卵形鲳鲹幼鱼对维生素B_2的需要量

为研究卵形鲳鲹(Trachinotus ovatus)幼鱼对饲料中维生素B_2的最适需要量,配制维生素B_2水平为10 mg·kg~(-1)、4.4 mg·kg~(-1)、6.2 mg·kg~(-1)、8.0 mg·kg~(-1)、11.3 mg·kg~(-1)、15.5 mg·kg~(-1)的6种实验饲料,每种饲料设3个平行,每个平行放25尾初始均质量为(11.63±0.17) g的卵形鲳鲹幼鱼,每日2次饱食,投喂8周。结果显示,4.4 mg·kg~(-1)组幼鱼的增重率、特定生长率均显著高于0 mg·kg~(-1)组(P0.05),血清中谷草转氨酶、谷丙转氨酶活性显著低于0 mg·kg~(-1)组(P0.05),但饲料中维生素B_2水平对饲料系数、成活率、肝脏维生素B_2含量、血清免疫指标、全鱼粗脂肪和粗蛋白、肌肉水分、粗脂肪和灰分均无显著影响(P0.05);6.2 mg·kg~(-1)组肝脏D-氨基酸氧化酶(D-AAO)活性显著高于0 mg·kg~(-1)组(P0.05)。折线模型分析显示,卵形鲳鲹获得最佳生长和肝脏D-AAO活力达到最大时对饲料中维生素B_2的需要量分别为4.23 mg·kg~(-1)和6.24 mg·kg~(-1)。     

卵形鲳鲹对饲料中泛酸的需求量

挑选体质量为(8.80±0.10) g的卵形鲳鲹(Trachinotus ovatus)幼鱼,随机分成6组,每组3个平行,每个平行20尾,放于池塘网箱中,分别饲喂泛酸质量分数为0、16.4 mg·kg~(–1)、20 mg·kg~(–1)、26 mg·kg~(–1)、33.4 mg·kg~(–1)和37 mg·kg~(–1)的半纯化饲料8周,每天饱食投喂2次,研究并确定其对泛酸的需求量。结果表明,饲料中添加适量泛酸可以显著提高卵形鲳鲹幼鱼增重率、特定生长率、血清补体C4体积分数和肠道中淀粉酶(AMS)、肌酸激酶(CK)和Na~+-K~+-ATP酶活性(P0.05),并且随着饲料中泛酸质量分数的增加,其增重率、特定生长率、补体C4体积分数、AMS、CK和Na~+-K~+-ATP酶活性先升高后下降;33.4 mg·kg~(–1)泛酸组的肌肉蛋白含量显著高于未添加泛酸组和16.4 mg·kg~(–1)泛酸组(P0.05);饲料中添加适量泛酸可以显著提高卵形鲳鲹血清中高密度胆固醇水平、溶菌酶(LZM)活性和肠道γ-谷氨酰转肽酶(γ-GT)活性(P0.05),且随着泛酸水平的增加先升高后保持稳定。二次回归分析结果表明,以增重率为指标,卵形鲳鲹幼鱼对泛酸的最适需求量为21.03 mg·kg~(–1)饲料。     

饲料中海洋红酵母对尼罗罗非鱼幼鱼生长性能、消化酶及免疫酶活性的影响

为了研究海洋红酵母(Rhodotorula mucilaginosa)对尼罗罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)幼鱼生长性能、消化酶及免疫酶活性的影响,配制6组饲料,分别为对照组、添加1 g·kg~(-1)、2 g·kg~(-1)、3 g·kg~(-1)、4 g·kg~(-1)和5 g·kg~(-1)的海洋红酵母组,投喂初始均质量为(5.22±0.01)g的尼罗罗非鱼,实验56 d。结果显示,与对照组相比,2 g·kg~(-1)和4 g·kg~(-1)组的饲料系数显著降低(P0.05),1 g·kg~(-1)、3 g·kg~(-1)和5 g·kg~(-1)组则没有显著性差异(P0.05)。5 g·kg~(-1)组鱼体粗蛋白含量显著低于1 g·kg~(-1)和2 g·kg~(-1)组(P0.05),1 g·kg~(-1)、3 g·kg~(-1)和5 g·kg~(-1)组鱼体粗灰分含量显著低于对照组(P0.05)。与对照组相比,1 g·kg~(-1)组胃蛋白酶活性显著升高(P0.05),3 g·kg~(-1)、4 g·kg~(-1)和5 g·kg~(-1)组胃蛋白酶活性显著降低(P0.05)。2 g·kg~(-1)和3 g·kg~(-1)组前肠和中肠淀粉酶和脂肪酶,以及肝脏溶菌酶和一氧化氮合酶活性均显著高于对照组(P0.05)。根据尼罗罗非鱼幼鱼的消化酶和免疫酶活性等指标综合分析得出,海洋红酵母在罗非鱼饲料中的建议添加量为2~3 g·kg~(-1)。     

