黄海北部鱼类群落的摄食生态及其变化

根据2010年5月和8月对黄海北部渔业资源的底拖网调查,分析了黄海北部鱼类群落的摄食生态及其变化.结果表明,黄海北部鱼类群落共有9种重要种类,与5月相比,8月没有游泳动物食性鱼类,广食性鱼类减少,浮游动物食性鱼类的比例大大增加.黄海北部鱼类群落在5月和8月总摄食量分别为0.5万t和19.6万t,细长脚虫戎、中华哲水蚤、脊腹褐虾、中华安乐虾、小黄鱼和鳀是黄海北部鱼类群落被摄食量最高的6种主要饵料种类.1985年至2010年的25年间,黄海北部鱼类群落的优势种更替,游泳动物食性鱼类减少,广食性鱼类增多；鱼类群落的平均营养级每10年下降0.24,尽管近10年的下降速度有所放慢,但仍远远高于渤海和黄海中南部的下降速度.     

东海高营养层次鱼类功能群及其主要种类

在2000年秋季和2001年春季东海120°~126.75°N、25.75°~31°E范围内的两次大面积调查基础上,以占渔获量90%的鱼类为研究对象,分析东海春、秋两季2个鱼类群落的功能群。结果表明,东海高营养层次鱼类群落包括7个功能群,即鱼食性鱼类、虾/鱼食性鱼类、虾食性鱼类、虾蟹食性鱼类、底栖动物食性鱼类、浮游动物食性鱼类和广食性鱼类。其中东海近海春季鱼类种群由浮游动物食性鱼类、底栖动物食性鱼类、鱼食性鱼类和虾食性鱼类4个功能群组成,秋季鱼类种群由虾/鱼食性鱼类、虾食性鱼类、广食性鱼类、虾蟹食性鱼类、鱼食性鱼类和浮游动物食性鱼类6个功能群组成;东海外海春季鱼类种群由鱼食性鱼类、底栖动物食性鱼类、浮游动物食性鱼类和虾食性鱼类4个功能群组成,秋季鱼类种群由浮游动物食性鱼类、虾/鱼食性鱼类、鱼食性鱼类、虾食性鱼类和底栖动物食性鱼类5个功能群组成。从生物量组成上分析,在各鱼类群落中发挥主要作用的功能群不同,春季东海鱼类群落以浮游动物食性鱼类功能群为主,而秋季以鱼食性鱼类功能群为主。其中带鱼、白姑鱼、六丝矛尾■虎鱼、多棘腔吻鳕、龙头鱼、小黄鱼、细条天竺鱼、发光鲷、、花斑蛇鲻、短鳍红娘鱼、竹荚鱼、条尾绯鲤、黄鳍马面、黄条等15种鱼为各功能群的主要种类。群落种类组成的差异,同种类体长分布的差异,以及饵料基础的时空变化是导致东海各鱼类群落功能群组成差异的主要原因。     

海州湾及邻近海域鱼类群落的营养功能群及其动态变化

根据2011年及2013―2016年春季和秋季在海州湾及邻近海域进行的渔业资源底拖网调查,对该海域鱼类群落营养功能群的组成及其季节和年间变化进行了研究。结果表明,海州湾及邻近海域鱼类群落可以划分为5个营养功能群,即虾食性、底栖动物食性、虾/鱼食性、浮游动物食性和鱼食性。整体来说,春季海州湾鱼类群落以底栖动物食性营养功能群为主,其中方氏云鳚(Enedriasfangi)在各年所占比例均较高;而秋季以虾食性营养功能群为主,小眼绿鳍鱼(Chelidonichthys kumu)为主要优势鱼种。从生物量组成角度分析,海州湾鱼类群落各营养功能群所占比例有明显差异,以虾食性和底栖动物食性的功能群为主,其次为虾/鱼食性,而浮游动物食性和鱼食性所占比例较小。方氏云鳚、小眼绿鳍鱼、长蛇鲻(Saurida elongata)、小黄鱼(Larimichthys polyactis)、狮子鱼(Liparis sp.)、玉筋鱼(Ammodytespersonatus)等6种鱼类为各营养功能群的主要优势种类。海州湾及邻近海域鱼类群落的营养功能群和优势种呈现出明显的季节和年间变化,海洋环境变化和鱼类的季节性洄游移动等是主要的影响因素。     

