选择浮游动物和浮游植物喂养鳙仔鱼和鱼苗的可行性

根据投喂不同活性生物饵料来决定孵化后3、6、9、12和15天的鳙鱼苗的成活率。卵黄消失3—6天后,给其投喂臂尾轮虫、小旅藻和颤藻可获得较高的成活率。当单独把裸腹溞个体较大的细胞投喂鳙仔鱼时,到16天其死亡率达20%。而给鱼苗投喂臂尾轮虫和裸腹溞时,15天后其成活率分别是52%和53%。投喂颤藻的鱼苗的成活率在上述两者之间。摄食裸腹溞的鳙仔鱼和鱼苗,15天后的体重最高,其次是投喂颤藻属的仔鱼和鱼苗,而摄食臂尾轮虫和小球藻的仔鱼和鱼苗的体重增长最慢。     

丁Gui胚胎发育和卵黄囊仔鱼摄食研究

对丁Gui的胚胎发育进行了连续观察，并对其卵黄囊仔鱼在开口摄食之前的发育、生长以及不可逆点作了实验研究。结果表明：（1）丁Gui受精卵在水温21.5℃时，胚胎发育时间约为52h；（2）仔鱼在孵出后第7天开始摄食，初次摄食率第9天达100%，第12天降到50%，进入不可逆点；（3）仔鱼对卵黄囊的日净消耗量的最大值出现在出膜后第1天，体长最大增长率出现的在出膜后的第2天；（4）仔全出膜后第8天，卵黄囊全部吸收，同时，饥饿期仔鱼开始出现负生长。     

鳜和金色鳜仔鱼早期发育与不可逆生长点确定

研究了饥饿对鳜和金色鳜仔鱼生长、形态和行为的影响,确定其初次摄食期和不可逆生长点(PNR)。对刚出膜仔鱼分别进行饥饿试验和正常投喂试验,观察卵黄囊吸收、仔鱼生长以及初次摄食率变化,确定其不可逆生长点。在水温为18~22℃的条件下,鳜和金色鳜仔鱼均于4日龄(出膜后第5天)开始向外界摄食,6日龄卵黄囊吸收殆尽,鳜于6日龄摄食率达到最高峰66%,金色鳜于7日龄摄食率达到最高峰85%,鳜于8日龄抵达PNR期,金色鳜于9日龄抵达PNR期;在饥饿状态下,6日龄鳜和金色鳜仔鱼全长达到最大值5.10 mm,此后略有下降;进入PNR期后仔鱼活动能力显著降低,身体出现扭曲、畸形。     

圆斑星鲽仔鱼变态前消化系统发生的形态学和组织学研究

对初始孵化到孵化后26d（变态前）的圆斑星鲽（Verasper vazriegatus Temminck et Schlegel）仔鱼的消化系统发生进行形态学和组织学研究。研究表明，在水温为12．5～15．5℃时，初始孵化仔鱼消化道细而直，两端封闭，位于卵黄囊背方。随着仔鱼发育，消化道延长，肝胰脏出现。孵化后6d，仔鱼开口，消化道贯通，开始摄食。孵化后10d，消化道明显分为口咽腔、食道、胃、小肠、直肠，黏膜上皮褶皱增多。孵化后14d，卵黄囊消失，仔鱼完全依靠外源性营养。孵化后26d，胃壁较厚处出现胃腺，但不发达，幽门盲囊尚未出现。由结果可见，孵化后6d仔鱼开口，可开始投喂轮虫；孵化后26d，消化系统的结构和功能逐渐完善，消化吸收能力增强，但由于胃的结构和功能尚不完善，此阶段还应以活体饵料为主，一方面可逐渐加大轮虫的投喂量，另一方面可适当投喂较大的卤虫无节幼体等。本研究旨为圆斑星鲽人工育苗中饵料种类及投喂时间的选择提供理论依据。     

