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1.
贝藻混养互利机制的初步研究   总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5  
20 0 1年 3月 ,在中国水产科学研究院黄海水产研究所小麦岛实验基地 ,用实验生态学方法 ,进行了栉孔扇贝 (Chlamys farreri)和海带 (L aminaria japonica) 3种配比模式 (栉孔扇贝密度分别为10、2 0、10粒 / m2 ,海带密度分别为 1.0、1.0、2 .0棵 / m2 )混养实验 ,定期观测环境和营养盐的变化 ,浮游植物消长情况以及栉孔扇贝、海带的存活和生长状况等。实验表明 ,模式 较模式 、 中 TIN、Si O4- Si、PO4- P的浓度低 ,其 TIN中 NH4- N含量较其余两种模式低 ;同时 ,模式 中浮游植物数量减少 13.872× 10 3 cell/ L,叶绿素含量减少 1.96 mg/ m3 (模式 浮游植物减少 6 .0 4 5× 10 3 cell/ L、叶绿素减少 1.79mg/ m3 ;模式 浮游植物减少 12 .995× 10 3 cell/ L、叶绿素减少 1.78mg/ m3 ) ,下降幅度最大。而模式 的 DO含量相对较高 ,其栉孔扇贝生长显著 ,壳高较实验初始时的壳高存在显著差异。故在本实验条件下模式 的混养配比较合理 ,其生态互利作用较好  相似文献   

2.
研究了不同质量浓度锰离子、铜离子、锌离子和铁离子对抑食金球藻细胞密度、相对生长率和叶绿素含量的影响,试验结果表明,当锰离子、铜离子和铁离子质量浓度分别为0~25μg/L、0~5μg/L和0~12 500μg/L时,抑食金球藻的细胞密度、相对生长率和叶绿素含量均随质量浓度的升高而增加,随着3种重金属离子质量浓度的继续升高,抑食金球藻生长受到不同程度的抑制。不同质量浓度锌离子对抑食金球藻生长均产生抑制作用。选取锰离子、铜离子和铁离子进行正交试验,分析其综合效应。试验结果显示,3种重金属离子对抑食金球藻细胞密度影响程度为铁铜锰。对抑食金球藻细胞密度影响最大的组合为62 500μg/L铁离子、1μg/L铜离子和5μg/L锰离子,但铜离子和锰离子所对应的细胞密度的■值间差异不显著(P0.05)。分析抑食金球藻细胞密度、相对生长率和叶绿素含量与3种重金属离子吸收量的相关性得出,铁离子与上述参数均呈极显著正相关(P0.01),相关系数分别为0.745、0.577和0.870;铜离子和锰离子吸收量与上述3个参数相关性均不显著(P0.05)。因此,铁离子是影响抑食金球藻生长最大的因素。  相似文献   

3.
为研究不同磷(P)质量浓度营养盐对斜生栅藻(Scenedesmus obliqnus)生长和碳(C)、氮(N)及磷(P)组成的影响,试验通过配制0.005 4、0.054、0.54、2.7、5.4和8.1 mg/L共6个不同初始磷质量浓度梯度的培养液组,同时设置无磷BG11培养液为空白对照组。结果显示:斜生栅藻的单位体积干重及生长率随着磷质量浓度的增加而增加;斜生栅藻的最佳生长磷质量浓度范围为5.4~8.1 mg/L;磷质量浓度为0.005 4、0.054 mg/L时是斜生栅藻的生长限制因子,在磷限制的情况下,斜生栅藻单个细胞个体显著增大;斜生栅藻的C、N、P含量则随着磷质量浓度的升高而升高;在不同磷质量浓度下,斜生栅藻的C∶N比差异不大(11∶1~14∶1);C∶P比及N∶P比随着磷质量浓度的增高而急剧减少。研究表明:不同磷质量浓度对斜生栅藻的生长、藻体的化学组成有显著的影响。  相似文献   

