渔具渔法对底栖群落(Benthic Community)及其栖息地(Habitat)的影响

渔具渔法对底栖群落及其栖息地的影响，国外研究比较多。作者从互联网上收集了大量资料，给予编译整理。本文着重概述捕捞干扰与自然干扰、底拖网捕捞、桁拖网捕捞、耙网、底层旋曳网、底刺网捕捞、底层延绳钓以及笼壶渔业等6种渔具渔法对底栖群落的影响。     

谈中小型湖泊的河蟹捕捞

笔者以河蟹的生物学特性为基础,对中小型湖泊放养幼蟹后的回捕时间及捕捞工具等技术问题进行了讨论,尤其是对网簖与刺网的适宜湖区作了分析。1988年在湖北移山湖(5000亩)和虾子径湖(3000亩)放养的一龄幼蟹,采用网簖与刺网相结合,回捕率分别达到31.42％和40.17％。     

广西龟石水库大眼鳜的年龄与生长特征

2008年9月2009年8月,在广西龟石水库用刺网逐月采集大眼鳜(Siniperca kneri)标本688尾,摘取鳞片作为年龄鉴定的主要材料,摘取鳃盖骨和臀鳍第二鳍棘作为年龄鉴定的辅助材料,研究大眼鳜的年龄特征,并采用von Bertalanffy生长方程描述了大眼鳜的生长特性,为合理利用和保护库区大眼鳜资源提供科学依据和理论参考。结果表明,以鳞片作为大眼鳜年龄的鉴定材料较可靠,年轮特征显示为疏密型和断裂切割型,年轮主要形成时期在4 6月,年轮的形成与繁殖有关;年龄组成为0~4龄,0龄和1龄鱼占标本总数的93.32%;体长(L)与鳞径(R)的回归方程为:L=24.47R+4.021 2(r=0.981 9,n=623);体长(L)与体质量(W)的回归方程为:W=0.017 7×L3.087 6(r=0.979 1,n=688);体长、体质量的von Bertalanffy生长方程为:Lt=59.04[l-e-0.2692(t+0.251 9)],Wt=5 196.88[l-e-0.269 1(t+0.263 8)]3.087 6。分析龟石水库大眼鳜资源现状,认为渔获物中低龄个体占绝对优势与库区无节制捕捞有关。为保护与合理利用库区大眼鳜资源,建议将库区大眼鳜的最小捕捞年龄定为3龄,捕捞规格定为990 g以上。     

日本海洋渔业的抛弃率

１　海洋捕捞渔业类型出于立法和统计目的．日本海洋渔业分为三类：远洋渔业、近海渔业和沿岸渔业。这是基于渔场、渔具渔法、主捕对象和渔船尺寸综合分类的。远洋渔业由远洋拖网、东海拖网、在中太平洋和印度洋鲣和金枪鱼大中型围网、北太平洋延绳钓和刺网、远洋金枪鱼延绳钓、远洋鲣竿钓和远洋鱿鱼钓组成。近海渔业包括中型渔船作业、典型的例子是近海拖网、大中型围网（除捕捞金枪鱼外）近海金枪鱼延绳的和近海鲣竿钓。沿岸渔业由１０ＧＴ以下渔船作业的定置网渔业和地拉网渔业组成。在这类渔业的每一个部门内、根据当地需要．捕捞全日本…     

渤海口虾蛄三重刺网渔获组成及其捕捞性能分析

为研究渤海口虾蛄(Oratosquilla oratoria)三重刺网的捕捞性能,以河北省昌黎县的口虾蛄三重刺网为基础,于2013年4、5、7月在河北省秦皇岛近海进行50 mm、55 mm、60 mm和65 mm 4种网目尺寸的三重刺网作业性能比较实验,并与60 mm网目单片刺网和底拖网进行渔获对比分析。结果表明:三重刺网具有捕获渔场中绝大多数渔业种类的能力,选择能力较差。春季的渔获种类19种,为渤海近岸底层种类;夏季的渔获种类19种,除了小黄鱼(Pseudosciaena polyactis)和带鱼(Trichiurus lepturus)等底层鱼类外,还有日本鲭(Scomber japonicus)和蓝点马鲛(Scomberomorus niphonius)等中上层鱼类。春季的渔获结构单一,口虾蛄占渔获量的90%以上,主要兼捕种类鲜明鼓虾(Alpheus distinguendus)占4.1%,渔获选择性较好;夏季的渔获中,口虾蛄比例在75%左右,兼捕对象主要为小黄鱼、蓝点马鲛等经济鱼类的幼鱼,对渔业资源造成一定程度的损害,但渔获选择性比底拖网好。单片刺网的选择性最好,但渔获量低,只有三重刺网渔获量的30%左右,无法满足生产要求。建议开展渤海口虾蛄的可捕产量和分区域捕捞管理研究,开发作业性能更优越的口虾蛄专业捕捞渔具。     

