GIS技术的发展及其在海洋渔业领域的应用

二十一世纪将是“海洋的世纪”，海洋将成为新世纪国际竞争和开发的重点领域。地理信息系统(GIS)可大大提高海洋数据的使用率和工作效率，并改善海洋数据的管理方式。地理信息系统在海洋渔业领域所起到的重要作用，日益受到人们的重视。本文在阐述地理信息系统技术的发展历程及应用现状基础上，探讨了GIS技术在海洋渔业领域的作用和意义。     

船位监控系统数据挖掘与应用研究进展

船位监控系统(vessel monitoring system,VMS)作为一种渔船监控手段,同时也为渔业科学研究提供了一种新的数据来源。VMS数据记录了渔船实时的船位、航速、航向等动态信息,已被广泛应用于海洋渔业的诸多领域。本文结合国内外研究现状,对VMS数据分析挖掘方法进行了归纳和总结,对采用VMS数据进行捕捞努力量估算、渔民行为特点和渔场分析、捕捞活动对海洋生态环境影响等方面的研究进展进行了综述,并在此基础上分析了VMS数据在海洋渔业上的应用前景及其存在的问题,对今后我国采用VMS数据进行相关研究提出了建议。     

数据仓库在渔业企业管理中的应用研究

文章提出了用数据仓库技术解决渔业企业管理业务处理系统等数据集成、数据管理和数据分析的问题：讨论了渔业企业管理数据仓库的系统功能、体系结构等。     

卫星遥感和GIS技术在海洋渔业资源研究中的应用

卫星遥感和地理信息系统（geographic information system，GIS）技术为海洋渔业资源研究提供了新的技术和方法，已在海洋渔业领域得到广泛应用。文章从海表温度、叶绿素浓度2个方面综述了遥感在海洋渔业环境因子方面的应用，简单介绍了GIS技术以及遥感和GIS技术的结合在海洋渔业资源研究中的应用。并在此基础上讨论了遥感和GIS技术在海洋渔业应用中需要注意的几个问题。     

海洋渔业生态环境监测数据库系统的设计和实现

本文利用Access 2000建立数据的分类输入、统计分析、综合评价和外部数据导入功能，利用VB-AD0数据访问方法实现对数据库的管理和数据处理功能的调用，构成了海洋渔业生态环境监测数据库系统。该数据库系统提供了浮游植物、浮游动物、底栖生物、鱼卵仔鱼，生物体残毒和水文、水质，底质数据的输入，分区，分时段统计查询，综合评价、输出打印等功能。利用该系统可进行海洋渔业生态环境监测数据的分析评价．为海洋渔业生态环境质量评价和海洋生态环境保护提供相关数据和信息，为管理部门提供技术支持。     

海洋渔业风险的原因分析及防范对策

根据海洋渔业的特点,结合海洋渔业风险产生的原因,提出海洋渔业风险大致分为自然风险,市场风险,技术风险和管理风险四大类,并针对海洋渔业风险的类别,提出一系列有效措施防范和降低海洋渔业风险。     

绿色渔业背景下海洋渔业从业渔民增收问题探讨——以浙江省为例

正新时期渔业发展必须始终把解决好"三农"问题作为全党工作重中之重,在实现"富裕渔民"目标下,渔业绿色高质量发展要求应运而生。本文立足海洋渔业生态环境恶化、渔民出海捕捞保本困难、海洋渔业从业渔民收入压力倍增的现实,从当前国内渔业绿色发展背景出发,结合实际数据,综合分析浙江省海洋渔业从业渔民增收所面临的问题,得出了渔业绿色发展时期促进海洋渔业从业渔民持续增收的对策建议。     

福建海洋渔业生态环境研究现状及发展趋势

海洋渔业环境污染和生态退化已成为制约福建省海洋渔业可持续发展的主要问题。进行海洋渔业水域生态环境的研究，对海洋渔业资源和渔业环境的保护起着重要作用，可为海洋渔业的健康持续发展提供理论和技术支撑。本文根据近年来福建沿海渔业水域生态环境的研究资料，综述了福建沿海渔业生态环境的研究现状，分析了目前以及今后海洋渔业生态环境研究...     