4.
氮负荷较高的富营养湖泊中,着生藻大量增加,而牧食者数量却逐渐减少,进而导致沉水植物衰退或消亡;为了探究氮浓度过高对螺类生长的影响,本文基于受控实验,探讨了不同水体氮浓度(1 mg/L,4 mg/L,7 mg/L)培养下的着生藻碳氮计量特征对铜锈环棱螺(Bellamya aeruginosa)生长的影响效应。结果表明,4 mg/L处理组的着生藻和螺体内的碳和氮含量均高于1 mg/L和7 mg/L处理组,而碳氮比则低于这2个处理组;1 mg/L处理组的着生藻和螺体内的碳和氮含量最低,其碳氮比最高。着生藻氮含量与螺体内氮含量呈显著正相关关系(r=0.877,P0.001)。水体氮浓度为1 mg/L处理组的螺生长率和体长均高于4 mg/L和7 mg/L处理组,4 mg/L处理组的螺生长率和体长最低。研究结果显示,着生藻氮元素含量在一定范围内会随着水体氮浓度的增加而升高,着生藻氮含量与螺体内的氮含量变化一致,作为螺食物的着生藻氮含量增加时,螺体内氮含量也相应随之增加。环棱螺食物质量的下降与着生藻中化学元素含量的改变有关,这可能是螺生长受到抑制的重要原因。  相似文献   

5.
通过对纤细角毛藻的单种培养,研究了N、P、N/P和Si对其种群增长的影响.试验结果表明,纤细角毛藻的最适生长条件为:N、P质量浓度分别为5 mg/L和1 mg/L、N/P为8∶1、Si为4 mg/L.其中N/P是影响纤细角毛藻细胞生长的关键因素,纤细角毛藻细胞生长的速率主要取决于P所占比例的高低;Si浓度的变化对纤细角毛藻细胞增长的影响不明显(P>0.05),表明Si不是纤细角毛藻细胞生长的限制因子.  相似文献   

6.
为了优化舟形藻最佳生长条件,以水生硅藻培养基为基础培养基,对培养基中N、P、Si、C、Mg 5种营养盐进行了优化,采用单因子试验和L16(45)正交设计法进行优化.试验结果表明,舟形藻的最适氮源为尿素,5种营养盐的最佳质量浓度为:尿素50 mg/L,K2HPO4·3H2O 40 mg/L,Na2SiO3· 9H2O 200 mg/L,NaHCO3 10 mg/L,MgSO4·7H2O 70 mg/L,因此在后续试验中均以此培养基配方进行藻体培养.  相似文献   

7.
采用实验生态学方法研究了不同质量浓度Hg~(2+)和Pb~(2+)胁迫对脆江蓠(Gracilaria chouae)生长及光合生理的影响。实验设置Hg~(2+)质量浓度为0.01 mg/L、0.025 mg/L、0.05 mg/L、0.1 mg/L、0.25 mg/L和0.5 mg/L,Pb~(2+)质量浓度为0.05 mg/L、0.1 mg/L、0.5 mg/L、1 mg/L、2 mg/L和4 mg/L,以未添加重金属的实验组为对照,持续培养7 d,分别测定不同处理藻体的生长速率、光合放氧速率、光合色素含量、叶绿素荧光和光合碳代谢途径中关键酶活等生理生化指标。结果表明,在Hg~(2+)胁迫下,藻体特定生长率(SGR)显著下降(P0.05),质量浓度达到0.5 mg/L时藻体出现负增长;光合放氧速率降低35.48%~77.59%;叶绿素a、类胡萝卜素含量显著下降(P0.05),Hg~(2+)质量浓度高于0.1 mg/L时藻体藻蓝蛋白和藻红蛋白含量显著降低(P0.05);最大光合效率(F_v/F_m)和实际光合效率(Y(Ⅱ))随着Hg~(2+)浓度增加先降低后升高,0.05 mg/L时出现第二个峰值,丙酮酸磷酸双激酶(PPDK)也出现相似趋势。藻体对Pb~(2+)的敏感程度低于Hg~(2+),Pb~(2+)质量浓度为0.5 mg/L时,光合产氧速率显著下降(P0.05),质量浓度到达1 mg/L时,藻体SGR和叶绿素a、类胡萝卜素出现显著下降(P0.05),而叶绿素荧光参数和藻蓝蛋白含量则无显著性差异;Pb~(2+)质量浓度达到4 mg/L时1,5-二磷酸核酮糖羧化酶(RuBiSCO)出现显著下降(P0.05),PPDK酶活性则显著上升(P0.05)。实验结果证实:重金属Hg~(2+)和Pb~(2+)胁迫对脆江蓠的生长和光合作用都有不利影响,藻体对Hg~(2+)胁迫的敏感度要高于Pb~(2+),Hg~(2+)质量浓度为0.01 mg/L时,藻体出现胁迫,并随着浓度的增加而加剧,Pb~(2+)质量浓度超过1 mg/L时,藻体胁迫明显。  相似文献   