渤海鱼类群落功能群及其主要种类

根据2009年8月和10月对渤海渔业资源的底拖网调查,采用胃含物分析、聚类分析和功能群划分的方法研究了渤海鱼类群落的功能群组成及其主要种类。结果表明,渤海夏、秋季鱼类群落包括7个功能群,分别为浮游动物食性功能群、杂食性功能群、底栖动物食性功能群、虾食性功能群、虾/鱼食性功能群、鱼食性功能群和广食性功能群;其中主要功能群为浮游动物食性功能群、杂食性功能群和虾/鱼食性功能群;主要种类有小黄鱼、蓝点马鲛、斑、赤鼻棱鳀、银鲳和黄鲫。圆筛藻、中华哲水蚤、太平洋磷虾、长额刺糠虾、中国毛虾、甲壳类幼体、日本鼓虾、六丝矛尾虎鱼、小黄鱼、双壳类和腹足类是当前渤海夏、秋季鱼类群落的主要饵料种类。     

魁蚶食性及摄食季节变化的初步研究

根据1990年10月～1991年9月在山东烟台近海采集的魁蚶样品观察和分析,结果表明,魁蚶的食物组成比较简单,以摄食植物性饵料为主,兼食浮游动物。主要种类有硅藻门的圃筛藻、舟形藻、菱形藻、曲舟藻、沟直链藻和粗纹藻以及浮游动物中的挠足类。除冬季外,魁蚶在其他季节均摄食。摄食的种类主要取决于自然海域中硅藻类等优势饵料生物种类的季节变化。     

黄海南部和东海浮游动物分布与鲐鯵渔场关系

黄海南部和东海的日本鲐鱼和蓝圆鲹以浮游动物为主食,并兼食鯷鱼等小型鱼类。因此浮游动物的分布及其季节变化同鲐、鲹渔场的关系密切。本文报导了1972—1975年间,对黄海南部和东海浮游生物组成和数量分布的调查结果,并据此对鲐、鲹渔场的位置、渔期、渔获量以及洄游路线等进行了分析研究。不同季节,鲐鲹鱼类的产卵群、索饵群和越冬群形成的渔场位置及其变迁,都和浮动动物的分布、数量变化有密切的关系。     

春季南黄海浮游动物群落的多元统计分析

根据2001年5月南黄海鳀产卵场专项调查25个测站所采集的大型浮游动物网样品,对南黄海春季浮游动物组成及群落结构进行了多元分析.测区浮游动物种类为17种,主要分属3种生态类型.浮游动物总丰度为20 395 ind·m-2.中华哲水蚤数量最多,为海区内绝对优势种.聚类分析将测区25个测站聚合为5组(A-E),A、C、D组均位于相对高温低盐沿岸水域(水深＜50m,盐度＜32),B、E组则位于相对低温高盐的黄海中部水域(水深＞50m,盐度＞32).根据各组群间浮游动物组成的相似程度及其地理分布,A、C组可归为山东沿岸群落,代表种类为墨氏胸刺水蚤和夜光虫;D组则归为苏北沿岸群落,代表种为墨氏胸刺水蚤和长尾住囊虫.B、E组则归为黄海中部群落,代表种类为偏低温高盐的温带近海类型太平洋磷虾.     

