance of juvenile turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.)

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of five attractants on feed intake, growth performance and appetite‐regulating genes expression for juvenile turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.). Fish were fed with seven diets: fish‐meal‐based diet (FM), fermented soybean meal replacing 45% fish meal (FSBM) and other diets with 1% compound attractant A (CA‐A) consisting of amino acids, compound attractant B (CA‐B) consisting of quaternary ammonium bases, compound attractant C (CA‐C) consisting of nucleotides, compound attractant G (CA‐G) consisting of the combination of CA‐A, CA‐B and CA‐C and blue mussel protein hydrolysate (BMH) on the basis of FSBM diet respectively. Daily feed intake in CA‐A group was significantly higher, but that in CA‐B group was significantly lower than FSBM group. Similarly, specific growth rate was significantly enhanced in CA‐A and CA‐G groups and were significantly decreased in CA‐B group. Protein efficiency ratio and protein retention in CA‐B group were significantly lower than FSBM group. Furthermore, BMH supplement increased the mRNA expression of Ghrelin in the intestine of fish. These results showed that CA‐A and CA‐G supplement could enhance growth in plant‐based diets, but CA‐B supplement had the opposite effect, which might be associated with lower feed intake and lower feed utilization.     

新型饲料添加剂药性菌质对鲫鱼生长免疫与养殖水体的影响

将药用真菌灵芝接种于固体培养基进行固体发酵, 得到药性菌质, 并将其作为饲料添加剂, 分别按0. 5%、1. 0%、2. 0%的比例添加到鲫基础日粮中, 通过检测鲫肝、肠中溶菌酶含量和养殖水体的pH、氨氮、溶氧等指标以及称其体重, 以研究其对鲫非特异性免疫功能及促生长的影响和药性菌质对养殖水体的影响。结果表明, 在饲料中添加一定比例的药用真菌发酵产物都能够提高鲫肝、肠溶菌酶活性水平, 其中以在日粮中添加比例为0. 5%的肝中溶菌酶活性最高(P < 0. 05); 而添加1. 0%的肠中溶菌酶活性最高(P < 0. 05); 添加1. 0%的鲫体增重比对照组提高了2. 9%, 而不同比例的药性菌质对水质的pH 高于对照组, 水中氨氮浓度低于对照组, 与对照组相比溶氧 量变化甚小, 试验组各项测定结果呈现一定的波动, 但试验组与对照组间各项测定指标均无显著差异(P > 0.05)。药性菌质可改善鲫的非特异性免疫功能、促进其生长、增强鱼体代谢, 但对养殖水体影响较小。     

Effects of Neutral Phytase Supplementation on Biochemical Parameters in Grass Carp,Ctenopharyngodon idellus,and Gibel Carp,Carassius auratus gibelio,Fed Different Levels of Monocalcium Phosphate

Two 8‐wk studies were conducted to evaluate the effects of neutral phytase supplementation on hemato‐biochemical status, liver biochemical parameter, and intestinal digestive enzyme activity of grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idellus, and gibel carp, Carassius auratus gibelio, fed with different levels of monocalcium phosphate (MCP). The control diet was prepared with 2% MCP but without phytase (P2.0). The other three experimental diets were prepared with the addition of 1.5, 1.0, and 0.5% MCP, respectively, when supplemented with 500 U/kg neutral phytase in each diet and designated as PP1.5, PP1.0, and PP0.5, respectively. The results indicated that the serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine transaminase (ALT), and aspartate transaminase (AST) activities, as well as the albumin (ALB) content were increased in grass carp (P < 0.05) and gibel carp (P > 0.05) fed with phytase‐supplemented diets. Meanwhile, the serum cholesterol, high‐density lipoprotein, and total protein contents of the two species of fish were increased in comparison to the control. In addition, dietary phytase inclusion did not significantly affect hepatic ALP, ALT, and AST activities in the two species of carp fed with different levels of MCP. Amylase activity increased in foregut and hindgut of both species when fed with the phytase‐supplemented diets while lipase activity was reduced in the foregut and hindgut in both fish. This study suggests that neutral phytase supplementation increases serum ALP, ALT, and AST activities but does not notably affect these enzyme activities in the liver of the two species of carp when fed different levels of MCP. On the other hand, amylase activity increased while lipase activity was reduced in the intestine of the species of carp fed with phytase‐supplemented diets.     

Effect of dietary magnesium supplementation on the growth performance of juvenile gibel carp,Carassius auratus gibelio

Gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio) of mean initial weight 3.1 g were fed one of seven casein‐dextrin‐based diets containing graded levels of magnesium (Mg) (39, 120, 220, 380, 700, 1600 and 2900 mg kg^?1) for 3 months with the waterborne Mg concentration of 10.6–12.7 mg L^?1. Magnesium sulphate was used as the supplementation Mg source in the diets. The experiment was carried out in a flow‐through system. Growth, survival rate, Na⁺/K⁺‐ATPase, Mg²⁺‐ATPase and tissue mineral contents were measured to investigate the effect of dietary magnesium in gibel carp. At the end of the experiment, the hepatopancreas of fish were collected for enzyme determination. The hepatopancreas, vertebrae and whole body were collected for tissue magnesium content analysis. After 3 months, dietary magnesium supplementation did not improve the growth performance, including feed intake, weight gain and feed conversion efficiency of juvenile gibel carp. On the contrary, negative impacts on survival, reduced growth performance and dramatically decreased Na⁺/K⁺‐ATPase, Mg²⁺‐ATPase and superoxide dismutase activities were observed in gibel carp fed a high Mg diet of 2900 mg kg^?1. Although serum and hepatopancreas Mg and Ca contents were not affected by dietary Mg supplementation, vertebrae and whole‐body Mg contents increased significantly with the increasing dietary Mg concentrations. Based on the relationship between whole‐body Mg retention and dietary Mg concentration, a suitable dietary Mg level of 745 mg kg^?1 could be estimated for gibel carp. It could be concluded that dietary Mg supplementation did not improve the growth performance, but could increase vertebrae Mg contents of gibel carp. Considering the adverse effects, a dietary Mg concentration of above 2900 mg kg^?1 is not recommended and it should be careful to supplement magnesium in practical diets for gibel carp as most feed ingredients contain high magnesium concentrations.     

葡萄籽等植物提取物对湘云金鲫生长性能及肌肉成分的影响

21～25℃水温下,经30d的饲养试验,探讨葡萄籽等植物提取物对湘云金鲫生长和鱼肉品质的影响。试验结果表明,在基础饲料中添加10g/kg葡萄籽等植物提取物能显著提高湘云金鲫的质量增加率,降低饲料系数(P<0.05),并优于20g/kg添加组。添加葡萄籽等植物提取物可显著提高湘云金鲫的体蛋白质含量(P<0.05)、少许降低脂肪含量(P>0.05),改善鱼肉品质。