世界主要金枪鱼捕捞产量分析

根据FA0 1950 ～ 2011年世界主要金枪鱼类渔业生产数据统计,将长鳍金枪鱼、黄鳍金枪鱼、大眼金枪鱼和鲣鱼等8种世界主要金枪鱼类每10年的产量总和按不同鱼种和海域进行了总结.结果显示,鲣鱼的累计总产量最高,其平均年产量涨幅最快;除马苏金枪鱼年平均产量有所下降,北方蓝鳍金枪鱼保持稳定外,其他主要金枪鱼类均有增长,但平均增长率最高的是青干金枪鱼.各主要渔区中以中西太平洋海域累计总产量最高,平均年产量有上升趋势,大西洋海域以中东大西洋为产量最高,印度洋海域以西印度洋为产量最高,平均增长率以印度洋海域为最高,其他海域相对持平.我国（包括台湾省）捕获累计总产量最高的是鲣鱼,为418×104 t,占世界总产量比例最高的是长鳍金枪鱼,为22.9％.我国（包括台湾省）主要金枪鱼类捕获总产量占世界总产量比例最高为东南大西洋海域,最低为东南太平洋海域.论文结合世界主要金枪鱼类以及主要捕捞海域的开发现状和我国国情,提出我国目前面临的几点困难以及发展壮大我国金枪鱼渔业的建议.     

韩国金枪鱼渔业现状和发展趋势

本文主要叙说了韩国在太平洋和中西太平洋地区最近几年来金枪鱼渔业发展的情况。2002年韩国存太平洋地区作业渔船188艘,总的金枪鱼渔获量估计为266,466t,其中围网渔船26艘,产量206,150t,延绳钓渔船162艘,产量60,316t。2002年4种主要种类:鲣鱼、黄鳍金枪鱼、大眼金枪鱼和长鳍金枪鱼的产量占太平洋总产量的96％以上,其中鲣鱼173,693t,黄鳍金枪鱼48,424t,大眼金枪鱼31,754t和长鳍金枪鱼2,470t。     

印度洋黄鳍金枪鱼渔业与资源现状

印度洋金枪鱼渔业自50年代初期开始，产量持续增长，到2003年，三种热带金枪鱼类（黄鳍、肥壮、鲣鱼）产量为112.3万吨。其中黄鳍金枪鱼产量为45.78万吨，占全球黄鳍金枪鱼产量（154．7万吨）的29％。按作业方式，黄鳍金枪鱼产量的42％为围网作业捕获，23％为延绳钓作业捕获，21％为流刺网作业捕获，其余由手、竿钓、饵料船等作业捕获。根据2005年资源评估，2003年黄鳍捕捞量明显过高，资源处于过度开发状态。近几年产量已接近甚至超过最大持续可捕量30-35万吨。为减少FAD对黄鳍仔鱼误捕量，建议规定最小捕捞规格和上岸率以及减少流木集群围网（FAD）数量。     

金枪鱼类渔业管理问题的研究之一:金枪鱼类资源开发利用的现状

上世纪80年代以来,金枪鱼渔业发展相当迅速,已成为当前世界海洋渔业重要组成之一.金枪鱼渔业中的鱼类主要指黄鳍金枪鱼、大眼金枪鱼,长鳍金枪鱼、蓝鳍金枪鱼,鲣鱼等五种,有的包括箭鱼和旗鱼等.     

韩国金枪鱼渔业概况

韩国在太平洋金枪鱼的产量90％以上捕自中西太平洋区域，在中西太平洋地区的产量保持在21．6-28．1万t之间，平均为25．1万t。过去5年里围网的产量在18.3万t至25.8万t之间波动，平均为21．9万t。鲣鱼和黄鳍金枪鱼的产量各占74．4％和19．2％。韩国延绳钓渔业主要捕捞大眼金枪鱼和黄鳍金枪鱼和少量长鳍金枪鱼，占总产量的86．3％。类金枪鱼和其它鱼类是延绳钓渔业的附加渔获物：过去5年中在中西太平洋的延绳钓渔业产量保持在2．3万t至3．9万t之间。2007年延绳钓渔船和围网渔船的数量各自为112艘和26～28艘，比前年减少10艘延绳钓渔船。     

全球金枪鱼产量增加但过度捕捞仍持续

正国际海产品可持续发展基金会(ISSF)在最新的全球金枪鱼资源储量报告中指出,2014年,全球金枪鱼商业捕捞量由2013年的460万吨增加到了500万吨。ISSF发布的2016年金枪鱼资源储量更新报告详细评估了全球金枪鱼资源储量状态。根据报告,当前金枪鱼产量约占全球海洋捕捞产量8150万吨的6%左右,其中,鲣鱼占57%,黄鳍金枪鱼占27%,大眼金枪鱼占9%,长鳍金枪鱼占6%,蓝鳍金枪鱼占1%。     

