基于CIWI模型的洪湖市水体识别及动态监测

以湖北省洪湖市为例,监测其水面面积的变化,以实现当地水资源的优化配置与管理。在分析研究区典型地物光谱特征的基础上,分别应用单波段阈值法、多波段谱间关系法和4种水体指数法对研究区水体进行识别提取,结果表明混合水体指数法（CIWI）区分度最高,提取效果最好,可以有效减弱城镇等噪音信息的干扰。并基于该方法利用TM影像提取了洪...     

1984－2017年洪泽湖湿地植被覆盖度变化及对水位的响应

为揭示洪泽湖湿地植被覆盖度变化状况,探讨其变化趋势,并分析植被覆盖度与水位的相关关系。本文基于1984－2017年间42期的TM/ETM+/OLI数据,采用像元二分模型估算洪泽湖湿地植被覆盖度,分析研究区域近34年来植被覆盖度的整体特征及动态变化趋势。利用归一化差异水体指数提取洪泽湖的水体信息,同时结合植被覆盖度与其对应的水位监测数据,运用统计分析的方法构建洪泽湖四季的植被覆盖度－水体面积－水位关系模型。结果表明：(1) 研究时段上,洪泽湖湿地的整体植被覆盖度呈略微降低的趋势,中高和高植被覆盖区主要分布于研究区域的西北部及南部。(2) 1984－2017年间,洪泽湖的植被覆盖情况以退化为主,退化面积约为576.1km2,其中不显著退化(82.3%)所占比重最大。(3) 整体上看,研究区的植被覆盖度、水体面积与水位呈极显著性相关,根据三者关系模型得出四季的最适宜水位为春季12.3m、夏季12.9m、秋季12.1m和冬季12.2m。研究结果可为洪泽湖湿地生态环境的科学管理提供理论支撑与技术参考。     

基于CART决策树分类的江苏省湿地提取

针对湿地环境复杂、类型多样且难以从景观尺度进行识别的特点，为解决遥感影像“同物异谱、异物同谱”的难点，探讨湿地遥感信息提取方法，可为湿地管理保护提供基础数据。以江苏省为研究区，高分一号影像为数据源，结合不同地物的环境特征和空间特征，采用CART决策树法进行地物分类，并提取湿地信息；选取影像纯净像元为训练样本，根据样本数据特征，制定分类规则。集成高分影像的光谱特征、植被指数、水体指数、土壤调整植被指数、纹 理信息、主成分分析波段和辅助地形数据，构建CART决策树模型，实现地物分类，最终采用混淆矩阵和分类精度指标进行评价，并与最大似然分类方法进行对比。结果表明，分类总体精度达到86.77%，Kappa系数为0.85，精度较最大似然分类提高了将近16%，Kappa系数提高了近0.2；遥感解译成果统计表明，2016年江苏省湿地总面积为14 053.12 km2；其中，水域面积12 585.59 km2，沼泽574.18 km2，滩涂893.35 km2，分别占湿地总面积的89.56%、4.09%、6.35%。研究发现，CART决策树分类精度高于最大似然监督分类，具有较强的实用性和优越性，对大面积湿地信息提取具有借鉴意义。     

滇西北高山微水体空间分布格局及研究意义初探

高山水体由于其所处的海拔较高,对气候变化反应敏感,在应对全球气候变化方面具有突出的贡献,并且由于其分布格局等基础信息的缺失,导致目前高山水体各方面的研究还较为缺乏,本文将初步探索高山水体研究的意义和保护价值,为后续工作打下基础。运用Google Earth和ArcGIS等软件,对24°39'51″~29°14'59″N和98°07'55″~101°30'44″E、总面积88 632 km2的滇西北地区976个天然湖泊海拔、水面面积等信息进行收集,并主要针对该区域水面面积小于0.1 km~2的水体数量及其分布格局进行研究,新定义水面面积小于0.1 km2的水体为微水体。结果表明,滇西北地区共有微水体942个,占天然湖泊数量的96.5%,平均面积10 283.1 m~2,总面积9.7 km~2,占整个滇西北地区总面积的0.01%,占整个滇西北地区天然湖泊面积的2.3%。滇西北地区微水体平均海拔3 987.9 m,密集分布于高山山脊附近,其海拔分布范围较大、中型湖泊更高且区间更广。尽管滇西北地区微水体总面积占区域总面积比例非常小,但其庞大的数量、广阔的流域面积和海拔分布格局,决定了高山微水体在本地区生态系统中的功能和生物多样性形成与稳定方面的贡献不容忽视;微水体的保护和治理成本要远远低于大型湖泊,且保护效益明显,应重点关注。     

