淡水池塘嵌入式集装槽循环水养殖系统建设规程

本文规定了淡水池塘嵌入式集装槽循环水养殖系统的池塘条件，养水区、养殖区功能划分、建设要求及配套设施的要求，为淡水池塘嵌入式集装槽循环水养殖系统的建设提供了技术指导。     

淡水池塘嵌入式集装槽循环水养殖系统2022年养殖效果分析

本文介绍了淡水池塘嵌入式集装槽循环水养殖系统特点，通过养殖水质指标分析、养殖测产效果分析、综合养殖效果分析、应用前景分析等，阐述了淡水池塘嵌入式集装槽循环水养殖系统的应用效果，为池塘设施渔业的发展提供借鉴和参考。     

分隔池塘养殖系统研究进展与发展趋势

分隔池塘养殖系统是绿色高效池塘养殖设施研究发展的重点方向之一。提出了分隔池塘养殖系统的定义,阐述了系统设计的原理和国内外发展历程,归纳了标准分隔池塘、简易分隔池塘和流水槽池塘3种国外发展的主要系统模式类型,通过文献收集和实地调研对3种系统模式的研究进展和发展趋势进行了系统的梳理,比较了国内外发展模式的养殖品种、水循环方式、研究概况和产业应用情况,通过进一步讨论分级序批养殖池塘、跑道池养殖池塘2种在国内具备良好发展前景系统模式的优缺点,提出了下一步的研究重点和发展方向,为分隔池塘养殖系统的结构优化和技术提升提供参考。     

淡水池塘嵌入式集装槽循环水养殖系统饲养试验与分析

为验证淡水池塘嵌入式集装槽循环水养殖系统设计的应用效果，使用该系统进行了革胡子鲶、罗非鱼、彭泽鲫和赣昌鲤鲫四种鱼类的养殖试验。经过99d的养殖，四种鱼类养殖过程中均未出现大面积死亡现象和病害发生的情况，革胡子鲶、罗非鱼、彭泽鲫和赣昌鲤鲫养殖产量分别达到了43.81kg/m³,17.40kg/m³,17.96kg/m³和11.65kg/m³。养殖过程中，养殖水质保持稳定，未向外排放养殖尾水，未使用渔药。养殖试验表明：淡水池塘嵌入式集装槽循环水养殖系统可以用来养殖以上四种鱼类，而且能够达到环保高效的养殖目的。     

跑道式池塘循环水养殖对宝石鲈营养成分及血清生化指标的影响

评估跑道式池塘循环水养殖宝石鲈(Scortum barcoo)的肌肉营养品质和健康水平,为跑道式池塘循环水养殖模式对宝石鲈肌肉营养品质的调控以及健康养殖提供参考依据,以推进宝石鲈产业的发展。采用生理生化的方法,对跑道式池塘循环水养殖模式下的宝石鲈的生长指标、肌肉营养成分、血清生化指标进行了测定,并与普通池塘养殖的宝石鲈进行了比较。结果显示:跑道式池塘循环水养殖宝石鲈的生长较有优势,特定生长率(1.44%/d)和存活率(90%)均较高,饲料系数(1.2)较低;跑道式池塘循环水养殖模式下宝石鲈肌肉粗蛋白、水分和灰分含量显著升高(P0.05),粗脂肪含量显著降低(P0.05);显著降低了血清谷丙转氨酶(ALT)和谷草转氨酶(AST)活性(P0.05),显著升高了血清补体C的含量(P0.05)。研究表明,跑道式池塘循环水养殖模式有助于提高养殖宝石鲈的品质,提升其机体的健康状况。     

团头鲂池塘序批式养殖效果

<正>近年来随着我国水产养殖技术的发展,淡水池塘养殖水产品产量的不断提高,但也导致很多养殖区大宗淡水鱼类的价格低迷。看似产量的迅速提升导致产业过饱和,其实不然。我国大部分池塘养殖方式还是传统的"春播秋收"方式,一到秋冬大量水产品集中上市,造成市场数量过剩,价格萧条。利用序批式养殖模式使池塘养殖水产品错季     

基于室内循环水系统的大口黑鲈苗种培育和驯化试验

"十三五"期间,随着品种选育、养殖技术、饲料营养、病害防控等研究领域的发展,大口黑鲈的养殖规模和产量发展极为迅速,2019年全国养殖产量已达47.78万吨,是一种极具发展前景的淡水特色鱼。大口黑鲈一般采用传统池塘育苗方式,存活率低且易患病,存在养殖弊端。本研究依据室内工厂化循环水养殖模式易管理、受控程度高的特点,培育刚出膜大口黑鲈"水花"至稳定摄食配合饲料,为大口黑鲈工厂化循环水育苗和驯化提供参考依据。     

