黄海中南部鳀鱼各发育阶段对浮游动物的摄食

对1999～2001年在黄海中南部采集的鯷鱼(Engraulis japonicus)消化道进行了分析。产卵场的鯷鱼仔稚鱼和越冬场的成鱼都是主要在白天摄食，胃饱满指数白天明显高于夜间。鯷鱼消化道中的食物团几乎全部由浮游动物组成。鯷鱼偏好的食物随鯷鱼长度的增加而变化。桡足类和它们的卵子、幼体是最大的优势类群。体长小于10mm的鯷鱼仔稚鱼主要摄食桡足类的卵和无节幼体；体长11～20mm的鯷鱼仔稚鱼主要摄食桡足类的桡足幼体和原生动物；叉长21～30mm的鯷鱼主要摄食纺锤水蚤等小型桡足类和甲壳类的蚤状幼体；叉长41～80mm的鯷鱼主要摄食桡足类的桡足幼体；叉长81～90mm的鯷鱼主要摄食中华哲水蚤和桡足幼体；叉长91～100mm的鯷鱼主要摄食中华哲水蚤、胸刺水蚤、真刺水蚤等较大的桡足类；叉长101～120mm的鯷鱼主要摄食中华哲水蚤、胸剌水蚤、太平洋磷虾、细长脚域；叉长大于121mm的鯷鱼主要摄食太平洋磷虾和细长脚Song。     

黄海海州湾小黄鱼幼鱼的食性及其随体长的变化

根据2008年7月和8月在黄海海州湾海域进行的定点底拖网调查,应用K-W非参数秩检验、卡平方检验和聚类分析等方法,对小黄鱼(Pseudosciaena polyactis)幼鱼(体长20～110mm)的食物组成及其与体长之间的关系进行研究。结果表明,小黄鱼幼鱼摄食的饵料种类有30余种,甲壳类(桡足类、糠虾类和虾类)是主要的饵料类群,在食物中所占的个数百分比为99.50%。优势饵料有真刺唇角水蚤(Labidocera euchaeta)、长额刺糠虾(Acanthomysis longirostris)和细螯虾(Leptochela gracilis)。小黄鱼幼鱼的摄食强度和食物组成随体长的增长都有明显的变化,随着体长的增加,食物中虾类和鱼类的比例有所增加,而桡足类和糠虾类的比例则减少。饵料生境宽度在体长大于80mm后有明显的增加。聚类分析的结果表明,小黄鱼幼鱼在体长达到80mm时,出现了明显的食物转换现象。可以认为,小黄鱼幼鱼食性的转变与其体长密切相关。     

东海蓝圆鲹的摄食习性

以2008年5月至2009年2月东海灯光围网采集到的叉长范围为52～276 mm的444尾蓝圆鲹为对象,对其胃含物进行分析,应用K-W非参数检验、卡方检验、聚类分析等方法,对不同季节和发育阶段条件下蓝圆鲹的食性进行了研究。结果表明,蓝圆鲹的摄食种类有80余种,浮游甲壳类(主要包括浮游甲壳类幼体、磷虾和桡足类等)和小型鱼类为其主要食物类群。若按相对重要性指数百分比(IRI%)排序,优势饵料种类最高的是七星底灯鱼(IRI%为40.44%),其次是口虾蛄Alima幼体(IRI%为14.24%)、太平洋磷虾(IRI%为11.26%)等。统计分析检验表明,蓝圆鲹的空胃率和平均胃饱满系数有显著的季节变化和叉长变化(P<0.01),摄食强度春季最高,秋季和夏季相对较高,而冬季最低;叉长50～99 mm和200～299mm的蓝圆鲹的摄食强度较高,其余叉长的强度相对较低。食物组成也随季节和发育阶段的不同而有所变化,在春季主要以七星底灯鱼和口虾蛄Alima幼体为食,夏季主要以甲壳类幼体为食,秋季主要以七星底灯鱼和太平洋磷虾为主食,冬季食物匮乏,小型桡足类丽隆剑水蚤和糠虾类占其食物组成的很大比例。聚类分析的结果表明,蓝圆鲹叉长200 mm是其摄食取向的拐点,小于这个叉长的蓝圆鲹以浮游甲壳类为主,大于这个叉长的以捕食小型鱼类为主,随着叉长的增大,蓝圆鲹更多的以游泳动物为食。根据蓝圆鲹摄食饵料的类群变化,东海蓝圆鲹的营养级为3.55,属于浮游动物和游泳动物混合食性的肉食性鱼类。     