黄海南部和东海浮游动物分布与鲐鲹渔场关系

黄海南部和东海的日本鲐鱼和蓝圆鲹以浮游动物为主食，并兼食鳀鱼等小型鱼类。因此浮游动物的分布及其季节变化同鲐、鲹渔场的关系密切。本文报导了1972—1975年间，对黄海南部和东海浮游生物组成和数量分布的调查结果，并据此对鲐、鲹渔场的位置、渔期、渔获量以及洄游路线等进行了分析研究。不同季节，鲐鲹鱼类的产卵群、索饵群和越冬群形成的渔场位置及其变迁，都和浮动动物的分布、数量变化有密切的关系。     

太湖鱼类群落变化规律、机制及其对环境影响分析

通过渔获物调查并结合历年鱼类渔获统计资料,用Wilhm改进式计算鱼类组成的均匀度指数,研究了太湖鱼类群落组成变化的规律.用鱼类食物个数组成比例、体积组成比例及食物重叠指数等定量指标,分析了富营养化条件下太湖主要鱼类的食物组成特点及相互关系;并根据渔获物统计资料,用SAS软件建立最优回归模型作为辅助手段,分析了鲚与主要鱼类数量变化间可能存在的关系,探讨太湖鱼类群落演替的内部机制.结果表明:(1)太湖鱼类群落组成变化的规律表现为鱼类种类在不断减少,鲚为绝对优势种,总量快速上升,鱼类组成的均匀程度逐年下降,鲚、鲤、鲫等鱼类年龄结构低龄化趋势加强;(2)富营养化条件下,太湖主要鱼类的食物组成特点及相互关系是鲚主要摄食枝角类,太湖新银鱼主要摄食桡足类,它们的主要食物有很大差别;鲚和鲢、鳙食物中浮游动物组成比例几乎相同,在蓝藻没有暴发期间存在食物竞争;翘嘴鲌、蒙古鲌的主要食物是鲚和小型鱼类,它们之间有捕食与被捕食关系;鲤丰要摄食水生植物和底栖动物,鲫主要摄食篮藻,鲚与鲤、鲫可能存在功能上相互促进的共生关系.这些食物关系和鲚与主要鱼类数量变化的最优回归模型结果相一致.太湖鱼类群落演替的内部机制是特有的鱼类间相互关系,而环境变化通过这种相互关系起作用.鱼类群落变化对环境的主要影响是浮游动物食性鱼类数量的快速上升,对浮游动物的牧食压力不断增加,可能使藻类更易暴发;鲢、鳙、鲫主要摄食蓝藻,可能有抑制蓝藻暴发的作用.控制鲚数量快速增加的有效调控途径是降低捕捞强度,增加鲚捕食者--鲌、食物竞争者--鲢鳙的数量.     

东、黄海凤鲚的食物组成及其食性的季节变化

根据东海区(26°00'~35°00'N、120°00'~126°30'E)大面调查渔获物的凤鲚(Coilia mystus)样本,对东、黄海凤鲚的食物组成、食性类型及其季节变化进行了定量分析。研究结果表明:(1)凤鲚饵料生物组成共计有10个类群,40种可鉴别饵料(包括未鉴定到种的种类),6种不可辨认类型饵料。依据相对重要性指数指标计算结果分析,桡足类(Copepoda)为最重要的饵料类群,IRI达到1 869,%IRI占56%,糠虾类(Mysidacea)、磷虾类(Euphausiacea)为次重要类群。(2)凤鲚摄食的浮游动物饵料出现频率达93.66%,底栖动物和游泳动物出现频率分别为0.66%、5.68%,属于浮游动物食性。(3)凤鲚的食物组成、摄食强度、食物生态位宽度均存在季节变化,春、夏、秋、冬四季摄食的饵料种类依次为35种、29种、10种和9种,春季主要摄食桡足类、鱼类和糠虾类,夏季主要摄食糠虾类和桡足类,秋季主要摄食桡足类和磷虾类,而冬季则主要摄食磷虾类和桡足类,各季中优势的单一类群%IRI均超过85%。凤鲚摄食等级较低,摄食等级3级以下四季都在70%以上,空胃率较高,秋季空胃率高达59.7%,平均胃饱满系数春季最高,冬季最低。春季相对其它季节摄食等级较高、空胃率最低、平均胃饱满系数最高,摄食强度明显高于其它季节。春、夏季节的食物多样性指数高于秋、冬季节。     