东风螺笼捕技术

笼壶类渔具是根据捕捞对象习性，设置洞穴状物体或笼具，诱其人内而捕获的专用工具。这类渔具结构简单，操作方便，捕捞对象有甲壳类、贝类、头足类、鱼类等，分布比较广泛。尤其在底拖网、底延绳钓难以作业的底形起伏的海域，笼壶类渔具也可进行作业，而且具有渔具成本低、操作安全、渔获物鲜活等优点。为合理利用湛江市丰富的东风螺资源，我们开展试验推广东风螺笼捕技术工作。由于其主捕东风螺，渔获选择性强，有利于近海渔业资源、种群结构调整以及合理利用、开发、保护鱼类资源，同时东风螺笼捕捞作业因投资省、见效快、效益高、捕捞操作简单易学而深受群众的喜爱，推广获得成功。现将东风螺笼捕技术总结如下。     

辽东湾不同型刺网捕捞性能的比较

为了提高近海渔业资源养护型捕捞与管理技术,促进《全国海洋捕捞渔具目录》的实施,2014年10-11月在辽东湾进行了网目尺寸为40 mm、50 mm、60 mm的单片刺网、双重刺网和三重刺网以及生产对照网的选择性对比实验.结果显示,各种实验网的渔获种类数均在6-9种之间,优势种口虾蛄(Oratosquilla oratoria)的优势度随网目尺寸的增大而减小,但花鲈(Lateolabrax japonicas)的优势度随网目尺寸的增大而增大.同型试验网在不同网目尺寸条件下的渔获量有显著性差异,其中,60 mm试验网与40 mm同型试验网的单位捕捞努力量渔获量(CPUE)比较,单片刺网为800％,双重刺网为650％,三重刺网为500％;而异型试验网在网目尺寸相同条件下对渔获量的影响相对较小.试验网的组内渔获组成平均相似度分别为单片刺网59.24％,双重刺网62.63％,三重刺网66.51％;组间分别为71.44％、67.50％和70.58％;对组内和组间平均相似度贡献最高的种类均为口虾蛄和花鲈.随着网目尺寸的增大,各型试验网的渔获物幼鱼比例呈下降趋势.     

桁杆拖网网目选择性实验

桁杆拖网属于黄渤海现阶段允许使用的过渡类型网。为了解黄骅海域桁杆拖网的网目尺寸是否适宜,采用套网法研究了该网具不同网目尺寸的网囊渔获物组成及主捕对象葛氏长臂虾的选择性。对比实验结果显示:网具实验渔获物种类共71种,主捕对象不明显、选择性较差;释放至套网的渔获物种类约46种,网囊网目尺寸越大,释放的个体和种类越多。从幼鱼释放效果角度来看,网囊网目在25mm及以下幼鱼释放效果很差,以秋季为例,15mm套网对任何品种没有释放,25mm套网只对葛氏长臂虾有28%的释放效果,其余的品种全没有释放。从不同网目尺寸网囊葛氏长臂虾选择性曲线图可以看出,15mm套网对葛氏长臂虾的捕获率为100%,25mm套网对葛氏长臂虾起初是75%,体长接近35mm时,对葛氏长臂虾的捕获率基本为100%,35mm套网和45mm套网,随着体长增加捕获率成线性变化规律,最后趋近于100%。研究认为:目前河北海区常见的25mm网囊网目的桁杆虾拖网会对渔业资源造成巨大破坏;如果以捕捞葛氏长臂虾为主,网目大小建议为35mm。     