黄海中部小黄鱼摄食习性的体长变化与昼夜变化

根据2001年3月至2002年1月在黄海中部海域进行的4个季节的定点底拖网调查,应用聚类分析、单因素方差分析和列联表检验等方法,对小黄鱼(PseudosciaenapolyactisBleeker)摄食的体长和昼夜变化进行研究。结果表明:摄食强度没有明显的体长变化,而食物组成却有明显的体长变化。随着体长的增大,鱼类和虾类的比例有所增加,而磷虾类、桡足类和端足类的比例则减少。饵料生境宽度在体长大于109mm后有明显的增加。经检验,小黄鱼平均每个胃中含有的饵料个数显著减少而饵料重量则增加,这符合"最佳摄食理论"。聚类分析的结果表明,小黄鱼在体长达到109mm时,出现了明显的食物转换现象。小黄鱼的摄食强度在各个季节都有明显的昼夜变化,午夜24:00和早晨08:00是2个摄食高峰期。     

山东半岛南部癆鱼产卵场癆鱼仔、稚鱼摄食的研究

研究了山东半岛南部Ti鱼产卵场体长2．5－17．9mm的Ti鱼仔、稚鱼的摄食。Ti鱼仔、稚鱼主要饵料为原生动物的鼎形虫、单角铠甲虫、三角铠甲虫。小型桡足类的卵、桡足类的无节幼体和桡足幼体。桡足类种类为墨氏胸刺水蚤、小拟哲水蚤、克氏纺锤水蚤、双刺纺锤水蚤和拟长腹剑蚤等小型类桡足类。各种饵料所占的个数的百分比为：鼎形虫2．2％，单角铠甲虫7．6％，三角铠甲虫3．3％，桡足类的卵42．2％，无节幼体30．4％，桡足幼体14．1％，Ti鱼仔、稚鱼的摄食率为16．2％，摄食活动主要在白天，在水的中下层进行。由于摄食率低，肠道饱满度差，饥锇可能是引起Ti鱼仔、稚鱼死亡的主要原因。     

东南太平洋秋冬季智利竹筴鱼摄食习性的初步分析

根据2009年3～6月对东南太平洋智利竹筴鱼(Trachurus murphyi)渔获进行随机取样,对其胃含物的饵料组成、重量、摄食等级和摄食习性等进行了初步分析。结果表明,智利竹筴鱼主要以鱼类[IRI(%)=93.20]为食,其次为磷虾类[IRI(%)=6.76]和柔鱼类[IRI(%)=0.03],偶见水母和桡足类。从胃含物组成的重量百分比来看,鱼鳞比例最大(占79.83%),其次为磷虾类(16.59%),柔鱼类也占一定的比例。从出现频次来看,鱼鳞出现次数最多(占95.28%),其次为磷虾类(52.83%)和鱼鳍鳍条(40.09%),偶见未消化完的鱼卵、磷虾眼睛和柔鱼类等。平均饱满指数各月份波动不大,除4月稍有降低外,基本呈逐渐增加趋势。摄食等级除了4月和5月不存在显著性差异外(P>0.05),其余月份存在显著性差异(P<0.05)。在叉长组为150～250 mm(幼鱼阶段)时,智利竹筴鱼摄食等级为0的个体比例很高,均值为45%;而随着叉长的增大(301～500 mm叉长组,成鱼阶段),摄食等级为0的个体比例显著下降,平均值为9.7%。在叉长组为150～250mm时,胃含物组成类别较少,仅发现鱼鳞、鱼卵和磷虾3类。在叉长组为301～500 mm时,胃含物的种类组成复杂和多样化。受到取样条件不易和胃含物部分或完全消化的鉴定困难,本研究今后在样品收集和种类鉴定方面还需进一步深入,以期更好地掌握智利竹筴鱼摄食生态方面的规律。     