长江流域水域及消落区现状、变迁与渔业资源变动

采用中-大尺度遥感监测手段，对长江流域水域及消落区开展调查与分析，重点阐述长江流域从自然水体为主向人工水面为主的变化趋势，及其对长江流域天然渔业资源衰退的潜在影响。结果显示，近40年全长江流域历史最大水面约63 360 km²，最小水面约26 396 km²，历史最大消落面积约36 964 km²。2019—2020年“一江两湖七河”最大水面约为19 663 km²，最小水面约为14 281 km²，消落区面积6 337 km²，其中反季节性消落区633 km²。2001—2020年和1984—2000年两时段相比，地表水减少水面中超过80% 来自于具有自然水文情势的消落区，而新增水面中，由于水库充填导致的河流水面增加达5 500 km²，致使长江流域水域类型组成结构发生了巨大转变，自然水体占比不足20世纪80年代的一半，而同时期的鱼类资源现存量也下降为20世纪80年代的一半。本研究首次明确反季节性消落区的概念，探讨了长江流域河流梯级水库充填形成的反季节性消落区与鱼类“三场”(产卵场、索饵场和越冬场) 关键栖息地丧失的关系。     

望城县养鱼水面低产原因浅析

对养殖水面低产原因进行分析,目前省内还未见报道。我们于1990年10月至1991年2月,对全县养殖水面进行调查分析。现将情况报告如下: 一、标准和方法调查对象是已进行人工放养的水面,并将水体分为山平塘、集中连片精养池(50亩以上)、湖泊、水库、河沟等五大类。以1988～1990年三年平均每亩养殖产量作为衡量标准。产量采用统计年报数,面积以水面普查数为准。50亩以上的水体统计到块。 1.标准:如表1     

石家庄市水产养殖业污染源普查分析及建议

1 石家庄渔业概况 石家庄地处河北省中南部,辖6个区、5个县级市、12个县.总人口928万人,辖区总面积15 848 km2.全市拥有养殖水面1.58万hm2,其中水库可养鱼水面1.46万hm2,池塘1万hm2.年水产品总产量4万 t.     

建立现代企业管理模式 促进水库渔业健康发展

宿鸭湖水库是亚洲面积最大的人工平原淡水湖,国家大型水库工程。水库控制流域面积达4498km2,库区总面积达167km2,正常库区面积11667公顷,正常养殖水面为8000公顷。宿鸭湖水库水面开阔,光照充足,平均水深     

小型水库河蚌育珠技术

浙江省诸暨市属丘陵地带,全市有养鱼水面7万亩,其中70%为山塘小型水库,为了做好水产业内部结构调整,进一步提高以灌溉为主的小型水库经济效益,2002年,我们进行了小型水库河蚌育珠试验,取得了较为理想的效益。一、基本情况1.水库选择 虾公湖水库集雨面积3.4km2,正常水位时的养鱼面积57亩,平均水深3.5m,最深处水深8.7m,下游灌溉粮田105亩。2.清塘消毒 因为灌溉需要,水库不能干池,2002年1月上旬,用100kg/亩生石灰带半库水体进行清库消毒。3.鱼蚌放养 2002年2月上旬,放养于前年10月份插种好的体质强壮、无病害的一龄三角帆蚌1000只/亩…     