热带地区池塘工程化循环水模式下淡水鲨鱼的试验养殖及养殖密度对其生长性能的影响

正为了验证热带地区应用池塘工程化循环水模式养殖淡水鲨鱼的可行性,同时初步探究不同养殖密度对淡水鲨鱼生长性能的影响,本试验设置了30000尾/槽和40000尾/槽2个养殖密度,经过120d的试验养殖,其结果显示:低密度槽淡水鲨鱼在各个阶段的体重及体长增长量、体重增重率(WGR)、特定生长率(SGR)和绝对生长率(AGR)均高于或等于高密度槽,显现出在池塘工程化循环水养殖模式下,相对高的养殖密度会对淡水鲨鱼的生长性能产生负影响。     

多营养级池塘养殖系统设计与试验

为有效解决水产养殖环境污染、提高水产品品质,本研究构建了一套1.33 hm~2的多营养级池塘养殖中试试验系统,主要包括草鱼养殖区、河蟹养殖区、螺蛳鲢鳙养殖区和水处理设施等。养殖的草鱼、河蟹作为饲料营养的Ⅰ级利用层级,投放的螺蛳、鲢鳙作为Ⅱ级利用层级,种植的沉水植物作为Ⅲ级利用层级,按时打捞水草、螺蛳作为草鱼、河蟹的生物饵料,从而提高饲料营养物质向鱼蟹等主养对象的转化比例。利用计算流体动力学(CFD)软件建立了试验系统水循环过程的1∶1比例计算模型,研究了全域水循环过程和单个草鱼养殖池的流动特性,并开展了水质调控试验,在试验系统内设置14个采样点,对一个养殖周期的水质参数进行监测。结果显示:草鱼养殖池壁附近的水体流度大于轴心区域的水体流速,有利于颗粒废物的沉淀,及时集排污;系统开启运行300 s后,水体在整个系统中的流态趋于稳定,营养物质在系统各个池塘中的分布基本均匀,保证物质能量的高效循环;系统对养殖水体氮、磷的去除效果显著,养殖全程的总氮质量浓度低于5 mg/L,总磷质量浓度低于1 mg/L,符合淡水养殖排放水标准,但对化学需氧量(COD)的控制效果不显著,应进一步改进系统结构,加强系统对有机污染物的处理能力。本研究为多营养级分隔池塘养殖系统的设计提供了参数参考。     

在池塘中利用豆粕型饲料养殖淡水白鲳试验

在中国江苏省南京市进行的淡水白鲳养殖试验,示范了利用豆粕型全植物蛋白饲料从大规格鱼种养殖淡水白鲳商品鱼的生长性能.试验鱼放养在3口4亩(0.27公顷)的池塘内,放养密度为淡水白鲳800尾/亩,并搭配放养鲢鱼100尾/亩(即淡水白鲳12000尾/公顷和鲢鱼1500尾/公顷).经54天饲养,淡水白鲳从大约149克/尾长至平均628克/尾.平均毛产量为淡水白鲳496千克/亩(7440千克/公顷)和白鲢108千克/亩(1620千克/公顷).平均成活率分别为淡水白鲳98.7%和白鲢100%.养殖所用的大豆最大化饲料,含粗蛋白32%和脂类6%,且用大豆粕作为主要蛋白源,用该饲料养殖淡水白鲳的平均饲料转化率为1.12∶1.不摄食人工饲料的白鲢作为养殖的服务性鱼类,提供了额外的鱼产量,增加了养殖的经济收益.养殖的平均净收入为人民币1809元/亩(3285美元/公顷).平均的投资回报率为59.9%.利用美国大豆协会的大豆最大化饲料和80∶20池塘养殖模式,淡水白鲳在本试验中展示出了优异的生长表现和高效饲料转化效率.生产出的淡水白鲳规格一致、色彩鲜艳且体型匀称.养殖试验示范出的淡水白鲳短的养殖周期表明在中国温带地区的一个生产季节内可以生产两茬淡水白鲳.     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.     

美人鱼发光杆菌对凡纳滨对虾非特异性 免疫功能及抗病力的影响

在基础饲料中分别添加0.1%和1%美人鱼发光杆菌灭活菌、0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌配制成3种免疫实验饲料,以基础饲料为空白对照组饲料,每组设3个平行样。对个体质量为(4.83±0.36)g的凡纳滨对虾进行为期20 d的饲养实验,分别在0、5、10、15和20d进行取样,以血清中的酚氧化酶(PO)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和溶菌酶(UL)活性为免疫指标,探讨了美人鱼发光杆菌作为免疫制剂对凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫效应的影响;在投喂免疫饲料后的第22天,按0.004 2 kg/kg体重的剂量,直接投喂对虾白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)病料,并记录累积死亡率。结果表明,美人鱼发光杆菌免疫实验组对凡纳滨对虾血清中PO、ACP、AKP、UL和SOD活性影响明显高于对照组,并且在饲料中添加美人鱼发光杆菌后,明显提高了对虾抵御WSSV感染的能力。其中0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌实验组的抗病毒感染能力最强,WSSV感染14d内累计死亡率为63.3%±5.8%;而对照组为96.7%±3.3%。研究表明,美人鱼发光杆菌添加在对虾饲料中能提高凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫水平,增强抵抗疾病的能力,将其作为对虾免疫增强剂具有良好的应用前景。     