海州湾小黄鱼幼鱼和黄鲫幼鱼的食物竞争

根据2008年7～8月在黄海海州湾海域进行的定点底拖网调查,应用胃含物分析法、多元统计分析法、饵料重叠系数法等,对小黄鱼Pseudosciaena polyactis幼鱼和黄鲫Setipinna taty幼鱼的食物竞争关系进行研究.结果表明,小黄鱼幼鱼和黄鲫幼鱼的营养级相同,均为3.33级.但是它们的食物组成相似性(0.06～0.20)和饵料重叠系数(0.03～0.38)并不高,均小于0.6,而两种鱼类幼鱼种内的食物组成相似性和饵料重叠系数则较高.从饵料组成来看,甲壳类中的真刺唇角水蚤Labidocera euchaeta和长额刺糠虾Acanthomysis longirostris在两种鱼类幼鱼体长/又长较小阶段存在一定程度上的重叠,之后随着个体的生长发育,摄食逐渐产生分化.从本研究的结果判断,小黄鱼幼鱼和黄鲫幼鱼之间可能存在较弱的种间资源利用性食物竞争,而两种鱼类幼鱼各自则可能存在较大的种内资源利用性食物竞争.     

东、黄海凤鲚的食物组成及其食性的季节变化

根据东海区(26°00'~35°00'N、120°00'~126°30'E)大面调查渔获物的凤鲚(Coilia mystus)样本,对东、黄海凤鲚的食物组成、食性类型及其季节变化进行了定量分析。研究结果表明:(1)凤鲚饵料生物组成共计有10个类群,40种可鉴别饵料(包括未鉴定到种的种类),6种不可辨认类型饵料。依据相对重要性指数指标计算结果分析,桡足类(Copepoda)为最重要的饵料类群,IRI达到1 869,%IRI占56%,糠虾类(Mysidacea)、磷虾类(Euphausiacea)为次重要类群。(2)凤鲚摄食的浮游动物饵料出现频率达93.66%,底栖动物和游泳动物出现频率分别为0.66%、5.68%,属于浮游动物食性。(3)凤鲚的食物组成、摄食强度、食物生态位宽度均存在季节变化,春、夏、秋、冬四季摄食的饵料种类依次为35种、29种、10种和9种,春季主要摄食桡足类、鱼类和糠虾类,夏季主要摄食糠虾类和桡足类,秋季主要摄食桡足类和磷虾类,而冬季则主要摄食磷虾类和桡足类,各季中优势的单一类群%IRI均超过85%。凤鲚摄食等级较低,摄食等级3级以下四季都在70%以上,空胃率较高,秋季空胃率高达59.7%,平均胃饱满系数春季最高,冬季最低。春季相对其它季节摄食等级较高、空胃率最低、平均胃饱满系数最高,摄食强度明显高于其它季节。春、夏季节的食物多样性指数高于秋、冬季节。     