基于TM遥感技术的永定河生态系统服务价值评估模型及应用

针对常规生态服务价值评估方法时间长、工作量大、成本高和当量精度低的问题,永定河生态系统服务价值时空动态分析突破了传统静态评估方法。将GIS技术与因子当量表法相结合,测算出针对永定河河流生态系统的因子当量表和单位面积生态服务价值表,通过线性优化模型计算不同情景下各类土地利用类型面积,以期为生态修复目标提供直接的定量化参考依据。测算永定河北京段总当量为124.91,每当量单位面积生态服务价值基准为2 001.54万元/km2。林地、草地、耕地、水面和其他土地利用类型单位面积生态服务价值依次为28 824.7、2 954.3、1 808.5、215 906.3和565.8万元/km2,其中水生态系统文化娱乐服务功能单位面积服务价值最大,为161 735.1万元/km2。据此,建立了只需遥感影像数据即可快速精准地动态计算区域生态系统服务价值的多元一次回归模型,与基于实地调查法的永定河历史评估结果进行比较,平均偏差为4.54%。利用线性规划方法计算出研究区域生态系统服务价值最大值为2 212亿元,最小值为513亿元;当永定河水面面积最大时,生态系统服务价值为2 212亿元,水面面积最小时生态系统服务价值为976亿元,大于未经优化配置时的432亿元。     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.     

美人鱼发光杆菌对凡纳滨对虾非特异性 免疫功能及抗病力的影响

在基础饲料中分别添加0.1%和1%美人鱼发光杆菌灭活菌、0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌配制成3种免疫实验饲料,以基础饲料为空白对照组饲料,每组设3个平行样。对个体质量为(4.83±0.36)g的凡纳滨对虾进行为期20 d的饲养实验,分别在0、5、10、15和20d进行取样,以血清中的酚氧化酶(PO)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和溶菌酶(UL)活性为免疫指标,探讨了美人鱼发光杆菌作为免疫制剂对凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫效应的影响;在投喂免疫饲料后的第22天,按0.004 2 kg/kg体重的剂量,直接投喂对虾白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)病料,并记录累积死亡率。结果表明,美人鱼发光杆菌免疫实验组对凡纳滨对虾血清中PO、ACP、AKP、UL和SOD活性影响明显高于对照组,并且在饲料中添加美人鱼发光杆菌后,明显提高了对虾抵御WSSV感染的能力。其中0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌实验组的抗病毒感染能力最强,WSSV感染14d内累计死亡率为63.3%±5.8%;而对照组为96.7%±3.3%。研究表明,美人鱼发光杆菌添加在对虾饲料中能提高凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫水平,增强抵抗疾病的能力,将其作为对虾免疫增强剂具有良好的应用前景。     

Effects of Spirulina platensis as a feed additive on growth and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii Boulunger, 1902)

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of replacing fish meal with dietary Spirulina as a feed supplement on the growth performance and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii). Five isonitrogenous (47% crude protein) and isocaloric (17.36 kJ/g digestible energy) diets were for formulated to replace FM with 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% Spirulina (designated as Control, SP5, SP10, SP15 and SP20 respectively) and fed to the fish (initial body weight, 3.15 ± 0.01 g). Fish were randomly distributed into fifteen 120 L aquariums (26.5 ± 1.00°C), 15 fish per aquarium. The diets were tested in triplicate for 12 weeks. Experimental groups were fed twice daily (09:00 and 17:00) by hand to satiation. At the end of the feeding trial, significantly (p < 0.05) higher weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and lower feed conversion ratio (FCR) were observed in fish fed the SP10 diet when compared to the SP20 diet. There was no significant difference in these parameters between the other groups. The skin coloration of blue dolphin cichlid fed a diet containing Spirulina meal was enhanced. The best coloration was observed in the SP15 group. These impressions were objectively validated by chemical determinations of carotenoids extracted from fish skins and passed statistical tests of significance. The study findings show that Spirulina meal does not diminish growth rates except at very high levels.     