水产资源

951188 美国在太平洋中部和西部黄鳍金枪鱼的远洋和个体渔业=USA distant-waterand artisanal fisheries for yollowfin tuna inthe central and western Pacific[汇,英]/Coan A L Jr//Interactions of Pacific tunafisheries, Vol. 2-papers on biology andfisheries: FAO Fisheries Technical paper336/2. -1994. -133～152 在太平洋中部和西部海域,美国远洋围网渔业在美属萨摩亚和关岛海域,主要是以捕捞鲣鱼为主兼捕少量黄鳍金枪鱼和大眼金枪鱼的多种类渔业。在夏威夷、美属萨摩亚、北马里亚纳和关岛美国200海里专属经济区内,有钓捕黄鳍金枪鱼和其他大型上层鱼类(旗鱼类和剌鲅等)的个体渔业。作者根据1954年至1990年个体渔业和1976年至1990年远洋围网渔业的上市量、渔捞努力     

ENSO与中西太平洋金枪鱼围网资源丰度及其渔场变动的关系

中西太平洋是世界金枪鱼围网的重要作业渔场之一,主要捕捞鲣鱼（Katsuwonus pelamis）、黄鳍金枪鱼（Thunnus albacares）和大眼金枪鱼（Thunnus obesus）等.     

2003年中西太平洋金枪鱼渔业生产状况

中西太平洋海区的鲣鱼、金枪鱼类产量2002年为198万t占全球总产量410.5万t的48%,几乎接近一半,表明是一个金枪鱼类的重要渔场。另则,我国约有一半的远洋金枪鱼渔船在中西太平洋生产作业,又可见对我国远洋渔业的发展之重要。因此,现将对该海区的鲣鱼、黄鳍金枪鱼、大眼金枪鱼、长鳍金枪鱼四鱼种的生产和资源状况整理如下,仅供参考。     

伊朗打算开发金枪鱼资源

伊朗打算在泰国的邦助下开发它的专属经济区丰富的黄鳍金枪鱼和其它金枪鱼资源。前不久在泰国曼谷签署了一项协定,根据该协定泰国的私人经济将参与投资伊朗渔业。伊朗的目标希望年渔获量能达到73万t(包括深海捕捞和养殖产量),而目前的水平仅只有10万t。     

Habitat analysis of the commercial tuna of the Eastern Tropical Pacific Ocean

We have extracted information on the habitats of bigeye (Thunnus obesus), skipjack (Katsuwonus pelamis) and yellowfin (Thunnus albacares) in the Eastern Tropical Pacific Ocean by matching the spatial‐temporal distribution of catch and effort of purse seine and longline fleets collected by the Inter‐American Tropical Tuna Commission with oceanographic conditions and subjecting the matched data to Quotient Analysis and General Additive Models (GAMs). These analyses yielded the following results. The habitats defined by the GAM analysis of young fish differ significantly between two periods, one before and one after the introduction of fish aggregation devices (FADs). This was not true for the older fish caught by longline. We speculate that these changes were caused by the extensive use of FADs. Younger bigeye and yellowfin caught by the purse seine fleet have a different preference of environmental variables compared to older fish caught by longline. This is to be expected since tuna of different age groups have different sizes, metabolic capabilities and swimming skills. Moreover, as revealed by GAMs, the habitats of young fish differ between species to a much larger degree than those of older fish. Our results indicate the fundamental differences between fishing methods, targeted species, and operating region of the two fisheries. Specifically, young bigeye occupy equatorial waters farther from the coast and where the hypoxic layer is deeper, young skipjack occupy more productive waters associated with equatorial and coastal upwelling, and young yellowfin occupy broad areas where waters are underlain by a shallow hypoxic layer.     

Food consumption of tuna in the Equatorial Atlantic ocean: FAD-associated versus unassociated schools

Since 1991, fishing operations on tuna schools associated with drifting Fish Aggregating Devices (FADs) have become widespread in the purse seine fishery in the Gulf of Guinea. In the offshore South Sherbro area (0–5° N, 10–20° W), FAD-associated catches represent about 75 % of the total catch. This FAD fishery exploits concentrations of skipjack mixed with a smaller amount of bigeye and yellowfin tuna of similar size (46 cm), and some large yellowfin. Catches on unassociated tuna schools are mainly composed of large yellowfin in breeding phase and skipjack. Here we studied tuna diet in relation with the aggregation mode (FAD-associated or unassociated tuna schools), species, and size. The stomach contents of around 800 fish were analysed. Numerous empty stomachs were found, especially in fish caught under FADs. Diets were similar for all small-size tuna sharing the same aggregation type. Small tuna mainly feed on Vinciguerria nimbaria (Photichthyidae), a mesopelagic fish of the micronekton, whereas large tuna mainly feed on Scombridae, mixed with Cubiceps pauciradiatus (Nomeidae) when they were caught in unassociated schools. The feeding habits of tuna are discussed with emphasis on the behavior of V. nimbaria. Estimations of the daily ration of similarly sized tuna with the same aggregation mode were very close. The low estimated rations for small, FAD-associated tuna show that logs do not have a trophic function, but rather are a refuge. In contrast, FADs seem to influence the diet of large tuna because of the Scombridae prey that probably is associated to the FAD.     