Changes in fish production effectivity in eutrophic fishponds—impact of zooplankton structure

Fishponds were and are purposeful water structures. Fish production is their main function and rational management is an inevitable condition for their existence. The present high level of fishpond eutrophication results in nutrients overloading. The effect of the high level of nutrients is emphasized by top-down control of zooplankton by high fish stock densities. Currently the zooplankton is represented by small species such as nauplii, small cyclopoid copepods, small species of Cladocera and rotifers that are not so effective filtrators. The high eutrophic level brings about high primary production (mostly with predominance of inedible Cyanophytes) which cannot be used by this type of zooplankton. The main consequences of high eutrophication are large fluctuations in basic environmental parameters and a decrease in production effectivity. It is expected that the utilization efficiency of the enormous primary production through zooplankton into fish production is low. Therefore, maintaining ecological stability and healthy, sound functioning of the ecosystem, meaning without considerable fluctuations, represents an important task in sustainable fishpond management.     

The role of oceanographic conditions and plankton availability in larval fish assemblages off the Catalan coast (NW Mediterranean)

In the northwestern Mediterranean, most fish species reproduce in early summer and fewer in the autumn mixing period. This study analyses and compares larval fish assemblages (LFA) in both seasons, and is the first attempt to characterize LFA structure for the autumn period. We analyze horizontal and vertical distribution of fish larvae and the micro- and mesozooplankton biomass and abundance of the main zooplankton groups. The oceanographic situation was analyzed through the study of data from CTD, Nν-Shuttle and ADCP surveys. LFA were determined by ordination analyses based on larval abundance, and the relationships between larval assemblages and environmental variables were investigated through canonical correspondence analysis. The importance of some hydrographic variables (temperature, salinity and stability of the water column), current fields (along-shelf and across-shelf transport) and the abundance of zooplankton are discussed as important factors shaping the structure of larval assemblages. In early summer, LFA were mainly structured by a combination of bathymetry and trophic components, although sea surface temperature also played a role in shaping the horizontal larval distributions. In autumn, trophic variables were the main factors influencing the shelf-dwelling species assemblage. Larvae of oceanic species, on the other hand, were not related to trophic variables but were more affected by current fields.     

Copepod dynamics across warm and cold periods in the eastern Bering Sea: Implications for walleye pollock (Gadus chalcogrammus) and the Oscillating Control Hypothesis

Differences in zooplankton populations in relation to climate have been explored extensively on the southeastern Bering Sea shelf, specifically in relation to recruitment of the commercially important species walleye pollock (Gadus chalcogrammus). We addressed two research questions in this study: (i) Does the relative abundance of individual copepod species life history stages differ across warm and cold periods and (ii) Do estimated secondary production rates for copepods differ across warm and cold periods? For most copepod species, warmer conditions resulted in increased abundances in May, the opposite was observed in colder conditions. Abundances of smaller‐sized copepod species did not differ significantly between the warm and cold periods, whereas abundances of larger‐sized Calanus spp. increased during the cold period during July and September. Estimated secondary production rates in the warm period were highest in May for smaller‐sized copepods; production in the cold period was dominated by the larger‐sized Calanus spp. in July and September. We hypothesize that these observed patterns are a function of temperature‐driven changes in phenology combined with shifts in size‐based trophic relationships with primary producers. Based on this hypothesis, we present a conceptual model that builds upon the Oscillating Control Hypothesis to explain how variability in copepod production links to pollock variability. Specifically, fluctuations in spring sea‐ice drive regime‐dependent copepod production over the southeastern Bering Sea, but greatest impacts to upper trophic levels are driven by cascading July/September differences in copepod production.     