黄渤海区三重刺网渔业结构分析

为确定三重刺网适用范围,促进《全国海洋捕捞渔具目录》的实施,于2015年在黄渤海区以三重刺网渔业为研究对象,调查了刺网渔船渔业动态和三重刺网渔具种类和作业参数,并追踪调查了代表性渔具的渔获结构、产量和产值,对三重刺网作业渔船的捕捞能力与经济效益加以分析。结果表明,三重刺网渔具对甲壳类和鲆鲽类的选择性较强,捕捞效果好,兼捕幼鱼比例相对较低,是目前近海捕捞渔具中选择性比拖网和张网相对较好的作业渔具。但鉴于目前生产中使用的三重刺网内网衣网线较细,缠绕力强,兼捕现象较为严重,在经济鱼类幼鱼较多的渔场作业,会对渔业资源造成较大的损害。同时从渔民收入角度出发,三重刺网过渡期以后的归属管理应开展进一步调查和研究。     

女山湖底层鱼类繁殖保护措施初探

１９９１年对女山湖２８次捕捞群体渔获物的组成进行统计分析，鲤种群中０＋龄组占８４４％，３＋龄组仅占１１％；鲫鱼种群中０＋龄组占８０２％，３＋龄组仅占０９０％，起捕规格和年龄结构不合理，已明显趋向小型化和低龄化，整体产量逐年下降。必须设立禁渔区和禁渔期，取缔密眼网簖，禁捕幼鱼，保护产卵场，才能使更多的补充群体得以生长、育肥、繁殖。     

Blackfin tuna (Thunnus atlanticus) fishing around FADs in Martinique (French West Indies)

This paper examines the fishing of blackfin tuna (Thunnus atlanticus) around Fish Aggregating Devices (FADs) in Martinique (French West Indies). It is based on the compared analysis of catches from monthly experimental fishing surveys and sampling of commercial landings. The data collected in these two different ways allowed comparison of blackfin tuna length frequencies. A large part of the commercial landings were made up of young immature tuna with a fork length of less than 40 cm, whereas the experimental longline catches were mainly made up of fish with a fork length ranging between 55 and 75 cm. We give evidence that these discrepancies were mostly due to the fishing technique used. Indeed, contrarily to the experimental surveys, Martinican fishermen only fish during daytime and usually on the surface by trolling. This way, fishermen do not have access to the largest fish, which are found deeper. Our results suggested that a new fishing technique such as vertical longlining, could improve commercial catches of big blackfin tuna under FADs.     

Artisanal fisheries in urban reservoirs: a case study from Brazil (Billings Reservoir, São Paulo Metropolitan Region)

Billings Reservoir is an urban reservoir located in the São Paulo Metropolitan Region. It supports 101 active artisanal fishermen. To describe this fishery, landings were recorded daily between February 1996 and January 1997 at Colônia (23° 50' 57' S; 46° 40' 02' W). In every landing, a data collector recorded catch, effort, fishing gears and fishing grounds. A total of 147 593 kg of fish were recorded in 3515 fishing trips. The exotic Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.), was the main species exploited (81.4% of the annual catches). Five other species were also targeted: the characid Astyanax eigenmaniorum (Cope) (13.0% of the annual catches); the erythrinid Hoplias aff . malabaricus (Block) (2.1%); the exotic cyprinid Cyprinus carpio L. (Campos & Fernández-Yépez) (2.4%); the curimatid Cyphocharax modestus L. (1.1%); and the pimelodid Rhamdia sp. (0.1%). Two main groups of fishermen were discriminated using Principal Components Analysis; these were associated with the type of fishing gear and fishing strategies, i.e. those who exploited Nile tilapia with cast nets and beating gill nets, and those who exploited other species with set gill nets. Management and maintenance of this fishery should consider the positive top-down effects that Nile tilapia could have in controlling eutrophication and also the social benefits.     

Gear-based management of a tropical artisanal fishery based on species selectivity and capture size