牛磺酸对卵形鲳鲹肠道微生物及免疫功能的影响

为了探讨牛磺酸对卵形鲳鲹(Trachinotus ovatus)肠道微生物菌群结构和免疫功能的影响,试验以鱼粉、发酵豆粕和玉米蛋白粉为基础蛋白源配制了牛磺酸质量分数分别为1.3 g·kg^-1(T0)、4.4 g·kg^-1(T1)、7.4 g·kg^-1(T2)、10.5 g·kg^-1(T3)、12.7 g·kg^-1(T4)的等氮等脂饲料。将750尾卵形鲳鲹(81.0±0.5)g随机分为5组(每组150尾,分为3个平行),试验为期56 d。高通量测序结果显示在卵形鲳鲹肠道内共获得87707条序列,能够注释到数据库的OTUs数目为5130(95.32%),在门水平上,变形菌门、软壁菌门、螺旋体门为优势菌群。Alpha和Beta多样性分析表明,T2组中的肠道微生物丰富度和多样性最低,T1和T4组间物种组成差异较大(P<0.05)。随外源性牛磺酸的添加,血清溶菌酶活性显著提高,补体C4和免疫球蛋白含量显著增加(P<0.05);各试验组ToTLR-1、ToTLR-2、ToTNF-α和ToIL-1β基因表达量显著降低(P<0.05);T1、T2和T4组的ToNFkB P65基因表达量显著低于对照组(P<0.05);T3和T4组ToIL-10基因表达量显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。该试验结果显示,外源牛磺酸对卵形鲳鲹肠道微生物菌群和免疫功能具有显著影响。     

卵形鲳鲹配合饲料中酶解鱼浆蛋白和陆生复合蛋白替代鱼粉的研究

为了评估卵形鲳鲹(Trachinotus ovatus)配合饲料中酶解鱼浆蛋白和陆生复合蛋白替代鱼粉的可行性,本研究设计了4种等蛋(42%)等脂(12%)配合饲料(D1~D4),其中,D1(对照组)含30%鱼粉,D2~D4(处理组)都含14%陆生复合蛋白且还分别含有16%、11%、6%鱼粉和0、5%、10%酶解鱼浆蛋白;各处理组都补充蛋氨酸和赖氨酸。将360尾初始体重为(7.28±0.10) g的卵形鲳鲹幼鱼随机分配到12个海上网箱中,每个网箱30尾鱼,每种饲料设3个网箱。将鱼以上述4种饲料饲养62 d后,测定其生长性能、体组成、血清生化指标、肠道消化酶活性与组织抗氧化指标。结果显示,各实验组鱼的增重率(WGR)、特定生长率(SGR)、蛋白质效率(PER)、饲料系数(FC)、胃蛋白酶(PEP)、脂肪酶(LPS)和淀粉酶(AMS)活性均无显著差异(P>0.05)。D3和D4组全鱼粗蛋白含量显著高于D1和D2组,D4组鱼肌肉脂肪含量显著低于D1~D3组(P<0.05);D2~D4组鱼血清谷草转氨酶(AST)及D2和D3组鱼谷丙转氨酶(ALT)活性都显著低于D1组(P<0.05),D1和D4组血清总蛋白(TP)和球蛋白(GLO)水平显著高于D2和D3组(P<0.05);D2~D4组肝脏过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性、总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)和肌肉超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性显著高于D1组(P<0.05),且肝脏丙二醛(MDA)含量低于D1组(P<0.05)。研究表明,含6%鱼粉的D4组鱼的生长性能与30%鱼粉D1组无差异,且全鱼蛋白含量及肝脏和肌肉抗氧化能力显著提高,说明14%陆生复合蛋白配合10%酶解鱼浆蛋白可有效替代卵形鲳鲹饲料中80%鱼粉,使饲料鱼粉使用量低至6%。本研究是首次探讨酶解鱼浆蛋白在卵形鲳鲹配合饲料中应用的可行性,结果可为研发高效低成本配合饲料提供参考依据。     