黄海南部不同体长鳀对食物粒级的选择

基于2000年6月和2014年11月黄海南部采集的浮游动物和不同生长阶段鳀(Engraulis japonicus)的胃含物(饵料)组成分析资料,研究鳀的饵料粒级分布与摄食粒级选择性及其与环境生物组成的关系,旨在推进粒级在传统摄食生态分析中的应用。结果显示:黄海南部鳀的饵料种类组成与环境中生物种类组成有关;各体长组中,鳀的饵料粒级多样性与种类多样性分布趋势相似;体长为110 mm左右的鳀的饵料种类多样性和粒级多样性水平最高;鳀的饵料粒级均值随鱼体体长增加而增加;体长约为30 mm和≥70 mm的鳀有明显的饵料粒级转换。根据上述结果,认为在鳀胃含物分析过程中,整合环境中饵料生物的相对组成和粒级大小,可有效评价鱼类对饵料的粒级选择性。     

Simulated ecosystem response to volcanic iron fertilization in the subarctic Pacific ocean

The eruption of the Kasatochi volcano in August 2008 stimulated an anomalously high phytoplankton bloom in the otherwise iron‐limited subarctic Pacific ocean. It has been proposed that this increased production may have been responsible for record returns of some Pacific salmon stocks in the following years. Here, we investigate the potential effect of volcanic‐induced iron fertilization on the entire ecosystem, from phytoplankton through to top predators, using a fully‐coupled end‐to‐end ecosystem model. Our simulations indicate that the volcanic iron fertilization could only stimulate modest increases, at most 10%, in the standing stock biomass of upper trophic level species, including fisheries targets such as Pacific salmon. Propagation of energy to higher trophic levels depends on the timing of the eruption, with more efficient crustaceous zooplankton pathways being favored earlier in the growing season and less‐efficient gelatinous zooplankton pathways dominating during later months. However, effects were of modest magnitude for all eruption timings, and the strong level of connectivity within the food web makes the preferential stimulation of a single salmon stock implausible. This adds additional support to evidence suggesting that the Kasatochi eruption did not play a large role in subsequent high salmon returns and questions the value of much smaller‐scale artificial fertilization for fisheries. Indeed, the onset of macronutrient limitation coupled with the highly‐connected nature of the food web exert strong controls on the fisheries response to even complete removal of iron limitation in the subarctic Pacific.     

Machine learning highlights the importance of primary and secondary production in determining habitat for marine fish and macroinvertebrates

1. Species distribution models for marine organisms are increasingly used for a range of applications, including spatial planning, conservation, and fisheries management. These models have been constructed using a variety of mathematical forms and drawing on both physical and biological independent variables; however, what might be called first-generation models have mainly followed the form of linear models, or smoothing splines, informed by data collected in the context of fish surveys.
2. The performance of different classes of variables were tested in a series of species occurrence models built with machine learning methods, specifically evaluating the potential contribution of lower trophic level data. Random forest models were fitted based on the classification of the absence/presence for fish and macroinvertebrates surveyed on the US Northeast Continental Shelf.
3. The potential variables included physical, primary production, secondary production, and terrain variables. For accepted model fits, six variable importance measures were computed, which collectively showed that physical and secondary production variables make the greatest contribution across all models. In contrast, terrain variables made the least contribution to these models.
4. Multivariable analyses that account for all performance measures reinforce the role of water depth and temperature in defining species presence and absence; however, chlorophyll concentration and some specific zooplankton taxa, such as Metridia lucens and Paracalanus parvus, also make important contributions with strong seasonal variations.
5. Our results suggest that lower trophic level variables, if available, are valuable in the creation of species distribution models for marine organisms.