The population density, species composition and lengths of fish landed by artisanal fishermen using six types of gear: large and small traps, gill nets, hand lines, spears and beach seines were studied in the multi‐species fishery of southern Kenya. Selectivity and catch composition among gears were determined by studying the species richness, diversity, size and mean trophic level of the catches for each gear type, to develop gear‐based management recommendations for this artisanal reef lagoon fishery. One hundred and sixty‐three reef and reef‐associated species from 37 families were recorded in the catch. Beach seines and small traps accounted for the highest number of fish landed (34–35 individuals per fisherman per day). These gears also caught smaller fish than big traps, spears and gill nets. Beach seines caught the highest number of species (14 ± 7 species per day) while most other gears caught four to five species per day with no differences between gears. Predatory species with a mean trophic level of 3.6 dominated catches from hand lines, while the mean trophic level of the other gears was low and ranged from 2.6 to 2.9 with no differences between the gears. The high diversity and small size of fish caught in beach seines indicates that its selectivity overlapped most with large traps and gill nets. Spears and small traps also showed high similarity in species selectivity and small traps captured the smaller mean size of fish, indicating that they are likely to pre‐empt the resource of spears. Large traps, hand lines and spears catch the largest individuals and the species composition of the catch differed sufficiently such that their selectivity should overlap the least and may, therefore, be the preferred mix of gears. The elimination or reduction of beach seines and small traps should reduce the catch of small fish and overlap in selectivity among the existing gears.     

A framework for adaptive gear and ecosystem‐based management in the artisanal coral reef fishery of Papua New Guinea

• 1. Artisanal fishing on coral reefs in Papua New Guinea is an important livelihood activity that is managed primarily at the level of local communities. Pockets of overexploitation exist and are expected to increase with plans for increased commercialization.
• 2. This paper provides a current assessment of the artisanal multi‐species coral reef fishery by examining selectivity of the dominant gear, namely line fishing, spearguns, and gill nets. Each gear has its own strengths and weaknesses in terms of use and conservation of resources, with no clear problem gear.
• 3. The three gears utilize different resources but there was moderate overlap in the species caught, particularly between gill nets and line fishing and marginally between lines and spearguns. Gill nets have the disadvantage of being destructive to coral and the advantage of catching commercial species. Line fishing catches an intermediate number of species but mostly large‐bodied and predatory species that could potentially reduce predation and the mean trophic level of the fishery. Spearguns catch the highest numbers of species, including many non‐commercial and herbivorous fish and could reduce the diversity of fish and encourage algal growth.
• 4. This information could be used in combination with scientific monitoring and traditional ecological knowledge to develop an adaptive management framework that uses local restrictions on the various gears to restore or balance the fishery and ecosystem. Restrictions could be selectively imposed: on gill nets when coral cover is low, line fishing when large‐bodied predators are depleted, and spearguns when biodiversity is reduced and algal abundance high.

Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Incidental captures of sea turtles by swordfish and albacore longlines in the Ionian sea

ABSTRACT:   Incidental catches in pelagic longline fishing pose a serious threat to sea turtle populations throughout the world's seas and oceans. In this work, carried out in the framework of the EC-DG-Fisheries 98/008 project, information on sea turtle catch rates from swordfish and albacore longline fishing activities observed in Italian waters off the Ionian Sea during 1999 and 2000, are reported. In addition, biometric data, health status, and tagging return rate of sea turtles captured are provided. A total of 200 sea turtles were caught (198 loggerhead turtles and 2 green turtles), comprising 0.5–15.7% of the total catch in number of individuals. The estimates of the sea turtles caught by the total fishing effort of both longlines in the whole study area were 1084 specimens in 1999 (95% CI = 667–1502) and 4447 specimens in 2000 (95% CI = 3189–5705). Although all sea turtles were released alive, nearly half of them had hooks that could not be removed and remained deeply embedded in the digestive tract.     

Effects of mesh size,fishing depth and season on the catch and discards of short mackerel Rastrelliger brachysoma gillnet fishery at the mouth of Pattani Bay,Thailand

This study evaluates the impacts of mesh size of the net, fishing depth and season on the catches of target, non-target and discarded species for short mackerel Rastrelliger brachysoma gillnet fishery in the vicinity of Pattani Bay, Gulf of Thailand. The catches were examined for species composition, catch efficiency and size of catch. Samples were obtained monthly from February 2019 to February 2020 at three fishing depths (2.0, 4.0 and 6.0 m) using gillnets with three different mesh sizes (3.0, 4.0 and 4.5 cm). Including the target species, 112 species were collected, the majority of which were non-targeted fishes and crustaceans. The target species, Rastrelliger brachysoma, contributed only 6.0% by number and 8.76% by weight to the total catches. The 111 non-target species were classified into five categories based on potential sale prices. A total of 18 species, equivalent to 3.04% by weight of the total catches, were considered to be of negligible value and discarded or sold for the production of fish meal. Temporal variability was observed for number of individuals and biomass of total catches; the compositions of the catches clustered to two distinct seasons from December to March and from April to November, respectively. Spatial variability in this study focused on the depth profile which was found to significantly influence species richness and sizes of some fish species. For 12 species, mesh sizes of the gillnets significantly affected the number of individuals caught, as well as their weight and sizes. The novel findings of this study provide essential information that can be used for the sustainable management of the Rastrelliger brachysoma fishery in the Gulf of Thailand.