复合油和低鱼粉饲料在卵形鲳鲹养殖中的应用效果研究

为评估课题组前期研发的卵形鲳鲹(Trachinotus ovatus)(又称金鲳)复合油、脂肪粉以及低鱼粉饲料在养殖生产中的应用效果，利用饲料公司的商品料生产设备生产4种等氮(48%)等脂(11%)配合饲料(D1～D4):其中，D1～D3为饲料公司的金鲳商品料配方(含20%鱼粉),仅添加的脂肪源不同，分别为10%鱼油(D1)、10%卵形鲳鲹复合油(D2)、8%卵形鲳鲹复合油+4%卵形鲳鲹脂肪粉(D3);D4为本课题组研发的低鱼粉饲料(含6.6%鱼粉),脂肪源与D3一致。以此4种饲料于海水池塘网箱(2 m×2 m×1.5 m)中养殖卵形鲳鲹幼鱼，试验鱼体质量(64.75±0.70)g,实验周期8周。结果显示，与D1组相比，D2～D4组鱼的生长性能和形态指标无显著差异(P>0.05),但D2组的饲料系数显著降低(P<0.05);D3和D4组血清低密度脂蛋白(LDL)含量、谷草转氨酶(GOT)和谷丙转氨酶(GPT)活性以及肝脏丙二醛含量均显著低于D1组(P<0.05)。鱼背肌的粗蛋白含量D3和D4组显著高于D1组(P<0.05),而鱼背肌其他常规成分及腹肌各常规成分各...     

当归多糖对卵形鲳鲹生长性能、抗氧化能力、血清免疫和血清生化指标的影响

研究了当归多糖对卵形鲳鲹(Trachinotus ovatus)幼鱼生长性能、肝脏抗氧化能力、血清免疫指标和血清生化指标的影响。配制6种饲料,当归多糖的质量分数分别为0(对照组)、0.05%、0.10%、0.20%、0.40%和0.80%。挑选体质量为(4.99±0.08)g的卵形鲳鲹幼鱼随机分为6组,每组3个平行,每个平行20尾,放于池塘网箱中喂养,每天饱食投喂2次,为期8周。结果显示,各组末质量、增重率和特定生长率差异不显著(P0.05)。0.10%组肝脏超氧化物歧化酶活性和总抗氧化能力显著高于0.80%组和对照组(P0.05);0.10%组和0.20%组血清补体3、补体4含量显著高于对照组(P0.05);0.10%组血清溶菌酶活性显著高于对照组(P0.05);0.10%组血清胆固醇、甘油三酯含量和谷草转氨酶活性显著低于0.40%组、0.80%组和对照组(P0.05)。以上结果表明,当归多糖能显著提高卵形鲳鲹幼鱼的抗氧化能力,增强机体免疫力,但促生长的作用不显著。卵形鲳鲹幼鱼饲料中当归多糖的适宜添加量为0.10%。     

卵形鲳鲹幼鱼饲料中适宜蛋白能量比的研究

以鱼粉、豆粕为蛋白源,豆油、鱼油为脂肪源,配制9种不同蛋白能量水平的饲料,蛋白质3个水平(38%、43%、49%),每个蛋白水平设3个脂肪梯度(6%、10%、14%),其蛋白能量比为19.3～27.4mg/kJ。卵形鲳鲹初始质量为(25.02±0.16)g,每个处理设3个重复,每个网箱(1.5 m×1.0 m×2.0m)放养卵形鲳鲹苗20尾,养殖试验持续8周。结果显示,卵形鲳鲹特定生长率随饲料蛋白水平的升高而显著升高(P<0.05)。投喂含43%或49%蛋白质、6%脂肪饲料的卵形鲳鲹表现出较好的特定生长率。饲料中不同的脂肪水平未表现出蛋白质节约效应,较高的脂肪水平反而抑制了卵形鲳鲹的特定生长率、饲料效率和蛋白质效率。卵形鲳鲹鱼体蛋白和脂肪含量分别随饲料蛋白质和脂肪水平的上升而显著升高(P<0.05)。在该试验条件下,卵形鲳鲹幼鱼饲料中最适蛋白质、脂肪水平和蛋白能量比分别为43%、6%和24.4 mg/kJ。     

