拟老年低额溞和大型溞控制水华藻类的实验研究

本文以2种大型浮游动物和1种绿藻、2种铜绿微囊藻为研究对象,初步研究了浮游动物对藻类的摄食关系。实验结果表明当栅藻和无毒铜绿微囊藻CHAB109密度均为1.02×106cells/ml时,拟老年低额溞对二者的去除率分别为54.20%和6.45%,大型溞的则为49.77%和64.77%。同时,拟老年低额溞对栅藻和CHAB109混合藻液中的两种藻均有较好的去除效果,分别为60.65%和34.43%,高于对纯种藻的去除率。在遮光条件下浮游动物摄食量更大,对藻的去除效果更优。拟老年低额溞在锡箔遮光情况下,对初始藻细胞密度为3.023×105cells/ml的有毒微囊藻PCC7806去除率达到32.37%。7d日龄的浮游动物个体大,摄食量也大,有较好的去除效果,且随着添加浮游动物数量的增加,去除率也随着提高。高浓度的藻细胞对两种浮游动物存活率影响较低浓度大。浮游动物应用于藻类水华的控制,作用不容忽视,且若条件适宜,浮游动物也可较好的控制有毒蓝藻。当选用浮游动物控藻藻类水华时,需综合考量选用物种种类、大小、添加数量等因素。     

绿色微囊藻等不同食物对大型溞生长和脂类成分的影响

富营养化在中国是一个突出的环境问题[1],湖泊富营养化问题的核心则是浮游植物的过量生长,目前控制浮游植物过量生长,可通过"生物操纵"[2]的方法进行控制.有许多研究报道:浮游动物是生物操纵的关键因子之一,浮游动物是水域生态系统中主要的次级生产者,在能量传递及物质转换中起重要作用,枝角类是浮游动物的重要组成类群,理论上应该对控制浮游植物的过量生长和控制水华发生方面具有重要作用.     

池塘微囊藻水华防控技术探讨

随着精养池塘富营养化的日趋严重,微囊藻水华也大量出现,微囊藻水华形成后又向水体排放含N、P、C物质和一类单环七肽的生物毒素,加剧水质恶化,给鱼类生长以及渔业生产的发展带来很大的影响。我们从微囊藻水华形成的环境因子入手,应用药物清杀,给全水泥衬砌池塘回填粘土,在池塘底泥中种植小麦,在微囊藻水华大量出现时增放红草鲫鱼等综合方法,成功地抑制了微囊藻水华的形成和发展。     

红虫作饲料养殖龟鳖效益高

在龟鳖养殖池中，经常会出现红色的小虫在池面、池角成团成片地游动，使池水表面形成一层红色的水华。“红虫”真正的名字叫枝角类，它是水体中浮游动物的一个种类。它由许多浮游蚤类组成，体长平均1mm左右。枝角类的正常体色是灰白色的，只是在水缺氧时才会呈红色，所以“红虫”多发现在臭水沟里。     

三氯异氰尿酸对裸腹溞的急性中毒试验

三氯异氰尿酸简称TCCA。据报道，TCCA是一种新型高效杀菌剂，对菌类、病毒均有抑制、杀灭作用；用于严重影响着渔业产量的草鱼细菌性疾病的防治，收到了良好的效果。TCCA应用于水产业，对池塘中的天然饵料生物影响如何呢?我们用对毒物比较敏感、并在池塘天然饲料生物中具有代表性的枝角类中的裸腹搔进行急性中毒试验，通过观察大型浮游动物对。TCCA的忍受程度，以了解TCCA对浮游动物的影响。     

池塘微囊藻水华的研究与治理

微囊藻是池塘中常见的鱼类不易消化利用的蓝藻。温暖季节 ,该藻易大量繁殖形成水华 ,使其他有益藻类受到严重抑制 ,如微囊藻水华时间很长 ,将影响鱼类 (特别是滤食性鱼类 )生长 ,水华突然消失 ,又易造成水中缺氧或产生有毒物质 ,危及鱼类生存。治理微囊藻水华的方法 ,多用硫酸铜等药物清杀。近年来 ,生产实践中发现以上方法不够理想 ,往往是清杀后不久 ,微囊藻水华照样大量出现。Ｍ .Ｌ .Ｂｈｏｗｍｉｃｋ等曾用Ｋａｒｍｅｘ(敌草隆 )在池塘里进行了清杀微囊藻水华的试验 ,但用药后 ,池水溶氧量由9 5ｍｇ/Ｌ下降到 1 2ｍｇ/Ｌ ,二氧化碳由…     