渤海两种桡足类幼体摄食的初步研究

对186个含有食物的消化道分析结果表明:真刺唇角水蚤桡足幼体营浮游植物食性,摄食硅藻类,其中辐射圆筛藻、未查明的圆筛藻和中心圆筛藻是它的主要摄食对象。它在渤海所摄食的种类有一定的季节变化,食物种类更替率各季平均为29.9％,春、秋高,夏、冬低。它的摄食强度以夏季为最高,冬季居第二位,春季居第三位,秋季最低。对86个含有食物的消化道分析结果表明:小拟哲水蚤桡足幼体也营浮游植物食性,摄食硅藻类,其中辐射圆筛藻和未查明的圆筛藻是它的主要摄食对象。它在渤海所摄食的食物种类也有一定的季节变化,食物种类更替率各季平均为10.3％。它的摄食强度,夏、秋低,冬、春高。上述两种桡足幼体对环境中的饵料浮游植物都有明显的选择性,集中摄食其中个体较大而且容易获得的优势种类——圆筛藻属。真刺唇角水蚤桡足幼体的食性类型与成体不同,在前者发育到后者过程中发生了食性转换,即从植食转变为杂食性。小拟哲水蚤桡足类幼体的食性类型与成体相同。     

婆罗异剑水蚤的培养试验

桡足类是海洋生态系食物链中不可缺少的环节。在海水养殖业中，桡足类可作为海产经济鱼类仔、稚、幼鱼和贝、虾、蟹类幼体的动物性饵料生物。婆罗异剑水蚤(Apocyclops borneoensis Lindberg)隶属于剑水蚤目、剑水蚤科，是一种小型的桡足类，体长0.98-1.13mm，分布于广东(虎门)、福建(厦门)和印度尼西亚，生活在低盐度的咸淡水中。     

Tubercular Lesions in Two Spanish Cyprinodontid fishes

A histopathological study of tubercular lesions in Lebias (=Aphanius) ibera and Valencia hispanica (Cyprinodontidae) was carried out using conventional acid-fast staining and immunohistochemical methods. The clinical signs in diseased fish comprised exophthalmos, emaciation and melanosis. Examination of stained sections revealed a systemic granulomatous process associated with positive Zielh–Neelsen bacilli in the lesions. The immunohistochemical staining was positive in all cases and the mycobacterial antigen was detected in affected organs. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Identification of Stress Sensitive Genes in Hyperthermic Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) Embryos by RAP-PCR

Deformities of skeletal structures, the heart, and other organs are a recurrent problem in species used in intensive aquaculture. Elevated egg incubation temperature appears to be a high risk factor in the development of these malformations, but the causal relation has not been established. Our aim was to identify candidate genes involved in the development of heat induced deformities in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Temperature sensitive genes were isolated by RNA Arbitrarily Primed (RAP)-PCR. A total of 33 RAP-PCR products were successfully sequenced, and the expression of eight identified genes was further examined by RT-PCR from pooled samples of heat exposed embryos. Five of these genes were demonstrated to be temperature sensitive, of which four were shown to be up-regulated and one was down-regulated at elevated water temperatures. The atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) gene, which is a promising candidate for heart deformities, showed the highest level of heat induction. Three additional RAP-PCR products identified as heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleprotein (hnRNP) A0, acyl CoA binding protein (ACBP) and mitochondrial (mt)-HSP70 showed up-regulated mRNA expression in response to elevated water temperature. The single down-regulated gene was identified as an Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) homolog of the cysteine and tyrosine-rich 1 (CYYR1) gene. This study demonstrated that a temperature elevation of only 4 °C during the early stages of the organogenesis in Atlantic salmon induce altered expression of a number of genes, which are candidates for the development of heat induced deformities.     

缢蛏EGFR基因内含子1内SNP位点多态性与生长性状相关性

为研究缢蛏表皮生长因子受体基因(epidermal growth factor receptor,EGFR)单核苷酸多态性(single nucleotide polymorphism, SNP)与生长性状(壳长、壳宽、壳高和体质量)的相关性。本实验利用直接测序法从缢蛏EGFR基因的第一个内含子序列中共筛选到17个SNP位点。卡方检验结果显示,在17个位点中,有13个位点符合Hardy-Weinberg平衡,位点多态性检测显示17个位点中有10个位点表现为中等多态性(0.25PIC0.5)。利用一般线性模型(general linear model,GLM)及多重比较对缢蛏EGFR基因中17个SNPs的多态性与生长性状(壳长、壳宽、壳高和体质量)进行相关性分析,结果显示,16个SNP位点均与缢蛏的壳长、壳宽、壳高及体质量呈显著性相关。由此可见,EGFR基因可作为缢蛏生长性状改良的候选辅助分子标记,并且为进一步研究其生长相关功能奠定基础。     