A Minchinia mercenariae‐like parasite infects cockles Cerastoderma edule in Galicia (NW Spain)

The cockle Cerastoderma edule fishery has traditionally been the most important shellfish species in terms of biomass in Galicia (NW Spain). In the course of a survey of the histopathological conditions affecting this species in the Ria of Arousa, a haplosporidan parasite that had not been observed in Galicia was detected in one of the most productive cockle beds of Galicia. Uni‐ and binucleate cells and multinucleate plasmodia were observed in the connective tissue mainly in the digestive area, gills and gonad. The parasite showed low prevalence, and it was not associated with abnormal cockle mortality. Molecular identification showed that this parasite was closely related to the haplosporidan Minchinia mercenariae that had been reported infecting hard clams Mercenaria mercenaria from the Atlantic coast of the United States. The molecular characterization of its SSU rDNA region allowed obtaining a fragment of 1,796 bp showing 98% homology with M. mercenariae parasite. Phylogenetic analysis supported this identification as this parasite was clustered in the same clade as M. mercenariae from the United States and other M. mercenariae‐like sequences from the UK, with bootstrap value of 99%. The occurrence of M. mercenariae‐like parasites infecting molluscs outside the United States is confirmed.     

Dietary thiamin and pyridoxine requirements of fingerling Indian major carp,Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton)

Two experiments were conducted to quantify the dietary thiamin (experiment I) and pyridoxine (experiment II) requirements of fingerling Cirrhinus mrigala for 16 weeks. In experiment I, dietary thiamin requirement was determined by feeding seven casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) with graded levels of thiamin (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 mg kg^?1 diet) to triplicate groups of fish (6.15 ± 0.37 cm; 1.89 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet with 2 mg kg^?1 thiamin had highest specific growth rate (SGR), protein retention (PR), RNA/DNA ratio, haemoglobin (Hb), haematocrit (Hct), RBCs and best feed conversion ratio (FCR). However, highest liver thiamin concentration was recorded in fish fed 4 mg thiamin kg^?1 diet. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver thiamin concentrations exhibited the thiamin requirement in the range of 1.79–3.34 mg kg^?1 diet (0.096–0.179 μg thiamin kJ^?1 gross energy). In experiment II, six casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) containing graded levels of pyridoxine (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 mg kg^?1 diet) were fed to triplicate groups of fish (6.35 ± 0.37 cm; 1.97 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet containing 6 mg kg^?1 pyridoxine showed best SGR, FCR, PR, RNA/DNA ratio, Hb, Hct and RBCs, whereas maximum liver pyridoxine concentration was recorded in fish fed 8 mg kg^?1 dietary pyridoxine. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver pyridoxine concentrations reflected the pyridoxine requirement from 5.63 to 8.61 mg kg^?1 diet. Data generated during this study would be useful in formulating thiamin‐ and pyridoxine‐balanced feeds for the intensive culture of this fish.     

Sea bream culture in Egypt; status, constraints and potential

Marine fish farming in Egypt began in 1976 with the culture of gilthead sea bream, (Sparus aurata) as this fish was notably adaptable to brackish and marine pond conditions. Today, marine fish and shrimp farms amount to about 19,000 ha, out of which 42% is already in production while the rest, i.e., 58% is still under construction. In 1997, cultured gilthead sea bream production of 2,250 tons made up 3% of the 75,000 tons total aquaculture catch. In polyculture, usually with the grey mullet and sea bass, gilthead sea bream contributed 440 kg ha^–1 to the total yield of 1,700 kg ha^–1 (26%) over a period of 16 months. For the same period, the yield of monoculture ponds averaged 100 kg ha^–1, while in marine cages, yields ranged from 4–10 kg m³. In 1996–1997, fry of 0.25–1 g and fingerlings 1–10 g with a total of 3 million, were collected from the wild and 1 million fry were produced in the three marine hatcheries out of the four existing ones. The development of sea bream culture in Egypt is now severely inhibited by the shortage of seeds and adequate feeds. Exports of both sea bream and sea bass, during 1994–1996 averaged 1,300 tons per year.     