卵形鲳鲹对饲料中硒的需求量

为确定卵形鲳鲹(Trachinotus ovatus)对饲料中硒的需求量,选取初始体重为(15.04±0.20)g的卵形鲳鲹450尾,随机分成6组,每组3个重复,每个重复25尾。分别投喂以亚硒酸钠(Na2SeO3)为硒源,硒含量分别为0.41、0.60、0.73、0.80、0.90和1.12mg/kg的等氮等脂饲料50d。结果显示,随着饲料中硒含量的增加,卵形鲳鲹的增重率和特定生长率先升高后趋于稳定,饲料系数变化趋势与之相反。饲料中硒含量对全鱼体成分无显著影响(P>0.05)。血清白蛋白和高密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量随饲料中硒含量的增加呈先升高后降低的趋势,而血清碱性磷酸酶活性先升高后保持稳定。饲料中添加硒可以显著提高血清谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶、超氧化物歧化酶和肝脏谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶、谷胱甘肽硫转移酶、谷胱甘肽还原酶、过氧化氢酶活性(P<0.05),随着饲料中硒含量的增加,其谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶、谷胱甘肽硫转移酶和过氧化氢酶活性呈先升高后稳定的趋势,而超氧化物歧化酶和谷胱甘肽还原酶活性呈先上升后下降的趋势。饲料中不同硒水平显著影响了卵形鲳鲹全鱼中的硒含量(P<0.05),且随着饲料中硒含量的增加先上升后趋于稳定。折线回归分析表明,以增重率、血清谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性和全鱼中硒含量为评价指标,卵形鲳鲹对饲料中硒的需求量分别为0.66、0.82和0.76 mg/kg。     

β-1,3-葡聚糖对低盐度凡纳滨对虾血液代谢物和免疫的影响

为研究长期投喂β-1,3-葡聚糖对低盐度(5)养殖凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)血液代谢物和肌肉免疫相关酶活性的影响,以初始体质量为(0.65±0.01) g的凡纳滨对虾为研究对象,分别投喂添加0、250、500和1 000 mg·kg~(-1)β-1,3-葡聚糖的4种等氮等脂试验饲料,试验期84 d。结果显示,凡纳滨对虾血清乳酸盐和肌肉溶菌酶活性最高值出现在摄食后的第14天,总蛋白、甘油三酯、胆固醇、葡萄糖含量最高值出现在第42天,超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶、抗超氧阴离子水平的最高值出现在第56天。与对照组相比,饲料中添加250 mg·kg~(-1)β-1,3-葡聚糖显著提高了凡纳滨对虾血清甘油三酯、胆固醇、葡萄糖、乳酸盐含量和超氧化物歧化酶活性(P0.05);500 mg·kg~(-1)β-1,3-葡聚糖显著提高了其血清总蛋白、抗超氧阴离子水平(P0.05),250或500 mg·kg~(-1)β-1,3-葡聚糖可显著增强过氧化氢酶、溶菌酶活性(P0.05)。饲料中添加250或500 mg·kg~(-1)β-1,3-葡聚糖14、42或56 d,可显著提高低盐度养殖凡纳滨对虾营养物质代谢和非特异性免疫功能。     