Effects of Spirulina platensis as a feed additive on growth and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii Boulunger, 1902)

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of replacing fish meal with dietary Spirulina as a feed supplement on the growth performance and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii). Five isonitrogenous (47% crude protein) and isocaloric (17.36 kJ/g digestible energy) diets were for formulated to replace FM with 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% Spirulina (designated as Control, SP5, SP10, SP15 and SP20 respectively) and fed to the fish (initial body weight, 3.15 ± 0.01 g). Fish were randomly distributed into fifteen 120 L aquariums (26.5 ± 1.00°C), 15 fish per aquarium. The diets were tested in triplicate for 12 weeks. Experimental groups were fed twice daily (09:00 and 17:00) by hand to satiation. At the end of the feeding trial, significantly (p < 0.05) higher weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and lower feed conversion ratio (FCR) were observed in fish fed the SP10 diet when compared to the SP20 diet. There was no significant difference in these parameters between the other groups. The skin coloration of blue dolphin cichlid fed a diet containing Spirulina meal was enhanced. The best coloration was observed in the SP15 group. These impressions were objectively validated by chemical determinations of carotenoids extracted from fish skins and passed statistical tests of significance. The study findings show that Spirulina meal does not diminish growth rates except at very high levels.     

A Minchinia mercenariae‐like parasite infects cockles Cerastoderma edule in Galicia (NW Spain)

The cockle Cerastoderma edule fishery has traditionally been the most important shellfish species in terms of biomass in Galicia (NW Spain). In the course of a survey of the histopathological conditions affecting this species in the Ria of Arousa, a haplosporidan parasite that had not been observed in Galicia was detected in one of the most productive cockle beds of Galicia. Uni‐ and binucleate cells and multinucleate plasmodia were observed in the connective tissue mainly in the digestive area, gills and gonad. The parasite showed low prevalence, and it was not associated with abnormal cockle mortality. Molecular identification showed that this parasite was closely related to the haplosporidan Minchinia mercenariae that had been reported infecting hard clams Mercenaria mercenaria from the Atlantic coast of the United States. The molecular characterization of its SSU rDNA region allowed obtaining a fragment of 1,796 bp showing 98% homology with M. mercenariae parasite. Phylogenetic analysis supported this identification as this parasite was clustered in the same clade as M. mercenariae from the United States and other M. mercenariae‐like sequences from the UK, with bootstrap value of 99%. The occurrence of M. mercenariae‐like parasites infecting molluscs outside the United States is confirmed.     

Dietary thiamin and pyridoxine requirements of fingerling Indian major carp,Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton)

Two experiments were conducted to quantify the dietary thiamin (experiment I) and pyridoxine (experiment II) requirements of fingerling Cirrhinus mrigala for 16 weeks. In experiment I, dietary thiamin requirement was determined by feeding seven casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) with graded levels of thiamin (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 mg kg^?1 diet) to triplicate groups of fish (6.15 ± 0.37 cm; 1.89 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet with 2 mg kg^?1 thiamin had highest specific growth rate (SGR), protein retention (PR), RNA/DNA ratio, haemoglobin (Hb), haematocrit (Hct), RBCs and best feed conversion ratio (FCR). However, highest liver thiamin concentration was recorded in fish fed 4 mg thiamin kg^?1 diet. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver thiamin concentrations exhibited the thiamin requirement in the range of 1.79–3.34 mg kg^?1 diet (0.096–0.179 μg thiamin kJ^?1 gross energy). In experiment II, six casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) containing graded levels of pyridoxine (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 mg kg^?1 diet) were fed to triplicate groups of fish (6.35 ± 0.37 cm; 1.97 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet containing 6 mg kg^?1 pyridoxine showed best SGR, FCR, PR, RNA/DNA ratio, Hb, Hct and RBCs, whereas maximum liver pyridoxine concentration was recorded in fish fed 8 mg kg^?1 dietary pyridoxine. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver pyridoxine concentrations reflected the pyridoxine requirement from 5.63 to 8.61 mg kg^?1 diet. Data generated during this study would be useful in formulating thiamin‐ and pyridoxine‐balanced feeds for the intensive culture of this fish.     