湖南镇水库浮游生物及其影响因子的典范对应分析

2006年至2007年间调查了蓝藻(Cyanophyta)暴发水体——湖南镇水库的浮游生物群落结构及其变化,研究了其与环境参数之间的关系。调查期间,共鉴定出浮游植物96种(属),浮游动物73种(属)。单位水体浮游植物平均细胞数量变化于0.49×106～16.71×106L-1之间,浮游动物则变化于8～3548L-1之间。春、夏季螺旋鱼腥藻(Anabaena sporoides)水华持续数月,水体表层细胞密度高达2.28×108L-1,进入秋季后其优势逐渐被颤藻属(Oscillatoria)蓝藻取代。典范对应分析显示,浮游植物的季节演替规律与螺旋鱼腥藻数量、总溶解固形物(TDS)和透明度(SD)存在较高的相关性,浮游动物演替主要与溶解在水中的微囊藻(Microcystis)毒素(EMC)、营养盐和螺旋鱼腥藻数量相关。由于高水平营养盐的存在,上行效应无法有效限制蓝藻的发生,水华蓝藻以其数量优势改变了水体理化条件,成为影响浮游植物群落的潜在因素,而营养盐可能通过主导可食藻类的生长,间接影响浮游动物的动态。将水华蓝藻数量及藻毒素浓度作为环境因子进行多元分析,分别提高了对浮游植物、动物群落的解释15.6%和25.8%,说明水华蓝藻和藻毒素的存在对浮游生物群落的组成和结构具有较大的影响。     

微囊藻治理技术综述

随着养鱼业的大力发展和产量的大幅度提高，池塘有机物增多、塘泥增厚，水质日趋富营养化，微囊藻水华发生率明显增加，据陕西省水产研究所在陕西关中地区调查，池塘微囊藻发生率高达５０％。关于微囊藻治理一直是水产界科研人员多年来关注的问题，中国科学院水生生物研究所、南京地理研究所和陕西省水产研究所等科研单位的技术人员，从多方面作了大量的研究工作，总结出应用生物、化学、物理等方法处理或杀灭这一类害藻，取得了一定成效。但是，由于微囊藻适应性强、繁殖速度快，一旦形成水华就比较难治理，并有时泛滥成灾，影响渔业生产，…     

盐碱水体微囊藻水华的综合防治

陕西省合阳县沿黄滩涂池塘养殖水面６５００多亩，是陕西省重要的商品鱼基地，水源为地下水上渗补充，水质为盐碱水，水中硫酸盐含量较大。近年来，由于养殖密度的加大，水体趋富营养化，池塘不同程度出现了微囊藻水华，５０％～７０％水面出现，１０％～３０％水面微囊藻水华大量繁殖，使本已效益下滑的当地水产养殖业雪上加霜，造成了一定经济损失，并出现了一些特殊规律。一、微囊藻生物学特征及危害１．微囊藻生物学特征①适应温度范围广，喜高温。在２２～３５℃范围内皆发生增殖，３０～３５℃时增殖很快，在３５℃达到最快。②喜强光…     

虎林市月牙湖微囊藻水华爆发时及其后期的藻类丰度和毒素含量

2013年7月和9月对虎林市珍宝岛湿地保护区月牙湖爆发的惠氏微囊藻Microcystis wesenbergii水华进行调查研究。7月水华爆发时,惠氏微囊藻丰度为75×106~198×106ind·L-1之间,生物量在107.70~284.3mg·L-1之间,微囊藻毒素含量在0~1.84g·L-1之间,严重影响湿地保护区动植物,尤其是野生荷花的生长。而秋季9月微囊藻毒素含量在0.242~0.407g·L-1之间,对人的健康有一定威胁。     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.     

美人鱼发光杆菌对凡纳滨对虾非特异性 免疫功能及抗病力的影响

在基础饲料中分别添加0.1%和1%美人鱼发光杆菌灭活菌、0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌配制成3种免疫实验饲料,以基础饲料为空白对照组饲料,每组设3个平行样。对个体质量为(4.83±0.36)g的凡纳滨对虾进行为期20 d的饲养实验,分别在0、5、10、15和20d进行取样,以血清中的酚氧化酶(PO)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和溶菌酶(UL)活性为免疫指标,探讨了美人鱼发光杆菌作为免疫制剂对凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫效应的影响;在投喂免疫饲料后的第22天,按0.004 2 kg/kg体重的剂量,直接投喂对虾白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)病料,并记录累积死亡率。结果表明,美人鱼发光杆菌免疫实验组对凡纳滨对虾血清中PO、ACP、AKP、UL和SOD活性影响明显高于对照组,并且在饲料中添加美人鱼发光杆菌后,明显提高了对虾抵御WSSV感染的能力。其中0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌实验组的抗病毒感染能力最强,WSSV感染14d内累计死亡率为63.3%±5.8%;而对照组为96.7%±3.3%。研究表明,美人鱼发光杆菌添加在对虾饲料中能提高凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫水平,增强抵抗疾病的能力,将其作为对虾免疫增强剂具有良好的应用前景。     