     

松花江哈尔滨段三种鮈亚科鱼类的食性与营养级分析

分析了松花江哈尔滨段宾县石场和鸟河乡两个采样点水域野生花（Hemibarbus maculatus）、麦穗鱼（Pseudorasbora parva）、条纹似白鮈（Paraleucogobio strigatus）等三种鮈亚科鱼类消化道食物的组成,研究了这三种鱼类在河流生境下食性类型、营养级,探讨其在特定生态系统中饵料基础及鱼类间食物关系。结果表明,花属杂食性,主要摄食水生昆虫、底栖生物、浮游植物,营养级为3.86;麦穗鱼为杂食性,其食物组成为小鱼、水生昆虫、浮游动物、浮游植物,营养级为3.07级。条纹似白鮈属底栖动物食性,主要摄食水生昆虫,营养级为2.53。     

A model‐based meso‐zooplankton production index and its relation to the ocean survival of juvenile coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch)

The ocean survival of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) off the Pacific Northwest coast has been related to oceanographic conditions regulating lower trophic level production during their first year at sea. Coastal upwelling is recognized as the primary driver of seasonal plankton production but as a single index upwelling intensity has been an inconsistent predictor of coho salmon survival. Our goal was to develop a model of upwelling‐driven meso‐zooplankton production for the Oregon shelf ecosystem that was more immediately linked to the feeding conditions experienced by juvenile salmon than a purely physical index. The model consisted of a medium‐complexity plankton model linked to a simple one‐dimensional, cross‐shelf upwelling model. The plankton model described the dynamics of nitrate, ammonium, small and large phytoplankton, meso‐zooplankton (copepods), and detritus. The model was run from 1996 to 2007 and evaluated on an interannual scale against time‐series observations of copepod biomass. The model’s ability to capture observed interannual variability improved substantially when the copepod community size distribution was taken into account each season. The meso‐zooplankton production index was significantly correlated with the ocean survival of hatchery coho salmon from the Oregon production area, although the coastal upwelling index that drove the model was not itself correlated with survival. Meso‐zooplankton production within the summer quarter (July–September) was more strongly correlated with coho survival than was meso‐zooplankton production in the spring quarter (April–June).     

Polar light regime and piscivory govern diel vertical migrations of planktivorous fish and zooplankton in a subarctic lake

Abstract –  Seasonal variation in light intensity has strong impacts on invertebrate and vertebrate habitat selection creating trade-offs between foraging gain and risk of death. Diel vertical migration (DVM) has received a particularly interest, but multitrophic level studies in lakes under polar light regime have not been conducted. Here, we examined habitat selection of pelagic zooplankton, planktivores and piscivores in subarctic Lake Muddusjärvi with polymorphic whitefish ( Coregonus lavaretus (L.)). Seasonal change in light was hypothesized to be the most important abiotic factor inducing DVM, whereas predation was considered as an ultimate biotic factor. During period of mid-night sun in June, no DVM was observed at any trophic level, whereas during normal day and night light in September planktivores and zooplankton migrated. DVM was top-down controlled, where piscivorous brown trout ( Salmo trutta L.) used pelagic habitat continuously inducing DVM of its main prey, pelagic whitefish morph, which cascaded to reverse DVM of zooplankton. Top-down control of lower trophic level DVMs by piscivores might be more general pattern in lakes than previously considered.     

春、秋季武湖浮游动物群落特征及其与环境因子的关系

2007年和2008年春(5月)、秋(11月)季对武湖浮游动物进行了4次调查,共检出浮游动物133种,其中原生动物61种,轮虫63种,枝角类6种,桡足类3种。浮游动物物种数春季较多,2007年和2008年分别为86种和85种;秋季较少,分别为73种和72种。2007年春季浮游动物总丰度最高,为49605个/L;2007年秋季和2008年春、秋季浮游动物总丰度较低;原生动物和轮虫的丰度是武湖浮游动物丰度的主体。浮游动物丰度和环境因子的典型对应分析(CCA)表明,叶绿素a、总磷、总氮、化学需氧量、溶解氧、水温和透明度是与武湖浮游动物群落相关性较强的环境因子(P<0.05),且相关性较强的环境因子在各季节是不同的,表明武湖浮游动物群落结构的季节变化与水体营养状况密切相关。