中西太平洋金枪鱼围网渔获物组成分析

根据 2 0 0 4年 7月 2 8日至 9月 1日在中西太平洋海域的金枪鱼围网生产调查结果 ,以及“金汇 2号”2 0 0 3年全年的生产数据 ,对中西太平洋金枪鱼围网渔获物组成进行了初步分析。结果显示 ,渔获物种类有鲣鱼 (Katsuwonuspelamis)、黄鳍金枪鱼 (Thunnusalbacares)和大眼金枪鱼 (Thunnusobesus)等 19种 ;渔获物重量组成中鲣鱼占 70 .5 1% ,黄鳍金枪鱼占 2 6 .92 % ,其它鱼类占 2 .5 6 % ;鲣鱼的叉长范围为 2 7～ 81cm ,优势叉长组为 4 0～ 5 0cm ,占 4 1% ;黄鳍金枪鱼叉长范围为 32～ 16 5cm ,优势叉长组为 5 0～ 70cm ,占 33% ,另一优势叉长组为 110～ 130cm ,占 2 0 % ;渔获物重量组成存在海域差异 ,在 16 2°E以东海域鲣鱼比例高于以西海域 ,黄鳍金枪鱼则是在 16 2°E以西海域的比例较高。     

Comparison of the behavior of skipjack (Katsuwonus pelamis), yellowfin (Thunnus albacares) and bigeye (T. obesus) tuna associated with drifting FADs in the equatorial central Pacific Ocean

We evaluated the behavior of skipjack (Katsuwonus pelamis), yellowfin (Thunnus albacares) and bigeye tuna (T. obesus) associated with drifting fish aggregating devices (FADs) in the equatorial central Pacific Ocean. A total of 30 skipjack [34.5–65.0 cm in fork length (FL)], 43 yellowfin (31.6–93.5 cm FL) and 32 bigeye tuna (33.5–85.5 cm FL) were tagged with coded transmitters and released near two drifting FADs. At one of the two FADs, we successfully monitored the behavior of all three species simultaneously. Several individuals remained around the same FAD for 10 or more days. Occasional excursions from the FAD were observed for all three species, some of which occurred concurrently for multiple individuals. The detection rate was higher during the daytime than the nighttime for all the species, and the detection rate for bigeye tuna was higher than for yellowfin or skipjack tuna. The swimming depth was deeper during the daytime than nighttime for all species. The fish usually remained shallower than 100 m, but occasionally dived to around 150 m or deeper, most often for bigeye and yellowfin tuna during the daytime. The swimming depth for skipjack tuna was shallower than that for bigeye and yellowfin tuna, although the difference was not large, and is probably not sufficient to allow the selective harvest of skipjack and yellowfin tuna by the purse seine fishery. From the detection rate of the signals, bigeye tuna is considered to be more vulnerable to the FAD sets than yellowfin and skipjack tuna.     

Tuna and swordfish catch in the U.S. northwest Atlantic longline fishery in relation to mesoscale eddies

To analyze the effects of mesoscale eddies, sea surface temperature (SST), and gear configuration on the catch of Atlantic bluefin (Thunnus thynnus), yellowfin (Thunnus albacares), and bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) and swordfish (Xiphias gladius) in the U.S. northwest Atlantic longline fishery, we constructed multivariate statistical models relating these variables to the catch of the four species in 62 121 longline hauls made between 1993 and 2005. During the same 13‐year period, 103 anticyclonic eddies and 269 cyclonic eddies were detected by our algorithm in the region 30–55°N, 30–80°W. Our results show that tuna and swordfish catches were associated with different eddy structures. Bluefin tuna catch was highest in anticyclonic eddies whereas yellowfin and bigeye tuna catches were highest in cyclonic eddies. Swordfish catch was found preferentially in regions outside of eddies. Our study confirms that the common practice of targeting tuna with day sets and swordfish with night sets is effective. In addition, bluefin tuna and swordfish catches responded to most of the variables we tested in the opposite directions. Bluefin tuna catch was negatively correlated with longitude and the number of light sticks used whereas swordfish catch was positively correlated with these two variables. We argue that overfishing of bluefin tuna can be alleviated and that swordfish can be targeted more efficiently by avoiding fishing in anticyclonic eddies and in near‐shore waters and using more light sticks and fishing at night in our study area, although further studies are needed to propose a solid oceanography‐based management plan for catch selection.     