8.
光照、温度、碳源及接种密度对微绿球藻生长的影响   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
运用正交设计法开展了碳源和接种密度,光照、温度和接种密度对微绿球藻生长影响的试验。结果表明,在碳源和接种密度的试验中,NaHCO_3浓度、接种密度及其交互作用存在显著性差异,最优水平为NaHCO_32.5g/L、接种密度300×10~4个/mL。在光照、温度和接种密度试验中,各因子以及其一级交互作用均存在着显著性差异,最优水平是培养温度30±1℃、光强7000LX、接种密度100×10~~150×10~4个/mL。  相似文献   

9.
对水产养殖中的主要饵料微绿球藻(Nannochloropsis oculata (Droop) Hibberd)进行了5×3×2析因试验,培养液NO-3-N水平分别设置为0、3、6、12、24 mg/L,光照强度分别为22.9 μmol/(m2·s)、43.2 μmol/(m2·s)、80.4 μmol/(m2·s),更新率分别为10%和25%,研究了光、氮和半连续培养更新率对微绿球藻生长、采收量的影响.协方差分析结果显示,NO-3-N水平、光照强度、更新率及其交互作用对细胞密度、生长率和采收量的影响均存在显著差异(P<0.001),以更新率影响最大,其次是光照强度,影响最弱为NO-3-N水平.更新率25%时,平均细胞密度(753.2×104/mL)显著低于10%更新率下的细胞密度(1 737.5×104/mL),但平均生长率和采收量都显著高于更新率10%时的生长率和采收量,分别为0.349/d和4.69×108/d.在光照强度22.9 μmol/(m2·s)下,细胞密度、生长率和采收量都显著低于其他组,其最大值均在80.4 μmol/(m2·s)光照强度组,该组细胞密度、生长率和采收量分别为1 721.1×104/mL、0.283/d和6.51/×108/d.在不同NO-3-N水平处理下,不添加NO-3-N时的细胞密度、生长率和采收量都最低,3 mg/L时次之,6 mg/L以上组(包括6 mg/L组)最高.研究结果还表明,更新率增加时,不仅光衰减变小,生长率随之变大,而且培养液中NO-3-N浓度也随之增加,从而促进了光、氮间的平衡利用,使采收量相应增加;但更新率增加细胞密度下降.显然,更新率是影响采收量的最主要因素,且存在一个最适更新率使采收量最大,这些结果对微藻半连续培养的合理更新与科学施肥有一定的应用价值.  相似文献   

10.
为探索礁膜(Monostroma nitidium)配子体生长的适宜氮、磷浓度需求,以NaNO_3为氮源、KH_2PO_4为磷源,在不同氮(0、10、20、40、60、80μmol/L)、磷(0.5、1、2μmol/L)浓度梯度下,室内培养礁膜配子体7d,测定各处理组藻体的生长率、光合色素(叶绿素a、b和类胡萝卜素)和可溶性糖。结果表明,藻体生长最适氮、磷浓度比值为20∶1;且氮浓度为20μmol/L、磷浓度为1μmol/L时,礁膜配子体生长率取得最大值(13.80%/d);氮浓度为20μmol/L、磷浓度为2μmol/L时,藻体光合色素含量最高(分别为0.320 7mg/g、0.170 8mg/g和0.103 6mg/g);氮浓度为0μmol/L、磷浓度为2μmol/L时,藻体可溶性糖含量最高(19.03mg/mL)。  相似文献   

11.
The effects of exposing the eggs of Pacific threadfin and amberjack eggs (AEs) to different concentrations of hydrogen peroxide for 5 min on hatch rate and survival were assessed in a series of experiments using a petri dish model rearing system. Despite significant inter‐batch variation in hatch rate, it was shown that eggs of both species could be safely exposed to up to 11 340 mg L−1 H2O2 for 5 min. Exposure to 34 230 mg L−1 H2O2 for 5 min was shown to be lethal to AEs at a late stage of development. In two further experiments, it was demonstrated that Pacific threadfin eggs were resistant to all tested concentrations of a range of polyvinylpyrrolidone iodine (PVP‐I) concentrations and contact times (up to 1000 mg L−1 PVP‐I for 10 min). The level of bacteria adhering to the eggs of both species was highly variable. Where eggs were heavily colonized (>104 cfu egg−1), hydrogen peroxide concentrations of at least 11 340 mg L−1, or PVP‐I concentrations higher than 500 mg L−1 for 10 min, were required for effective sterilization. In less colonized batches, rinsing in sterile seawater or exposure to lower (550 mg L−1) concentrations of H2O2 was sufficient to result in high apparent levels of surface sterility (<1 cfu egg−1).  相似文献   