密斯特黄彩鲶仔、稚、幼鱼的生长与发育研究

在水温22～24℃,pH7.0左右的人工培育条件下,对密斯特黄彩鲶(Mystus sp.)仔、稚、幼鱼的形态特征和生长发育进行了观察与研究。密斯特黄彩鲶的鱼苗发育分为卵黄囊期仔鱼期(初孵至第5天)、晚期仔鱼期(第6～10天)、稚鱼期(第11～20天)和幼鱼期(第20天以后)。初孵仔鱼平均全长5.12 mm,卵黄囊体积1.63 mm3;仔鱼第3天开始摄食,第5天卵黄囊被完全吸收,鱼苗主要外部器官主要集中在晚期仔鱼阶期和稚鱼期内形成。仔鱼在饥饿状态下最高初次摄食率出现在出膜后第6天,为84.0%,其饥饿的不可逆点则为出膜后第8天,第8天以后即进入不可逆PNR期,至第11天绝大部分饥饿仔鱼死亡。     

银鲈胚胎和仔鱼的发育

本文对银鲈胚胎和仔鱼的发育进行了观察，详细描述了发育各期的形态特征和所需时间。受精卵充分吸水后呈圆形，为浮性卵，在23-25℃时，孵化时间约为32小时，仔鱼出膜后第三天卵黄囊消失，第五天开始摄食，到第七天基本发育完善。     

锦鲤的苗种培育和幼鱼挑选

一、鱼苗培育刚孵出的鱼苗吸附在池壁或鱼巢上,不吃不动,依靠吸收腹部的卵黄为营养。经过3～4天,鱼苗开始自由游动并摄食,这时应投喂较小的轮虫、草履虫、变形虫和单细胞藻类等活饵料。若缺乏活饵,可喂煮熟的鸡蛋黄。7～10天后仔鱼长到1厘米以上时,取出鱼巢,改喂小鱼虫、大轮虫等,鱼苗池内应不断保证有鲜活的饵料。鱼苗长至2～3厘米时,每5～7天清污换水1次,加水时应沿容器壁徐徐添加,以免损伤幼苗,饵料可投水蚯蚓、黄粉虫及适口的配合颗粒饲料。二、鱼种培育鱼种培育宜采取单养,水深保持在80厘米即可。每亩放3～4厘米体长的夏花鱼种6000～80…     

褐塘鳢的繁养殖技术（二）

达到３厘米规格的稚鱼要转移到中间育成土池中培育，大约培育２～３个月，便可达到出售种苗的规格７～８厘米。这个阶段的成活率为６０％～７０％，其中有的个体达到１００克规格。鱼苗培育成活率的高低，关键是饲料，其次是精细的管理。仔鱼孵出后约３天，卵黄消化完便开始摄食。这时稚鱼的开口口径只有１００～２００微米。其开口的饵料是：将生的鸡蛋充分搅拌，然后将约１５０毫升的热水冲注入内，用１００目的生物网过滤，然后进行投喂。第一天要投喂四次，从第二天开始，蛋和浮游生物一天交替地投喂三次。第１５天止，要投喂６０～９０…     

饥饿对圆口铜鱼Coreius guichenoti仔鱼早期发育的影响

在水温(22.0±1.0)℃条件下,研究饥饿状态下圆口铜鱼Coreius guichenoti仔鱼生长、初次摄食率、不可逆点(PNR)以及摄食节律。结果表明:圆口铜鱼初孵仔鱼全长(7.50±0.01)mm,卵黄囊体积(3.36±0.11)mm~3,摄食组仔鱼全长生长呈线性增加,饥饿组仔鱼生长呈先增长后下降趋势。早期仔鱼(5日龄)和晚期仔鱼(15日龄)的摄食节律相似,高峰在凌晨6:00和黄昏18:00,属于典型的晨昏摄食类型。1~3日龄仔鱼为内源性营养期;4日龄仔鱼开口摄食,进入混合营养期,初次摄食率约为25.1%;5日龄卵黄囊耗尽,进入外源营养期;7日龄仔鱼摄食率达到最高水平为100%,最高摄食率维持6d,PNR期为13~14日龄。在本实验水温下,圆口铜鱼仔鱼最佳投喂时间为4~6日龄。     