Predicting dietary essential amino acid requirements for hybrid striped bass

Three experiments were conducted that were designed to evaluate our ability to predict essential amino acid (EAA) needs of hybrid striped bass using the quantified lysine requirement and whole‐body amino acid concentrations. In the first experiment, six diets containing various amino acid profiles were fed to triplicate groups of fish initially weighing 7.7 g per fish. At the end of the 8‐week experiment, no significant differences were detected in growth rates or feed efficiencies (FE) between fish fed a practical diet containing 510 g kg^?1 herring fish meal (FM) and fish fed a purified diet containing the amino acid profile of herring fish meal (CAA‐FM). Growth responses of fish fed purified diets containing 100 (HSB), 110 (HSB110), 120 (HSB120) or 140 g 100 g^?1 (HSB140) of the amino acid profile of hybrid striped bass whole‐bodies were significantly lower than those of fish fed diet FM. In the second experiment, triplicate groups of fish (5.6 g per fish) were fed diets containing various energy : protein (E : P) ratios (34.8, 41.2, 47.5 and 53.9 kJ g^?1 protein) and one of two amino acid profiles (CAA‐FM and HSB120) in a 4 × 2 factorial design. Carbohydrate concentration was varied to achieve the desired energy concentrations. At the end of the 8‐week experiment, weight gain and FE were significantly higher in fish fed diets formulated to simulate the amino acid profile of herring fish meal (CAA‐FM) compared with fish fed diets formulated to contain 120 g 100 g^?1 of the amino acid profile of hybrid striped bass whole‐bodies (HSB120). Weight gain, FE and survival data indicated the optimum dietary E : P was 41.2 kJ g^?1 protein. Dietary treatments in the final experiment included three amino acid profiles and four levels of lipid in a 3 × 4 incomplete factorial design. Dietary amino acid treatments included the amino acid profile of herring fish meal (CAA‐FM) or 120 g 100 g^?1 of the predicted EAA requirement profile for hybrid striped bass (HSB120). The amino acid profile of the remaining dietary treatment (PRED+) was similar to that of the HSB120 treatment, but contained additional threonine, isoleucine and tryptophan. Diets CAA‐FM and HSB120 contained either 90, 130, 170 or 210 g kg^?1 lipid, whereas diet PRED+ contained 130 g kg^?1 lipid. Dietary treatments were fed for 10 weeks to triplicate groups of fish initially weighing 81.0 g per fish. Weight gain and FE were not significantly affected by dietary amino acid profile. Feed efficiency was significantly reduced in fish fed diets containing 210 g kg^?1 lipid compared with fish fed diets containing 90–170 g kg^?1 lipid. Intraperitoneal fat (IPF) ratio and hepatosomatic index (HSI) values generally increased as dietary lipid concentrations increased. Total liver lipid concentrations were significantly reduced in fish fed diets containing 210 g kg^?1 lipid compared with those of fish fed 90–130 g kg^?1 lipid. Results of this study indicate an appropriate dietary amino acid profile can be predicted for hybrid striped bass using the quantified lysine requirement and whole‐body amino acid concentrations. Further, the optimum E : P appears to be 40 kJ g^?1 protein.     

Effects of partial substitution of dietary fish meal by fermented soybean meal on growth performance,amino acid and biochemical parameters of juvenile black sea bream Acanthopagrus schlegeli

A feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of replacing fish meal protein with fermented soybean meal (FSM) on the growth performance, feed utilization, amino acid profile, body composition, morphological parameters, activity of antioxidant and digestive enzymes of black sea bream (Acanthopagrus schlegeli) juvenile. Five isonitrogenic and isolipidic diets were prepared with levels of 0 (control), 80, 160, 240 and 320 g kg^?1 FSM. Triplicate groups (40 fish per tank) of juvenile black sea bream with initial weight of 1.17 ± 0.04 g were hand‐fed to visual satiation at three meals per day for 8 weeks. The fish fed diets containing different levels of FSM had no significant differences regarding survival and specific growth rate compared with control group. Feed and protein efficiency ratios of fish fed diet containing 320 g kg^?1 FSM were significantly lower than those of control group. Daily feed intake and daily protein intake of fish fed diet containing 240–320 g kg^?1 were significantly higher than those of control group. Hepatosomatic index and condition factor of fish were not affected by different dietary FSM level. Fish fed diets containing 240–320 g kg^?1 FSM had significantly higher visceral somatic index than control group. Whole body proximate and amino acid compositions of fish were not affected by dietary FSM level. The activity of digestive enzymes in the intestine was not affected by dietary FSM level. The activity of glutathione peroxidase in liver was significantly higher for fish fed the diet containing 160 g kg^?1 FSM compared with control group. This study showed that up to 40% fish meal in the diets of juvenile black sea bream could be replaced by fermented soybean meal with supplementation of methionine, lysine and taurine.     

Comparative nutritional evaluation of differentially processed mucuna seeds [Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. var. utilis (Wall ex Wight) Baker ex Burck] on growth performance, feed utilization and body composition in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.)