12.
Anguilla luzonensis and A. huangi were each described in 2009 using eels obtained from northern Luzon Island. We examined the taxonomic status of these two groups of eels using morphological and molecular genetic characters. There were no significant differences in two vertebrae counts between eels of A. luzonensis and A. huangi. Mitochondrial 16S ribosomal RNA and cytochrome b genes sequences were obtained and compared among 28 specimens of A. luzonensis, the holotypes of A. luzonensis and A. huangi, and one specimen of the other 15 anguillid species. The specimens of A. luzonensis exhibited almost identical sequences, including the holotype, with only a few site differences, and the genetic difference between the holotypes of A. luzonensis and A. huangi was within the range of differences of specimens of A. luzonensis. The other anguillid species were genetically very different from A. luzonensis and A. huangi, although A. interioris is a closely related species. It is clear that A. luzonensis and A. huangi are the same species, and according to the principle of priority in zoological nomenclature, A. luzonensis Watanabe, Aoyama, and Tsukamoto, 2009 is the valid species name, and A. huangi Teng, Lin, and Tzeng, 2009 is a junior synonym of A. luzonensis.  相似文献   

13.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the acute toxicity of lead for different life stages of shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, and to determine the effect of its sublethal concentrations on osmoregulatory capacity (OC) as well as the possible histological alteration in the gills of juvenile shrimp. The 24‐, 48‐, and 96‐h LC50 values for lead to L. vannamei increased progressively with increasing life stage, from nauplii < zoeae < mysis < postlarvae < juvenile. After 15‐d exposure to 3.25, 6.50, and 9.75 mg Pb/L, the OC values of exposed shrimp were reduced by 39, 73, and 157%, respectively compared to control animals. Compared to controls, the lead concentrations in gill tissues increased significantly by 127,500, 137,500, and 141,000% in shrimps exposed to 3.25, 6.50, and 9.75 mg Pb/L, respectively. After lead exposure, hemocytic congestion in efferent vessels and multiple hyperplasia were observed in gill filaments, resulting in narrowed hemolymphatic lacuna. The histopathological effects increased with increasing Pb concentration.  相似文献   

14.
As an intertidal species, Apostichopus japonicus is subject to diel and seasonal temperature fluctuations. Color variation is a distinct characteristic of A. japonicus, and a new color morph, purple A. japonicus, was recently found on the coast of Rushan, Weihai City. This study was conducted to compare the performance of green, white, and purple color morphs of A. japonicus at different water temperatures to help improving aquaculture technology and management. In this study, green, white, and purple color morphs of juvenile A. japonicus (1.5 ± 0.1 g) were cultured at 10, 14, 18, 22, and 26 C for 60 d, according to the suitable temperature range for sea cucumber growth. Temperature was shown to have a significant effect on growth, energy budget, and physiology of sea cucumbers (P < 0.05). Specific growth rates, feed conversion efficiencies, and the proportion of energy allocated to growth of all three color morphs were optimal at 18 C. Activities of the enzymes related with oxidative stress, immune response, and digestion were determined. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and trypsin activities generally reached a maximum in all three color morphs at 18 C. The purple color morph of A. japonicus was higher in growth rate, food conversion efficiency, and proportion of energy allocated to growth than green and white color morphs at 18 and 22 C, consistent with its higher trypsin and SOD activity, indicating the mutual effect of growth and physiology. At 18, 22, and 26 C, the green color morph had the highest level of lysozyme activity and purple color morph had the lowest, indicating possible infection by external pathogens of green color morph, which might be caused by high temperature. These results suggested that the optimum temperature for culture of the three color morphs was approximately 18 C, the purple had a better adaption to high temperature, and the green and white color morphs may be more susceptible to thermal stress than the purple color morph.  相似文献   