Do drifting and anchored Fish Aggregating Devices (FADs) similarly influence tuna feeding habits? A case study from the western Indian Ocean

Anchored and drifting Fish Aggregating Devices (FADs) are intensively used in tropical tuna fisheries. In both small-scale and industrial fisheries, skipjack (Katsuwonus pelamis) and yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) are the main targets. The increasing development of this fishing practice by industrial purse seiners has raised the question of the impact of FADs on tuna communities, as they might act as an ecological trap. This study investigated the feeding habits of skipjack and yellowfin tuna associated with anchored and drifting FADs in the western Indian Ocean. The diet of 352 tunas was analysed taking into account the type of FAD, ontogenetic variations, and the resources richness of the area. Poor-food and rich-food areas were defined according to the abundance of stomatopod Natosquilla investigatoris, the main prey of tunas, on the fishing sites. Diet composition was expressed through functional groups of prey. Significant dietary differences were found between both FAD types, as well as an effect of individual size. Around anchored FADs tuna preyed on diverse assemblages of coastal fish and crustacean larvae and juveniles, whereas a low diversity of epipelagic prey dominated the tuna diet associated with drifting FAD. Compared to anchored FADs, the frequency of empty stomachs was significantly higher and the stomach content mass significantly lower among skipjack and small yellowfin tunas caught around drifting FADs. This was magnified in poor-food areas, where drifting FADs often evolved, suggesting that these FADs could negatively impact the growth of skipjack and small yellowfin tuna. Larger yellowfin tuna exhibited differences in their dietary habits between anchored and drifting FADs, and between poor-food and rich-food areas. However, drifting FADs did not impact them as strongly as juveniles of yellowfin or skipjack tunas. Our study gives new highlights on possible detrimental effects of FAD on tunas, and this has to be considered in future sustainable management strategies of tuna fisheries.     

世界黄鳍金枪鱼渔业现状和生物学研究进展

黄鳍金枪鱼(Thunnus albacares)是金枪鱼渔业的重要经济鱼种。文章叙述了世界黄鳍金枪鱼最近20多年来的渔业历史和现状,并按照不同渔具对黄鳍金枪鱼在各海区的渔业历史和现状进行了分析。叙述了渔场时空分布以及各海区主要从事黄鳍金枪鱼作业国家的渔业产量。此外,还对黄鳍金枪鱼的分布、洄游、种群、生长、繁殖及食性等基本生物学特性进行了综述。     

南海及临近海域黄鳍金枪鱼渔场时空分布与海表温度的关系

为得到南海及临近海域黄鳍金枪鱼(Thunnus albacores)渔场最适宜栖息海表温度(SST)范围,基于美国国家海洋大气局(NOAA)气候预测中心月平均海表温度(SST)资料,结合中西太平洋渔业委员会(WCPFC)发布的南海及临近海域金枪鱼延绳钓渔业数据,绘制了月平均SST和月平均单位捕捞努力量渔获量(CPUE)的空间叠加图,用于分析南海及临近海域黄鳍金枪鱼渔场CPUE时空分布和SST的关系。结果表明,南海及临近海域黄鳍金枪鱼CPUE在16℃~31℃均有分布。在春季和夏季(3~8月),位于10°~20°N的大部分渔区CPUE较高,其南北侧CPUE较低;而到了秋季和冬季(9月到次年2月),高产渔场区域会向南拓宽。CPUE在各SST区间的散点图呈现出明显的负偏态分布,高CPUE主要集中在26℃~30℃,最高值出现在29℃附近;在22℃~26℃范围内CPUE散点分布较为零散,但在这个范围也会出现相当数量的高CPUE;在22℃以下的CPUE几乎属于低CPUE和零CPUE;零CPUE的平均SST为26.7℃(±3.2℃),低CPUE的平均SST为27.8℃(±2.1℃),高CPUE的平均SST为28.4℃(±1.5℃),高CPUE在各SST区间的分布要比零CPUE和低CPUE更为集中。采用频次分析和经验累积分布函数计算其最适SST范围,得到南海及临近海域黄鳍金枪鱼最适SST为26.9℃~29.4℃。本研究初步得到南海及临近海域黄鳍金枪鱼中心渔场时空分布特征及SST适宜分布区间,可为开展南海及临近海域金枪鱼渔情预报工作提供理论依据和参考。     

南海金枪鱼和鸢乌贼资源开发现状及前景

南海中南部深水区蕴藏着丰富的鸢乌贼（Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis）和黄鳍金枪鱼（Thunnus albacares）等大洋性中上层生物资源。文章分别介绍了南海金枪鱼和鸢乌贼的渔业与资源情况，并在此基础上探讨了中国相关渔业的发展前景，并提出南海大洋性生物资源开发应以鸢乌贼灯光罩网渔业为发展重点。