海洋渔业船员管理信息系统的研究与设计

介绍了一种基于Visual Basic技术的渔业船员管理系统。该系统采用Client/server模式,结合ADO、SQL等数据访问操作技术,主要实现了海洋渔业船员和船员服务簿的信息化管理等功能。文中主要讨论了该系统的设计思想、系统功能模块的设计、系统实现过程中的一些技术问题及其对策等内容。     

唐山海洋渔业资源现状分析及可持续发展利用策略

随着现阶段我国经济取得了突破性的发展,海洋资源成为我国经济发展的重要转折点,海洋渔业资源属于海洋中的不可再生资源,对于我国沿海地区的发展有着非常重要的作用。然而,就目前而言,海洋渔业生态环境发展较差、渔业资源衰退现象过于严重,海产品生产加工技术相对落后,渔业资源可持续利用效率过低等问题,都会影响海洋渔业的可持续发展。本文主要研究了河北省唐山地区的海洋渔业资源发展状态,分析其中存在的问题,同时给出了未来河北省唐山市海洋资源的可持续发展对策。通过利用高新海洋生物研究技术,来实现海洋资源的发展与保护,是保障我国海洋渔业资源长期利用的有效策略。     

基于3S集成平台的南海渔业信息动态采集与实时自动分析系统研发

以全球定位系统(GPS)、地理信息系统(GIS)和遥感(RS)等3S技术集成平台,并结合船舶监控系统(VMS)、北斗卫星短报文信道、ARM高性能处理器、NR嵌入式操作系统等前沿技术,建立"南海渔业信息动态采集与实时自动分析系统"。该系统是一个分布式系统,包括船载捕捞信息实时采集装备、南海渔业数据集成中心、南海渔业捕捞地理信息系统及外海渔场预报系统等4个完全独立分布的子系统。本系统自主研发了具备北斗通信功能的船载捕捞实时采集装备,并创新性地利用北斗卫星短报文信道实现了海上渔船与地面数据中心的实时信息交互,此外利用VPN信道实现了数据中心与数据处理分析应用系统之间安全可靠的数据共享,从而最终建立了海上渔船与岸上数据分析系统之间的无缝连接虚拟网络。基于这一网络,海上渔船将渔业捕捞数据实时发送至南海渔业捕捞GIS系统,进行实时分析与显示海洋捕捞(分)渔区/渔船/鱼类产量的数据分析专题图;外海渔场预报系统依据多年的捕捞、渔业生物学及渔场环境数据收集与分析将南海外海鸢乌贼渔场信息发送给海上渔船,推进海上渔业捕捞的高效生产。     

海洋遥感技术在海洋渔业及相关领域的应用与研究

自20世纪70年代始,科研人员将遥感技术应用于海洋渔业及其相关领域的研究,将各类卫星遥感所获得的数据对海洋水温、海流、光、盐度、溶解氧、气象因素、水深、海底地形、饵料生物等进行了由定性到定量的分析,并将所得结果用于指导渔业生产、促进渔业研究、预警海洋灾害等方面,所起作用非传统调查方法能为。因此,遥感技术在海洋渔业及其相关领域正在发挥着越来越大的作用,并预示着广阔的应用前景和巨大的应用潜力。本文综述了遥感技术在海洋生态系统相关要素和渔场变动、大型动植物分布、海况监测、海洋生态污染及灾害监测等方面应用与研究进展,并对海洋遥感信息在我国海洋渔业领域的应用研究前景进行了分析。     

"3S技术"在海洋渔业中的应用

本文介绍了遥感技术、地理信息系统和全球定位系统等"3S"技术的相关理论,对其在渔业捕捞、渔业养殖、海洋环境监测、渔船导航等领域的应用进行探讨,并简要阐述了"3S"技术在海洋渔业中的综合应用前景,为其在海洋渔业的开发利用提供理论依据.     

Opportunities to improve fisheries management through innovative technology and advanced data systems

Fishery‐dependent data are integral to sustainable fisheries management. A paucity of fishery data leads to uncertainty about stock status, which may compromise and threaten the economic and food security of the users dependent upon that stock and increase the chances of overfishing. Recent developments in the technology available to collect, manage and analyse fishery‐relevant data provide a suite of possible solutions to update and modernize fisheries data systems and greatly expand data collection and analysis. Yet, despite the proliferation of relevant consumer technology, integration of technologically advanced data systems into fisheries management remains the exception rather than the rule. In this study, we describe the current status, challenges and future directions of high‐tech data systems in fisheries management in order to understand what has limited their adoption. By reviewing the application of fishery‐dependent data technology in multiple fisheries sectors globally, we show that innovation is stagnating as a result of lack of trust and cooperation between fishers and managers. We propose a solution based on a transdisciplinary approach to fishery management that emphasizes the need for collaborative problem‐solving among stakeholders. In our proposed system, data feedbacks are a key component to effective fishery data systems, ensuring that fishers and managers collect, have access to and benefit from fisheries data as they work towards a mutually agreed‐upon goal. A new approach to fisheries data systems will promote innovation to increase data coverage, accuracy and resolution, while reducing costs and allowing adaptive, responsive, near real‐time management decision‐making to improve fisheries outcomes.     