Fertilization by refrigerator stored sperm of the Indian major carp, Labeo calbasu (Hamilton, 1822)

This study reports on the spermatological properties, and on the development of a protocol for refrigerator storage (4°C) of Labeo calbasu (Hamilton, 1822) sperm for artificial breeding. Volume, motility, concentration and pH of the freshly collected sperm were 2.21 ± 0.53 (μL g^?1 of fish weight) (mean ± SD), 95 ± 1 (%), 1.93 ± 0.44 × 10⁹ (cells mL^?1) and 7.56 ± 0.17 respectively. Sperm activation was evaluated at different osmolalities of NaCl solution, and motility ceased completely when osmolality of the extender was ≥287 mOsmol kg^?1. Sperm retained motility for 24, 72 and 108 h, after refrigerator storage when sperm were undiluted, suspended in Alsever's solution and suspended in Alsever's solution containing 5% methanol respectively. Fertilization rate of fresh eggs with sperm stored at 4°C in Alsever's solution and Alsever's solution containing 5% methanol was 77% and 60% with a hatching rate of 60% and 43% respectively. The fertilization and hatching success of the stored sperm suggests potential to use refrigeration for transporting genetic material to hatcheries for artificial breeding of L. calbasu in Bangladesh.     

A novel approach to denitrification processes in a zero-discharge recirculating system for small-scale urban aquaculture

This paper presents an innovative process to solve the nitrate build-up problem in recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS). The novel aspects of the process lie in a denitrification bioreactor system that uses solid cotton wool as the primary carbon source and a unique degassing chamber. In the latter, the water is physically stripped of dissolved gaseous O₂ (by means of a Venturi vacuum tube), and the subsequent denitrification becomes more efficient due to elimination of the problems of oxygen inhibition of denitrification and aerobic consumption of cotton wool. The cotton wool medium also serves as a physical barrier that traps organic particles, which, in turn, act as an additional carbon source for denitrification. Operation in the proposed system gives an extremely low C/N ratio of 0.82 g of cotton wool/g of nitrate N, which contributes to a significant reduction of biofilter volume. The additional advantage of using solid cotton wool as the carbon source is that it does not release organic residuals into the liquid to be recycled. Operation of the system over a long period consistently produced effluents with low nitrate levels (below 10 mg N/l), and there was only a very small need to replace system water. The overall treatment scheme, also incorporating an aerobic nitrification biofilter and a granular filtration device, produced water of excellent quality, i.e., with near-zero levels of nitrite and ammonia, a sufficiently high pH for aquaculture, and low turbidity. The proposed system thus provides a solution for sustainable small-scale, urban aquaculture operation with a very high recovery of water (over 99%) and minimal waste disposal.     

Effects of metomidate anaesthesia or transfer to pur sea water on plasma parameters in ammonia-exposed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L) in sea water

Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L) postsmolts weighing 150 ± 53 g were exposed to 14–15 mg l^–1 TA-N (total ammonia-N) in sea water in 1 m³ tanks for 24h. Blood samples were then taken A) immediately after the fish were netted from the exposure tanks and stunned by a blow to the head; B) 2–20 min after the fish were transferred to 15 l of an anaesthetic solution of metomidate in ammonia-free sea water; or C) 2–20 min after the fish were transferred to 15 l of ammonia-free sea water. Plasma TA-N level was 18% lower in the anaesthetised fish compared to in the fish sampled directly from the exposure tanks (p 0.05), and accordingly 16% lower in the fish transferred to pure sea water although this difference was not significant (p = 0.07). Plasma glucose level was higher in the fish transferred to pure sea water than in the fish receiving the two other treatments (p 0.05), but plasma urea, osmolality, Na^{+, Cl–, Ca2+ or Mg2+} levels did not vary significantly between the different treatments. Plasma TA-N level increased with time in the fish in the metomidate solution (p 0.02).