A fish feeding trial was conducted in a warm‐water recirculating system for 8 weeks to assess the nutritive value of processed mucuna seeds as a dietary protein replacement for fish meal in practical diets of tilapia. Diets 2–6 contained mucuna seeds processed as follows: raw, soaked in water, soaked in sodium bicarbonate solution (0.07%), soaked in ascorbic acid solution (0.1%) or soaked in water containing 3% of freeze‐dried moringa leaf powder, followed by autoclaving. The mucuna seed meals were then used to replace 25% of the total dietary protein in each diet. The performance of fish fed these diets was compared with fish fed a fish meal‐based control diet (diet 1), which contained 35% protein. All diets were prepared to be isonitrogenous and isoenergetic. Each treatment had three replicates, using seven fish per aquarium, with a mean initial body weight of 3.9 ± 0.06 g. Fish were fed five times about their maintenance level (3.0 g feed × body weight (kg)^?0.8 day^?1), and no mortality was observed during the experiment. The growth rate, feed conversion ratio and protein productive value of fish fed diets 1, 3, 4, 5 and 6 were similar. However, with regard to energy retention and apparent net lipid utilization, the values observed in fish fed diet 1 were similar to those of fish fed diets 5 and 6, and diet 6, and significantly higher than other dietary groups. Fish fed diet 2 showed a significantly (P < 0.05) reduced growth performance, higher carcass moisture and ash contents, and lower levels of lipid and energy compared with all other dietary groups. Fish fed diet 2 had a significantly lower plasma cholesterol level compared with other diets. However, no significant variation of muscle cholesterol was found between the dietary groups. Even though the hepato‐somatic index of the fish fed diets 3, 4, 5 and 6 was significantly lower than diet 1, these values appeared to be significantly higher compared with fish fed diet 2. The present study indicates that the inclusion of mucuna seed meal (replacement of 25% of total dietary protein of feed) after soaking in any one of the tested solutions followed by autoclaving significantly improved the growth performance and feed utilization of tilapia compared with that of the raw seeds. Moreover, these values were similar to the performance obtained with the fish meal‐based control diet 1. This might be due to the relative reduction of anti‐nutrients, particularly the non‐protein amino acid 3, 4‐dihydroxyphenylalanine, and increased palatability and nutrient availability of processed beans.     

Evaluation of two soybean meals fed to yellow perch (Perca flavescens)

Aquaculture of yellow perch (Perca flavescens) has been increasing, yet there have been few nutritional studies and no evaluations of alternative protein sources in diets. Solvent‐extracted, dehulled soybean meal (SBM) and expelled‐extruded soybean meal (exSBM) were fed to yellow perch to evaluate their effectiveness in replacing dietary fish meal (FM) in isonitrogenous practical feed formulations. Both soy ingredients were incorporated in graded amounts from 100 to 730 g kg⁻¹ of the diet. Feed consumption, weight gain, feed efficiency (FE) and survival were significantly affected by type of soy ingredient, concentration and the interaction of the two main effects. Consumption was significantly lower in fish fed diets containing 400, 600 and 730 g kg⁻¹ compared to fish fed diets containing lower concentrations. Weight gain was significantly lower in fish fed diets containing 600 g kg⁻¹ and FE significantly lower in fish fed diets containing 500 g kg⁻¹ compared to fish fed the control diet or lower concentrations of soy ingredients. Most fatty acid concentrations were affected by feeding exSBM compared to fish fed the control diet, but long chain fatty acids remained at relatively high concentrations. Based on feed consumption, weight gain and FE data, yellow perch are able to effectively utilize both soy ingredients in practical diets. A conservative recommendation of 300 g kg⁻¹ diet appears appropriate for growout diets.     

豆粕替代鱼粉对牛蛙生长、体组成、消化酶活力及肝脏生化指标的影响

为减少牛蛙饲料鱼粉使用量以降低养殖成本,研究了豆粕替代饲料中不同比例的鱼粉对牛蛙的生长性能、体组成、肠道消化酶活力和肝脏生化指标的影响。用豆粕分别替代0%、20%、40%、60%、80%和100%的鱼粉配制出6种等氮等能的实验饲料,每组饲料设3重复,养殖牛蛙60 d。结果显示,豆粕替代鱼粉对牛蛙摄食率、成活率、肝体指数、脏体指数、蛙体水分和灰分含量、蛙腿肌肉组成以及肝脏丙二醛含量的影响不显著;豆粕100%替代鱼粉显著降低牛蛙增重率、特定生长率、饲料系数、蛋白质效率、蛋白质累积率;随豆粕替代鱼粉比例的提高,牛蛙的肥满度和后腿指数呈下降趋势,替代100%鱼粉显著降低牛蛙肥满度,替代60%鱼粉显著降低牛蛙后腿指数;替代80%鱼粉显著降低牛蛙全体粗蛋白的含量;牛蛙全体粗脂肪含量随替代鱼粉比例的提高呈上升的趋势,替代100%鱼粉组粗脂肪含量最高;随着替代比例的提高,牛蛙肠道蛋白酶的活力显著降低,而肠道淀粉酶和脂肪酶活力显著提高。豆粕替代鱼粉显著影响肝脏超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶活力,其中超氧化物歧化酶活力最低值出现在替代80%鱼粉组,过氧化氢酶活力最低值出现在替代100%鱼粉组。基于以上实验结果,建议牛蛙饲料中豆粕可替代鱼粉的比例为60%~80%。     