Effects of Spirulina platensis as a feed additive on growth and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii Boulunger, 1902)

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of replacing fish meal with dietary Spirulina as a feed supplement on the growth performance and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii). Five isonitrogenous (47% crude protein) and isocaloric (17.36 kJ/g digestible energy) diets were for formulated to replace FM with 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% Spirulina (designated as Control, SP5, SP10, SP15 and SP20 respectively) and fed to the fish (initial body weight, 3.15 ± 0.01 g). Fish were randomly distributed into fifteen 120 L aquariums (26.5 ± 1.00°C), 15 fish per aquarium. The diets were tested in triplicate for 12 weeks. Experimental groups were fed twice daily (09:00 and 17:00) by hand to satiation. At the end of the feeding trial, significantly (p < 0.05) higher weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and lower feed conversion ratio (FCR) were observed in fish fed the SP10 diet when compared to the SP20 diet. There was no significant difference in these parameters between the other groups. The skin coloration of blue dolphin cichlid fed a diet containing Spirulina meal was enhanced. The best coloration was observed in the SP15 group. These impressions were objectively validated by chemical determinations of carotenoids extracted from fish skins and passed statistical tests of significance. The study findings show that Spirulina meal does not diminish growth rates except at very high levels.     

Dietary thiamin and pyridoxine requirements of fingerling Indian major carp,Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton)

Two experiments were conducted to quantify the dietary thiamin (experiment I) and pyridoxine (experiment II) requirements of fingerling Cirrhinus mrigala for 16 weeks. In experiment I, dietary thiamin requirement was determined by feeding seven casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) with graded levels of thiamin (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 mg kg^?1 diet) to triplicate groups of fish (6.15 ± 0.37 cm; 1.89 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet with 2 mg kg^?1 thiamin had highest specific growth rate (SGR), protein retention (PR), RNA/DNA ratio, haemoglobin (Hb), haematocrit (Hct), RBCs and best feed conversion ratio (FCR). However, highest liver thiamin concentration was recorded in fish fed 4 mg thiamin kg^?1 diet. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver thiamin concentrations exhibited the thiamin requirement in the range of 1.79–3.34 mg kg^?1 diet (0.096–0.179 μg thiamin kJ^?1 gross energy). In experiment II, six casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) containing graded levels of pyridoxine (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 mg kg^?1 diet) were fed to triplicate groups of fish (6.35 ± 0.37 cm; 1.97 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet containing 6 mg kg^?1 pyridoxine showed best SGR, FCR, PR, RNA/DNA ratio, Hb, Hct and RBCs, whereas maximum liver pyridoxine concentration was recorded in fish fed 8 mg kg^?1 dietary pyridoxine. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver pyridoxine concentrations reflected the pyridoxine requirement from 5.63 to 8.61 mg kg^?1 diet. Data generated during this study would be useful in formulating thiamin‐ and pyridoxine‐balanced feeds for the intensive culture of this fish.     

Sea bream culture in Egypt; status, constraints and potential

Marine fish farming in Egypt began in 1976 with the culture of gilthead sea bream, (Sparus aurata) as this fish was notably adaptable to brackish and marine pond conditions. Today, marine fish and shrimp farms amount to about 19,000 ha, out of which 42% is already in production while the rest, i.e., 58% is still under construction. In 1997, cultured gilthead sea bream production of 2,250 tons made up 3% of the 75,000 tons total aquaculture catch. In polyculture, usually with the grey mullet and sea bass, gilthead sea bream contributed 440 kg ha^–1 to the total yield of 1,700 kg ha^–1 (26%) over a period of 16 months. For the same period, the yield of monoculture ponds averaged 100 kg ha^–1, while in marine cages, yields ranged from 4–10 kg m³. In 1996–1997, fry of 0.25–1 g and fingerlings 1–10 g with a total of 3 million, were collected from the wild and 1 million fry were produced in the three marine hatcheries out of the four existing ones. The development of sea bream culture in Egypt is now severely inhibited by the shortage of seeds and adequate feeds. Exports of both sea bream and sea bass, during 1994–1996 averaged 1,300 tons per year.     