白斑狗鱼仔、稚鱼的摄食与生长

对白斑狗鱼(Esox luciusL innaeus)的仔、稚鱼的摄食与生长及不可逆点作了实验研究。结果证明:初孵仔鱼全长7.74±0.56 mm,卵黄囊容量3.81±1.07 mm3。孵化8 d仔鱼开始摄食,以桡足类的剑水蚤为主。11 d仔鱼卵黄囊消失,在仔鱼卵黄囊逐渐被吸收的11 d内,前7 d营内源性营养,后4 d则营混合性营养。17 d内平均日增长率为7.14%。仔鱼全长(L)与日龄(t)的关系为:L=1.0547t 5.8927。孵化后的第8、9、10、11、12、13天的初次摄食率分别为91.30%、100%、100%、100%、69.57%和35.48%;不可逆点(PNR)发生在孵化后的第13天。     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.     

美人鱼发光杆菌对凡纳滨对虾非特异性 免疫功能及抗病力的影响

在基础饲料中分别添加0.1%和1%美人鱼发光杆菌灭活菌、0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌配制成3种免疫实验饲料,以基础饲料为空白对照组饲料,每组设3个平行样。对个体质量为(4.83±0.36)g的凡纳滨对虾进行为期20 d的饲养实验,分别在0、5、10、15和20d进行取样,以血清中的酚氧化酶(PO)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和溶菌酶(UL)活性为免疫指标,探讨了美人鱼发光杆菌作为免疫制剂对凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫效应的影响;在投喂免疫饲料后的第22天,按0.004 2 kg/kg体重的剂量,直接投喂对虾白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)病料,并记录累积死亡率。结果表明,美人鱼发光杆菌免疫实验组对凡纳滨对虾血清中PO、ACP、AKP、UL和SOD活性影响明显高于对照组,并且在饲料中添加美人鱼发光杆菌后,明显提高了对虾抵御WSSV感染的能力。其中0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌实验组的抗病毒感染能力最强,WSSV感染14d内累计死亡率为63.3%±5.8%;而对照组为96.7%±3.3%。研究表明,美人鱼发光杆菌添加在对虾饲料中能提高凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫水平,增强抵抗疾病的能力,将其作为对虾免疫增强剂具有良好的应用前景。     

Effects of Spirulina platensis as a feed additive on growth and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii Boulunger, 1902)

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of replacing fish meal with dietary Spirulina as a feed supplement on the growth performance and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii). Five isonitrogenous (47% crude protein) and isocaloric (17.36 kJ/g digestible energy) diets were for formulated to replace FM with 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% Spirulina (designated as Control, SP5, SP10, SP15 and SP20 respectively) and fed to the fish (initial body weight, 3.15 ± 0.01 g). Fish were randomly distributed into fifteen 120 L aquariums (26.5 ± 1.00°C), 15 fish per aquarium. The diets were tested in triplicate for 12 weeks. Experimental groups were fed twice daily (09:00 and 17:00) by hand to satiation. At the end of the feeding trial, significantly (p < 0.05) higher weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and lower feed conversion ratio (FCR) were observed in fish fed the SP10 diet when compared to the SP20 diet. There was no significant difference in these parameters between the other groups. The skin coloration of blue dolphin cichlid fed a diet containing Spirulina meal was enhanced. The best coloration was observed in the SP15 group. These impressions were objectively validated by chemical determinations of carotenoids extracted from fish skins and passed statistical tests of significance. The study findings show that Spirulina meal does not diminish growth rates except at very high levels.     