Utilisation of diets supplemented with microbial phytase by seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) juveniles

A trial was carried out to compare the growth performance, body composition and apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) of diets by seabass, with an initial weight of 13.5 g, fed diets including fish meal (68.6 % of the dietary protein) or soybean meal (65.6 % of the dietary protein) as the main protein sources. Microbial phytase was added to the soybean meal based diet (1 000 and 2 000 IU·kg⁻¹) and to the fish meal based diet (2 000 IU·kg⁻¹) in order to study its effect on phosphorus utilisation. Results of this trial showed that growth rate, feed conversion and nitrogen retention were significantly better in fish fed the fish meal based diet. Energy retention was similar in both groups. ADC of protein were similar among groups. ADC of phosphorus was significantly higher in the fish meal based diet (63 %) than in the soybean meal based diet (25 %). Supplementation of the fish meal based diet with microbial phytase did not improve the ADC of phosphorus, while in the soybean meal based diet the inclusion of 1 000 and 2 000 IU·kg⁻¹ of microbial phytase significantly increased the ADC of phosphorus to 71.5 % and 79.8 %, respectively. It is concluded that for practical purposes supplementation of diets with microbial phytase may prove valuable in diets including high levels of plant feedstuffs.     

Size-fractionated fish hydrolysate as feed ingredient for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed high plant protein diets. I: Growth, growth regulation and feed utilization

Six experimental diets were fed to rainbow trout to examine the effect of fish hydrolysate and ultra filtered fish hydrolysate on growth performance, feed utilization and growth regulation using diets low in dietary fish meal inclusion. One diet contained a high level of plant protein sources (90.6% of total dietary protein) and a low level of fish meal (9.4% of dietary protein). Two diets contained different levels of hydrolysate in exchange for the plant protein sources, reducing the plant protein level to 73.9% and 57.2%, respectively. Two further diets were identical in composition except that the hydrolysate was ultra filtered to remove low molecular weight compounds. A moderate level of fish meal was used in the sixth diet which had a dietary plant protein level of 57.0%. All diets were made equal in protein, lipid, energy and lysine. The feeding trial lasted for 90 days and for the fastest growing group, fed moderate level of fish meal, the fish increased in weight from 149 g at start to a final weight of 443 g. All groups showed significant differences in growth and feed utilizations. Specific growth rates were; 0.30% day^− 1 for the plant protein diet, 0.98% day^− 1 for the high hydrolysate diet, 0.72% day^− 1 for the group containing the high level of ultra filtered hydrolysate, and 1.21% day^− 1 for the moderate fish meal diet. Feed efficiencies (g fish weight gain per g feed intake) were found to be 0.57 for plant protein diet, 0.97 for high level of hydrolysate, 0.83 for ultra filtered hydrolysate and 1.03 for the moderate fish meal diet. Half dietary inclusions of hydrolysate and ultra filtered hydrolysate revealed values between the plant protein diets and high levels of these ingredients, respectively. Feed consumption in percentage of average fish weight per day, correlated with the feed efficiency for all groups. PER, PPV and BV correlated with the differences in growth. Protein digestibilities were equal for all groups, while the moderate fish meal diet showed higher lipid and energy digestibilities than the plant protein diets. Although some of the differences may be due to growth inhibitors in plant resources other explanations may be relevant. Plasma growth hormone (GH) levels were significantly higher in fish fed the plant protein diet than fish fed the fish meal or high hydrolysate diet, which is most likely a result of their poor feeding status. Plasma IGF-I levels were not affected by diet. Comparisons of groups with similar inclusion of plant ingredients, and thus equal level of growth inhibitors, show that in removing small molecular weight compounds from fish hydrolysate, the growth and feed efficiency were significantly reduced. Some of these small compounds in fish hydrolysate thus seem to be essential for biological performance. Further, as fish meal revealed the best performance, fish muscle protein is not the only nutrient that makes fish meal an essential ingredient in aqua feed for carnivorous fish. This information is important in the work to find replacement of fish meal in a sustainable growing global aquaculture industry.     