Sea bream culture in Egypt; status, constraints and potential

Marine fish farming in Egypt began in 1976 with the culture of gilthead sea bream, (Sparus aurata) as this fish was notably adaptable to brackish and marine pond conditions. Today, marine fish and shrimp farms amount to about 19,000 ha, out of which 42% is already in production while the rest, i.e., 58% is still under construction. In 1997, cultured gilthead sea bream production of 2,250 tons made up 3% of the 75,000 tons total aquaculture catch. In polyculture, usually with the grey mullet and sea bass, gilthead sea bream contributed 440 kg ha^–1 to the total yield of 1,700 kg ha^–1 (26%) over a period of 16 months. For the same period, the yield of monoculture ponds averaged 100 kg ha^–1, while in marine cages, yields ranged from 4–10 kg m³. In 1996–1997, fry of 0.25–1 g and fingerlings 1–10 g with a total of 3 million, were collected from the wild and 1 million fry were produced in the three marine hatcheries out of the four existing ones. The development of sea bream culture in Egypt is now severely inhibited by the shortage of seeds and adequate feeds. Exports of both sea bream and sea bass, during 1994–1996 averaged 1,300 tons per year.     

Fertilization by refrigerator stored sperm of the Indian major carp, Labeo calbasu (Hamilton, 1822)

This study reports on the spermatological properties, and on the development of a protocol for refrigerator storage (4°C) of Labeo calbasu (Hamilton, 1822) sperm for artificial breeding. Volume, motility, concentration and pH of the freshly collected sperm were 2.21 ± 0.53 (μL g^?1 of fish weight) (mean ± SD), 95 ± 1 (%), 1.93 ± 0.44 × 10⁹ (cells mL^?1) and 7.56 ± 0.17 respectively. Sperm activation was evaluated at different osmolalities of NaCl solution, and motility ceased completely when osmolality of the extender was ≥287 mOsmol kg^?1. Sperm retained motility for 24, 72 and 108 h, after refrigerator storage when sperm were undiluted, suspended in Alsever's solution and suspended in Alsever's solution containing 5% methanol respectively. Fertilization rate of fresh eggs with sperm stored at 4°C in Alsever's solution and Alsever's solution containing 5% methanol was 77% and 60% with a hatching rate of 60% and 43% respectively. The fertilization and hatching success of the stored sperm suggests potential to use refrigeration for transporting genetic material to hatcheries for artificial breeding of L. calbasu in Bangladesh.     

A novel approach to denitrification processes in a zero-discharge recirculating system for small-scale urban aquaculture

This paper presents an innovative process to solve the nitrate build-up problem in recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS). The novel aspects of the process lie in a denitrification bioreactor system that uses solid cotton wool as the primary carbon source and a unique degassing chamber. In the latter, the water is physically stripped of dissolved gaseous O₂ (by means of a Venturi vacuum tube), and the subsequent denitrification becomes more efficient due to elimination of the problems of oxygen inhibition of denitrification and aerobic consumption of cotton wool. The cotton wool medium also serves as a physical barrier that traps organic particles, which, in turn, act as an additional carbon source for denitrification. Operation in the proposed system gives an extremely low C/N ratio of 0.82 g of cotton wool/g of nitrate N, which contributes to a significant reduction of biofilter volume. The additional advantage of using solid cotton wool as the carbon source is that it does not release organic residuals into the liquid to be recycled. Operation of the system over a long period consistently produced effluents with low nitrate levels (below 10 mg N/l), and there was only a very small need to replace system water. The overall treatment scheme, also incorporating an aerobic nitrification biofilter and a granular filtration device, produced water of excellent quality, i.e., with near-zero levels of nitrite and ammonia, a sufficiently high pH for aquaculture, and low turbidity. The proposed system thus provides a solution for sustainable small-scale, urban aquaculture operation with a very high recovery of water (over 99%) and minimal waste disposal.     

Effects of metomidate anaesthesia or transfer to pur sea water on plasma parameters in ammonia-exposed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L) in sea water

Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L) postsmolts weighing 150 ± 53 g were exposed to 14–15 mg l^–1 TA-N (total ammonia-N) in sea water in 1 m³ tanks for 24h. Blood samples were then taken A) immediately after the fish were netted from the exposure tanks and stunned by a blow to the head; B) 2–20 min after the fish were transferred to 15 l of an anaesthetic solution of metomidate in ammonia-free sea water; or C) 2–20 min after the fish were transferred to 15 l of ammonia-free sea water. Plasma TA-N level was 18% lower in the anaesthetised fish compared to in the fish sampled directly from the exposure tanks (p 0.05), and accordingly 16% lower in the fish transferred to pure sea water although this difference was not significant (p = 0.07). Plasma glucose level was higher in the fish transferred to pure sea water than in the fish receiving the two other treatments (p 0.05), but plasma urea, osmolality, Na^{+, Cl–, Ca2+ or Mg2+} levels did not vary significantly between the different treatments. Plasma TA-N level increased with time in the fish in the metomidate solution (p 0.02).