A Minchinia mercenariae‐like parasite infects cockles Cerastoderma edule in Galicia (NW Spain)

The cockle Cerastoderma edule fishery has traditionally been the most important shellfish species in terms of biomass in Galicia (NW Spain). In the course of a survey of the histopathological conditions affecting this species in the Ria of Arousa, a haplosporidan parasite that had not been observed in Galicia was detected in one of the most productive cockle beds of Galicia. Uni‐ and binucleate cells and multinucleate plasmodia were observed in the connective tissue mainly in the digestive area, gills and gonad. The parasite showed low prevalence, and it was not associated with abnormal cockle mortality. Molecular identification showed that this parasite was closely related to the haplosporidan Minchinia mercenariae that had been reported infecting hard clams Mercenaria mercenaria from the Atlantic coast of the United States. The molecular characterization of its SSU rDNA region allowed obtaining a fragment of 1,796 bp showing 98% homology with M. mercenariae parasite. Phylogenetic analysis supported this identification as this parasite was clustered in the same clade as M. mercenariae from the United States and other M. mercenariae‐like sequences from the UK, with bootstrap value of 99%. The occurrence of M. mercenariae‐like parasites infecting molluscs outside the United States is confirmed.     

Dietary thiamin and pyridoxine requirements of fingerling Indian major carp,Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton)

Two experiments were conducted to quantify the dietary thiamin (experiment I) and pyridoxine (experiment II) requirements of fingerling Cirrhinus mrigala for 16 weeks. In experiment I, dietary thiamin requirement was determined by feeding seven casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) with graded levels of thiamin (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 mg kg^?1 diet) to triplicate groups of fish (6.15 ± 0.37 cm; 1.89 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet with 2 mg kg^?1 thiamin had highest specific growth rate (SGR), protein retention (PR), RNA/DNA ratio, haemoglobin (Hb), haematocrit (Hct), RBCs and best feed conversion ratio (FCR). However, highest liver thiamin concentration was recorded in fish fed 4 mg thiamin kg^?1 diet. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver thiamin concentrations exhibited the thiamin requirement in the range of 1.79–3.34 mg kg^?1 diet (0.096–0.179 μg thiamin kJ^?1 gross energy). In experiment II, six casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) containing graded levels of pyridoxine (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 mg kg^?1 diet) were fed to triplicate groups of fish (6.35 ± 0.37 cm; 1.97 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet containing 6 mg kg^?1 pyridoxine showed best SGR, FCR, PR, RNA/DNA ratio, Hb, Hct and RBCs, whereas maximum liver pyridoxine concentration was recorded in fish fed 8 mg kg^?1 dietary pyridoxine. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver pyridoxine concentrations reflected the pyridoxine requirement from 5.63 to 8.61 mg kg^?1 diet. Data generated during this study would be useful in formulating thiamin‐ and pyridoxine‐balanced feeds for the intensive culture of this fish.     

Sea bream culture in Egypt; status, constraints and potential

Marine fish farming in Egypt began in 1976 with the culture of gilthead sea bream, (Sparus aurata) as this fish was notably adaptable to brackish and marine pond conditions. Today, marine fish and shrimp farms amount to about 19,000 ha, out of which 42% is already in production while the rest, i.e., 58% is still under construction. In 1997, cultured gilthead sea bream production of 2,250 tons made up 3% of the 75,000 tons total aquaculture catch. In polyculture, usually with the grey mullet and sea bass, gilthead sea bream contributed 440 kg ha^–1 to the total yield of 1,700 kg ha^–1 (26%) over a period of 16 months. For the same period, the yield of monoculture ponds averaged 100 kg ha^–1, while in marine cages, yields ranged from 4–10 kg m³. In 1996–1997, fry of 0.25–1 g and fingerlings 1–10 g with a total of 3 million, were collected from the wild and 1 million fry were produced in the three marine hatcheries out of the four existing ones. The development of sea bream culture in Egypt is now severely inhibited by the shortage of seeds and adequate feeds. Exports of both sea bream and sea bass, during 1994–1996 averaged 1,300 tons per year.     