     

辽宁省海洋渔具渔法结构调整的研究

根据辽宁省海洋捕捞产量的统计资料，运用灰色关联法分析了拖网、围网、流刺网、钓具、定置网5种主要渔具渔法的产量与海洋捕捞总产量的关联度，运用改进的层次分析法确定了5种主要渔具渔法产量的权重。结果表明，海洋捕捞产量与定置网、拖网的产量的关联度高，与围网、钓具和流刺网的产量关联度低；拖网、围网、流刺网、钓具、定置网产量的计算权重分别约为23．3％、16．1％、31．1％、20．4％、9．1％。对辽宁省渔具渔法产量结构调整进行了讨论。     

鳜胚胎细胞系的建立与应用

为更好地开展鳜基因功能研究和药物筛选工作,提高基因转染效率,本研究以鳜囊胚期胚胎为材料,采用含有20%胎牛血清的DMEM培养基进行培养,建立了生长稳定的鳜胚胎细胞系MFE。在此基础上,采用绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)作为标记物,在HEK293T细胞中体外包装逆转录病毒,再感染MFE细胞系。MTT法分析表明传代后细胞培养96 h内,细胞生长率变化也经历增殖、降低到达稳定期。而且MFE细胞能稳定表达GFP基因,感染效率为20%±5%,而脂质体转染效率为3%±2%。可见包装病毒感染细胞不仅能获得稳转细胞系,效率也远高于脂质体瞬时转染。荧光定量PCR分析表明,MFE细胞系能表达Irf1、Irf3和Irf7基因,Irf1基因表达量最高。MFE细胞系受到poly I:C刺激后,Irf1、Irf3和Irf7的表达量分别升高3.5,2.3和2.1倍。因此,MFE细胞通过病毒感染可以获得较高的转染效率,该细胞可作为鳜免疫相关基因功能研究的工具。     

Susceptibility by amberjack (Seriola dumerili), yellowtail (S. quinqueradiata) and Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) to Neobenedenia girellae (Monogenea) infection and their acquired protection

This study investigated: 1) susceptibility differences to infection by Neobenedenia girellae (Capsalidae) between amberjack Seriola dumerili (Carangidae), yellowtail S. quinqueradiata and Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus (Paralichthyidae); 2) growth and egg production of N. girellae on each fish species; 3) acquired protection of each fish species against this parasite. The number of N. girellae on S. dumerili was significantly higher than on S. quinqueradiata and P. olivaceus when these fishes were exposed to oncomiracidia in the same aquarium. Neobenedenia girellae growth on S. dumerili was fastest and, thus the number of eggs laid by parasites on S. dumerili was greater than on the other two species. Seriola dumerili and P. olivaceus, which were previously infected with N. girellae and treated by freshwater bath, acquired partial protection against re-infection by N. girellae. The relative re-infection of three S. dumerili individuals out of eleven individuals was markedly low compared with the initial infection, and the relative initial infection and re-infection on two P. olivaceus out of eleven individuals was markedly low. The results of this study could be useful to control N. girellae infections when cultivating S. dumerili, S. quinqueradiata and P. olivaceus.     

中东太平洋金枪鱼延绳钓渔获物组成分析

根据2000年9月至2002年8月两年的中东太平洋金枪鱼延绳钓探捕调查结果，对延绳钓渔获物组成进行了初步分析。结果显示，延绳钓的主要渔获种类有肥壮金枪鱼(Thunnus obesus)和黄鳍金怆鱼(Thunnus albacares)等15种大洋性鱼类，渔获物中金枪鱼类分别占重量和尾数的76．41％和76．91％，旗鱼类占11．05％和7．83％．鲨鱼类占10．80％和12．08％，其他鱼类占1．73％和3．18％。相对重要性指标(IRI)表明，延绳钓渔业以肥壮金枪鱼和黄鳍金枪鱼为目标鱼种，其他大型中上层经济鱼类为兼捕对象。各渔获种类的渔获重量组成比例月间变化和海域变化明显。