A Minchinia mercenariae‐like parasite infects cockles Cerastoderma edule in Galicia (NW Spain)

The cockle Cerastoderma edule fishery has traditionally been the most important shellfish species in terms of biomass in Galicia (NW Spain). In the course of a survey of the histopathological conditions affecting this species in the Ria of Arousa, a haplosporidan parasite that had not been observed in Galicia was detected in one of the most productive cockle beds of Galicia. Uni‐ and binucleate cells and multinucleate plasmodia were observed in the connective tissue mainly in the digestive area, gills and gonad. The parasite showed low prevalence, and it was not associated with abnormal cockle mortality. Molecular identification showed that this parasite was closely related to the haplosporidan Minchinia mercenariae that had been reported infecting hard clams Mercenaria mercenaria from the Atlantic coast of the United States. The molecular characterization of its SSU rDNA region allowed obtaining a fragment of 1,796 bp showing 98% homology with M. mercenariae parasite. Phylogenetic analysis supported this identification as this parasite was clustered in the same clade as M. mercenariae from the United States and other M. mercenariae‐like sequences from the UK, with bootstrap value of 99%. The occurrence of M. mercenariae‐like parasites infecting molluscs outside the United States is confirmed.     

A novel approach to denitrification processes in a zero-discharge recirculating system for small-scale urban aquaculture

This paper presents an innovative process to solve the nitrate build-up problem in recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS). The novel aspects of the process lie in a denitrification bioreactor system that uses solid cotton wool as the primary carbon source and a unique degassing chamber. In the latter, the water is physically stripped of dissolved gaseous O₂ (by means of a Venturi vacuum tube), and the subsequent denitrification becomes more efficient due to elimination of the problems of oxygen inhibition of denitrification and aerobic consumption of cotton wool. The cotton wool medium also serves as a physical barrier that traps organic particles, which, in turn, act as an additional carbon source for denitrification. Operation in the proposed system gives an extremely low C/N ratio of 0.82 g of cotton wool/g of nitrate N, which contributes to a significant reduction of biofilter volume. The additional advantage of using solid cotton wool as the carbon source is that it does not release organic residuals into the liquid to be recycled. Operation of the system over a long period consistently produced effluents with low nitrate levels (below 10 mg N/l), and there was only a very small need to replace system water. The overall treatment scheme, also incorporating an aerobic nitrification biofilter and a granular filtration device, produced water of excellent quality, i.e., with near-zero levels of nitrite and ammonia, a sufficiently high pH for aquaculture, and low turbidity. The proposed system thus provides a solution for sustainable small-scale, urban aquaculture operation with a very high recovery of water (over 99%) and minimal waste disposal.     

Fertilization by refrigerator stored sperm of the Indian major carp, Labeo calbasu (Hamilton, 1822)

This study reports on the spermatological properties, and on the development of a protocol for refrigerator storage (4°C) of Labeo calbasu (Hamilton, 1822) sperm for artificial breeding. Volume, motility, concentration and pH of the freshly collected sperm were 2.21 ± 0.53 (μL g^?1 of fish weight) (mean ± SD), 95 ± 1 (%), 1.93 ± 0.44 × 10⁹ (cells mL^?1) and 7.56 ± 0.17 respectively. Sperm activation was evaluated at different osmolalities of NaCl solution, and motility ceased completely when osmolality of the extender was ≥287 mOsmol kg^?1. Sperm retained motility for 24, 72 and 108 h, after refrigerator storage when sperm were undiluted, suspended in Alsever's solution and suspended in Alsever's solution containing 5% methanol respectively. Fertilization rate of fresh eggs with sperm stored at 4°C in Alsever's solution and Alsever's solution containing 5% methanol was 77% and 60% with a hatching rate of 60% and 43% respectively. The fertilization and hatching success of the stored sperm suggests potential to use refrigeration for transporting genetic material to hatcheries for artificial breeding of L. calbasu in Bangladesh.     

Effects of metomidate anaesthesia or transfer to pur sea water on plasma parameters in ammonia-exposed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L) in sea water

Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L) postsmolts weighing 150 ± 53 g were exposed to 14–15 mg l^–1 TA-N (total ammonia-N) in sea water in 1 m³ tanks for 24h. Blood samples were then taken A) immediately after the fish were netted from the exposure tanks and stunned by a blow to the head; B) 2–20 min after the fish were transferred to 15 l of an anaesthetic solution of metomidate in ammonia-free sea water; or C) 2–20 min after the fish were transferred to 15 l of ammonia-free sea water. Plasma TA-N level was 18% lower in the anaesthetised fish compared to in the fish sampled directly from the exposure tanks (p 0.05), and accordingly 16% lower in the fish transferred to pure sea water although this difference was not significant (p = 0.07). Plasma glucose level was higher in the fish transferred to pure sea water than in the fish receiving the two other treatments (p 0.05), but plasma urea, osmolality, Na^{+, Cl–, Ca2+ or Mg2+} levels did not vary significantly between the different treatments. Plasma TA-N level increased with time in the fish in the metomidate solution (p 0.02).