Movement of the fluvial form of masu salmon, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Oncorhynchus masou masou</Emphasis>, in a mountain stream in Kyushu,Japan

Using mark-recapture methods, the movements of the fluvial form of masu salmon (Oncorhynchus masou masou) in a mountain stream on the island of Kyushu, Japan, were studied. Most (78%) of the masu salmon were recaptured in the pool in which they had been originally caught and tagged. Of those that moved between pools, the proportion of individuals that moved during the breeding period was not significantly higher than the proportion that moved during the non-breeding period. However, during the breeding period, a higher proportion of larger salmon moved than did smaller fish. The proportion of mobile large males during breeding period was higher than that for small males. Also, it was found that a few individuals showed long-range movement in the autumn. As a long-term movement, 78 individual fish (65%) that were recaptured more than three times showed high sedentary tendencies. Sixteen individual mobile fish (13%) moved and returned to the original pool. Fluvial form of masu salmon in Kyushu show a high sedentary nature; however, large mature males seem to actively move in search of female during breeding period.     

Antifreeze proteins in the urine of marine fish

Several species of marine teleosts have evolved blood plasma antifreeze polypeptides which enable them to survive in ice-laden seawater. Four distinct antifreeze protein classes differing in carbohydrate content, amino acid composition, protein sequence and secondary structure are currently known. Although all of these antifreezes are relatively small (2.6–33 kd) it was generally thought that they were excluded from the urine by a variety of glomerular mechanisms. In the present study antifreeze polypeptides were found in the bladder urine of winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus), sea raven (Hemitripterus americanus), ocean pout (Macrozoarces americanus) and Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). Since the plasma of each of these fish contains a different antifreeze class it would appear that all four classes of antifreeze can enter the urine. The major antifreeze components in the urine of winter flounder were found to be identical to the major plasma components in terms of high performance liquid chromatography retention times and amino acid composition. It is concluded that plasma antifreeze peptides need not be chemically modified before they can enter the urine.     

Seasonal changes in pelagic fish biomass around the Chiswell Island Steller sea lion rookery in 2003

Fisheries acoustics surveys were conducted around the Chiswell Island rookery in the northern Gulf of Alaska at night in April and August 2003 to assess seasonal changes in prey available to Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) foraging around the rookery. Adult walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) ≥28 cm fork length was the dominant biomass in the upper 50 m of the water column in both months, increasing from 122.8 kg/nmi² in April to 457.9 kg/nmi² in August. A similar pattern was observed for Pacific herring (Clupea pallasii), which averaged 2.8 and 65.6 kg/nmi² in April and August, respectively. Incidental trawl catch suggested the appearance of age-0 pollock and juvenile salmonids (Oncorhynchus spp.) around the rookery in August as well. The increased biomass of these key prey species is linked to increased foraging trip durations by lactating sea lions from Chiswell Island, and supports the general view that sea lions in the northern Gulf of Alaska are not food limited during summer months.     

Bioaugmentation in the growth and water quality of livebearing ornamental fishes

Bacillus subtilis isolated from the intestine of Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton) was incorporated into the rearing water of Poecilia reticulata (Peters), Poecilia sphenops (Valenciennes), Xiphophorus helleri (Heckel) and Xiphophorus maculatus (Gunther) at four different concentrations (5 × 10⁸ cells ml⁻¹, 5 × 10⁷ cells ml⁻¹, 5 × 10⁶ cells ml⁻¹ and 5 × 10⁵ cells ml⁻¹) and its effect on fish growth performance and survival, water quality parameters and bacterial population of water were assessed. The results showed that the addition of bacterial cells in the rearing water resulted in greater survival and a faster growth rate and, hence, greater length and weight increments of the livebearers. The use of a bioaugmentor in the rearing water of the livebearing fishes resulted in significantly lower (P < 0.05) concentrations of dissolved organic matter and total ammonium nitrogen. The counts of motile aeromonads and total coliforms recorded in the water of bioaugmented tanks were also lower than that in the control tank. Bioaugmentation between 10⁶ and 10⁸ cells ml⁻¹ in the rearing water is sufficient in establishing a bioaugmentor and the use of a higher concentration of bacterial cells did not always lead to significantly better results.     