Fertilization by refrigerator stored sperm of the Indian major carp, Labeo calbasu (Hamilton, 1822)

This study reports on the spermatological properties, and on the development of a protocol for refrigerator storage (4°C) of Labeo calbasu (Hamilton, 1822) sperm for artificial breeding. Volume, motility, concentration and pH of the freshly collected sperm were 2.21 ± 0.53 (μL g^?1 of fish weight) (mean ± SD), 95 ± 1 (%), 1.93 ± 0.44 × 10⁹ (cells mL^?1) and 7.56 ± 0.17 respectively. Sperm activation was evaluated at different osmolalities of NaCl solution, and motility ceased completely when osmolality of the extender was ≥287 mOsmol kg^?1. Sperm retained motility for 24, 72 and 108 h, after refrigerator storage when sperm were undiluted, suspended in Alsever's solution and suspended in Alsever's solution containing 5% methanol respectively. Fertilization rate of fresh eggs with sperm stored at 4°C in Alsever's solution and Alsever's solution containing 5% methanol was 77% and 60% with a hatching rate of 60% and 43% respectively. The fertilization and hatching success of the stored sperm suggests potential to use refrigeration for transporting genetic material to hatcheries for artificial breeding of L. calbasu in Bangladesh.     

A novel approach to denitrification processes in a zero-discharge recirculating system for small-scale urban aquaculture

This paper presents an innovative process to solve the nitrate build-up problem in recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS). The novel aspects of the process lie in a denitrification bioreactor system that uses solid cotton wool as the primary carbon source and a unique degassing chamber. In the latter, the water is physically stripped of dissolved gaseous O₂ (by means of a Venturi vacuum tube), and the subsequent denitrification becomes more efficient due to elimination of the problems of oxygen inhibition of denitrification and aerobic consumption of cotton wool. The cotton wool medium also serves as a physical barrier that traps organic particles, which, in turn, act as an additional carbon source for denitrification. Operation in the proposed system gives an extremely low C/N ratio of 0.82 g of cotton wool/g of nitrate N, which contributes to a significant reduction of biofilter volume. The additional advantage of using solid cotton wool as the carbon source is that it does not release organic residuals into the liquid to be recycled. Operation of the system over a long period consistently produced effluents with low nitrate levels (below 10 mg N/l), and there was only a very small need to replace system water. The overall treatment scheme, also incorporating an aerobic nitrification biofilter and a granular filtration device, produced water of excellent quality, i.e., with near-zero levels of nitrite and ammonia, a sufficiently high pH for aquaculture, and low turbidity. The proposed system thus provides a solution for sustainable small-scale, urban aquaculture operation with a very high recovery of water (over 99%) and minimal waste disposal.     

Effects of metomidate anaesthesia or transfer to pur sea water on plasma parameters in ammonia-exposed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L) in sea water

Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L) postsmolts weighing 150 ± 53 g were exposed to 14–15 mg l^–1 TA-N (total ammonia-N) in sea water in 1 m³ tanks for 24h. Blood samples were then taken A) immediately after the fish were netted from the exposure tanks and stunned by a blow to the head; B) 2–20 min after the fish were transferred to 15 l of an anaesthetic solution of metomidate in ammonia-free sea water; or C) 2–20 min after the fish were transferred to 15 l of ammonia-free sea water. Plasma TA-N level was 18% lower in the anaesthetised fish compared to in the fish sampled directly from the exposure tanks (p 0.05), and accordingly 16% lower in the fish transferred to pure sea water although this difference was not significant (p = 0.07). Plasma glucose level was higher in the fish transferred to pure sea water than in the fish receiving the two other treatments (p 0.05), but plasma urea, osmolality, Na^{+, Cl–, Ca2+ or Mg2+} levels did not vary significantly between the different treatments. Plasma TA-N level increased with time in the fish in the metomidate solution (p 0.02).