Supplemental iron and phosphorus increase dietary inclusion of cottonseed and soybean meal in olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)

A long‐term feeding experiment was conducted to investigate the use of cottonseed and soybean meal (CS) with iron and phosphorus supplements in diets for olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Olive flounder with an initial average size of 28.5 ± 0.35 g (mean ± SD) were divided into 15 groups (three tanks per dietary treatment) and fed 480 g kg^?1 crude protein diets in which each of five isonitrogenous diets was formulated to contain different levels of cottonseed/soybean meal (1 : 1) to replace fish meal (FM) with iron and phosphorus supplementations. The five experimental diets were as follows: diet 1 (control), 0%CS; diet 2, 20%CS; diet 3, 30%CS; diet 4, 30%CS + Fe&P; and diet 5, 40%CS + Fe&P. After 26 weeks of feeding trial, no significant differences were observed in weight gain, feed utilization and survival among all the treatments. The total gossypol accumulation in liver of fish fed diets supplemented with iron was significantly lower than that of fish fed diets without supplementation of iron. The results indicate that the addition of iron in diets could prevent the absorption of free gossypol. The findings in this study suggest that dietary supplements of iron and phosphorus could increase the inclusion of cottonseed and soybean meal for FM replacement in diets for marine fish species.     

Evaluation of soybean meal in the formulated diets for juvenile Pangasianodon hypophthalmus (Sauvage, 1878)

The influence of soybean meal (SBM) on the growth and feed utilization of juvenile sutchi catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus, Sauvage, 1878) was investigated. Eight isonitrogenous (300 g kg^?1 CP) and isoenergetic (18 MJ kg^?1) diets were formulated incorporating Argentine SBM to replace fish meal at 0, 150, 300, 450, 600, 750, 900 and 1000 g kg^?1 dietary protein. Each diet was fed to three replicate groups of fish with an initial weight 6.0–6.2 g for twelve weeks. Growth performance decreased, and feed utilization was worsened with the increase in SBM inclusion in the diets. Final weight and relative growth rate (RGR) of fish fed control diet (0 SBM) were significantly higher than those fed test diets (P < 0.05). However, there were no significant differences in the final weight and RGR between the fish fed on 15 SBM, 30 SBM, 45 SBM and 60 SBM diets. Specific growth rate of fish fed 0 SBM, 15 SBM, 30 SBM and 45 SBM diets was significantly higher than those fed other diets. Feed conversion ratio of fish fed 0 SBM, 15 SBM, 30 SBM, 45 SBM and 60 SBM diets was significantly lower than those fed other diets (P < 0.05). The dry matter and protein digestibility were lesser in all the diets in comparison with the control diet. Hepatosomatic index and viscerosomatic index increased with increasing SBM in diet. This present trial indicated that fish meal can be replaced by SBM in the diet of juvenile sutchi catfish only up to 45% of fish meal protein without any adverse effect on growth, feed utilization and body composition.     

Effect of dietary zinc supplementation and phytase pre-treatment of soybean meal or corn gluten meal on growth, zinc status and zinc-related metabolism in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss

Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, were fed diets containing untreated or phytase-treated soybean meal and corn gluten meal with or without 50 mg supplemental zinc kg–1 to determine if dietary phytate caused a zinc (Zn) deficiency. Fish fed diets containing untreated soybean meal and corn gluten meal without supplemental Zn (basal diet) showed no signs of a Zn deficiency after 170 d of weight gain. Weight gain, carcass protein content, total bone Zn, and alkaline phosphatase and carboxypeptidase B activities were not significantly altered in fish fed the basal diet. Dietary phytate removal and supplemental dietary Zn were not required to prevent Zn deficiency in rainbow trout fed a plant-based diet. Although bone Zn concentrations were reduced in fish fed the basal diet, total bone Zn increased in all fish regardless of dietary treatment. Future assessments of Zn status of fish should be based on changes in Zn-dependent metabolism or total bone Zn rather than on bone Zn concentration.