Characteristics of the marine environment and algal blooms in Gamak Bay

This study was conducted to gain insight into the characteristics of algal blooms in relation to the marine environment of Gamak Bay. From the first known occurrence of algal blooms in 1984 until 2006, 23 causal species have been identified, the most common ones being Prorocentrum sp., Cochlodinium polykrikoides, Chaetoceros sp., Skeletonema costatum, and Heterosigma akashiwo. A principal component analysis indicated that blooms of these species develop under different conditions in terms of water temperature, salinity, precipitation, and insolation. Field data showed Cochlodinium polykrikoides to be favored by high temperatures and to be euryhaline, whereas Skeletonema costatum appeared to be eurythermal and euryhaline. Prorocentrum sp. and Chaetoceros sp. appeared to be stenothermal and stenohaline. Finally, Heterosigma akashiwo appeared at the lowest temperature and highest salinity of the five species and was classified here as stenothermal and stenohaline.     

泥蚶34个EST-SSR标记的开发及在格粗饰蚶中的通用性检测

利用泥蚶转录组高通量测序、拼接获得的大量EST序列开发SSR标记,在1123条EST序列里筛查到73条含有SSR位点的EST序列,其中54个位点适合设计引物,在位点两侧设计引物并进行PCR扩增.结果显示,46对引物获得稳定扩增的位点,引物在泥蚶奉化群体的多态性检测中发现,有34对引物表现出多态性,共扩增出122个等位基因,各位点的等位基因数Na为2～7个,平均每个位点产生3.59个等位基因,观测杂合度Ho、期望杂合度He、多态信息含量PIC范围分别为0.000 ～ 0.600、0.078 ～0.771、0.106～0.718；Hardy-Weinberg平衡检测显示,13个位点偏离了平衡状态；用Nr和Swiss-Prot蛋白质数据库对含有多态性SSR的EST进行了基因注释,25个SSR位点来自注释基因序列.将34对泥蚶多态性SSR引物在格粗饰蚶中进行了通用性检测,结果有1 1对成功扩增,8对表现为多态,通用率为23.53％,这些通用引物可用于两种蚶的遗传多样性评价、系统进化分析、比较作图和基因发掘等研究.     

团头鲂tf和tfr1a基因启动子克隆及转录调控分析

为探索鱼类转铁蛋白基因tf和转铁蛋白受体基因tfr1a的转录调控机制,本实验以团头鲂为研究对象,在其全基因组数据库中获取tf和tfr1a基因序列,对2个基因候选启动子区转录因子结合位点及CpG岛进行预测,通过PCR方法克隆得到tf和tfr1a基因近端启动子区不同长度片段,连接至pGL3-Basic/pEGFP-1载体,瞬时转染入Hela细胞,并采用双荧光素酶报告基因检测系统进行检测。结果发现,团头鲂tf基因启动子区无CpG岛位点,而tfr1a基因启动子区有2个CpG岛位点。成功构建9个tf和10个tfr1a不同长度启动子片段的重组质粒,经双荧光素酶报告基因系统检测发现,tf启动子核心区域为-268^+56 bp,且-1 308^-1 102 bp片段可能存在正调控该基因表达的转录因子结合位点;tfr1a启动子核心区域为-224^+48 bp,且+48^+92 bp可能存在抑制该基因转录的负调控元件,而-1 229^-1 219 bp区域可能存在促进tfr1a基因表达的正调控转录因子结合位点。