Inland fish stock assessment: Applying data‐poor methods from marine systems

Inland fisheries can be diverse, local and highly seasonal. This complexity creates challenges for monitoring, and consequently, many inland fish stocks have few data and cannot be assessed using methods typically applied to industrial marine fisheries. In such situations, there may be a role for methods recently developed for assessment of data‐poor fish stocks. Herein, three established data‐poor assessment tools from marine systems are demonstrated to highlight their value to inland fisheries management. A case study application uses archived length, catch and catch‐per‐unit‐effort data to characterise the ecological status of an important recreational brown trout stock in an Irish lake. This case study is of specific use to management of freshwater sport fisheries, but the broader purpose of the paper was to provide a crossover between marine and inland fisheries science, and to highlight accessible data‐poor assessment approaches that may be applicable in diverse inland systems.     

青岛市崂山湾公益性人工鱼礁建设的探索与实践

人工鱼礁建设是指在自然海区营造适宜于水产经济生物生长繁殖的环境,从而吸引野生或人工放养的海洋生物定居,促进水生生态系统健康发展与海洋渔业资源的增殖与养护。青岛崂山湾公益性人工鱼礁区位于崂山湾南部海域,建设周期三年（2012年~2015年）,工程建设采用了混凝土和废旧渔船两类鱼礁体,共建设三处人工鱼礁群,每处人工鱼礁群使用海域200 hm2。项目建设期间需要采取多项安全防治和环保治理措施,后期管理工作也要同步展开。该项目建成后具有显著的生态效益、经济效益和社会效益,并将为修复海洋生态环境和渔业资源、发展生态休闲渔业、实现渔业可持续发展发挥重要的促进作用。     

Wasted fishery resources: discarded by-catch in the USA

Fishery by‐catch, especially discarded by‐catch, is a serious problem in the world's oceans. Not only are the stocks of discarded species affected, but entire trophic webs and habitats may be disrupted at the ecosystem level. This paper reviews discarding in the marine fisheries of the USA; however, the type, diversity and regulatory mechanisms of the fisheries are similar to developed fisheries and management programmes throughout the world. We have compiled current estimates of discarded by‐catch for each major marine fishery in the USA using estimates from existing literature, both published and unpublished. We did not re‐estimate discards or discard rates from raw data, nor did we include data on protected species (turtles, mammals and birds) and so this study covers discarded by‐catch of finfish and fishable invertebrates. For some fisheries, additional calculations were required to transform number data into weight data, and typically length and weight composition data were used. Specific data for each fishery are referenced in Harrington et al. (Wasted Resources: Bycatch and discards in US Fisheries, Oceana, Washington, DC, 2005). Overall, our compiled estimates are that 1.06 million tonnes of fish were discarded and 3.7 million tonnes of fish were landed in USA marine fisheries in 2002. This amounts to a nationwide discard to landings ratio of 0.28, amongst the highest in the world. Regionally, the southeast had the largest discard to landings ratio (0.59), followed closely by the highly migratory species fisheries (0.52) and the northeast fisheries (0.49). The Alaskan and west coast fisheries had the lowest ratios (0.12 and 0.15 respectively). Shrimp fisheries in the southeast were the major contributors to the high discard rate in that region, with discard ratios of 4.56 (Gulf of Mexico) and 2.95 (South Atlantic). By‐catch and discarding is a major component of the impact of fisheries on marine ecosystems. There have been substantial efforts to reduce by‐catch in some fisheries, but broadly based programmes covering all fisheries are needed within the USA and around the world. In response to international agreements to improve fishery management, by‐catch and discard reduction must become a regular part of fishery management planning.     

Filling a blank on the map: 60 years of fisheries in Equatorial Guinea

Despite a scarcity of pertinent information, it has been possible to reconstruct time series of marine fisheries catches for Equatorial Guinea from 1950 to 2010 using per capita fish consumption and population numbers for small‐scale fisheries, catch rates and number of vessels for industrial fisheries and discard rates to estimate the discarded bycatch. Small‐scale fisheries, industrial large‐scale fisheries, domestic and legal and illegal foreign fisheries and their discards are all included. Total catches were estimated at 2.7 million tonnes over the time period considered, of which 653 000 t were caught domestically compared to 187 000 t reported by FAO. This shows that fisheries have more importance for Equatorial Guinea's food security than the official data suggest. In contrast to what is suggested by official figures, fisheries were shown to be strongly impacted by civil and political unrest; notably, they declined overall because of civil and political conflicts, socio‐demographic dynamics, and a growing role of the newly discovered oil resources, which directly and indirectly threaten the food security of the people of Equatorial Guinea.