15.
对驼背鲈(Chromileptes altivelis)的胚胎发育及仔、稚、幼鱼的形态特征进行了详细的观察与研究,描述了从受精卵到仔、稚、幼鱼各发育期的时间和形态特征变化。结果表明,在水温25-26℃、盐度30的海水中,受精卵历时27 h 25 min完成整个胚胎发育过程,经历从卵裂、囊胚、原肠、神经胚到肌节形成、各器官的逐渐形成、变化、完善等一系列的胚胎发育和变化过程;根据其卵黄囊消长情况、鳞片的覆盖状态、体色发生的不同变化以及第二背鳍和腹鳍的消长,将胚后发育分为仔、稚、幼鱼3个阶段。在水温22-26℃、盐度29-31、DO≥5 mg/L的条件下,2-3 d仔鱼卵黄囊消失,开口摄食;生长发育至31 d,仔鱼已变态进入稚鱼期;培育至57 d,稚鱼完成变态,成为幼鱼。第二背鳍棘和腹鳍棘的生长与收缩等石斑鱼类早期发育的共性生长特征及其体表特性体色变化特征为驼背鲈胚后发育过程中最明显的特征。  相似文献   

16.
Mulloway (Argyrosomus japonicus) occur in estuarine and coastal waters surrounding Australia, Africa, India, Pakistan, China, Korea and Japan, where they are important in fisheries. This study identified that mulloway in south-eastern Australia had similar growth rates, but matured at smaller lengths and younger ages, to those in South Africa and Western Australia. Growth of both sexes was similar to about 5 years, after which females grew faster and attained a greater maximum length than males. Female mulloway matured at 4–5 years of age with a L50 of 68 cm, whereas males matured at 2–3 years of age with a L50 of 51 cm. The commercial fishery in New South Wales was characterised by declining catches and a reduction in the proportion of mulloway of mature lengths in landings. During 2002–2005 commercial landings were dominated (83%) by fish within 15 cm of the current minimum legal total length of 45 cm and aged 2 and 3 years (>80%), even though mulloway can attain lengths of 200 cm and live >30 years. Estimates of the rates of instantaneous total mortality ranged between 0.34 and 0.45, whilst the rate of instantaneous natural mortality (M) was estimated to be approximately 0.12. Yield-per-recruit analyses indicated that mulloway in New South Wales are being growth overfished and substantial increases in yield could be achieved by increasing the length at first harvest. Values of the spawning potential ratio were below 0.2 under a range of mortality estimates, suggesting that mulloway are at risk of recruitment overfishing. These results suggest that the spawning stock of mulloway in south-eastern Australia has been depleted and that remedial management action is required to protect this iconic species.  相似文献   

17.
Mosquitofish, Gambusia sp., have been spread throughout the world to biologically control mosquitoes. However, the fish has gained a reputation as an invasive species and has been implicated in displacing native aquatic species. Gambusia affinis are native to the southeastern United States and commonly occur in commercial channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, production ponds. We investigated effects of mosquitofish presence on zooplankton populations, water quality, disease occurrence, and fish production in experimental ponds. There were no differences between ponds with or without mosquitofish in numbers of calanoid copepods, cyclopoid copepods, total copepods, Bosmina sp., Ceriodaphnia sp., Moina sp., Daphnia sp., or total cladocerans. There were also no differences in copepod and cladoceran sizes. Copepod nauplii were more numerous during the summer months in ponds with mosquitofish. There were no differences in water quality variables (soluble reactive phosphorus, nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, pH) or phytoplankton density between ponds stocked with and without mosquitofish. Catfish production and disease occurrence were also similar between ponds with and without mosquitofish. Although mosquitofish may cause problems when stocked outside their native range, there does not appear to be any adverse effects of mosquitofish presence in catfish production ponds.  相似文献   

18.
The recruitment strategy of swimming crabs, Portunus trituberculatus, was investigated by field observations and numerical experiments in Hiuchi-Nada, Japan. Calculated dispersal patterns of zoeal and megalopal stages in a three-dimensional numerical model reproduce observed patterns accurately. The temporal change of vertical migration patterns between the 1st and 2nd zoeas and the 3rd and 4th zoeas plays an important role in the process of recruitment of P. trituberculatus from spawning ground to nursery ground.  相似文献   

19.
Studies under laboratory and field conditions have shown that juvenile Mulinia edulis clams measuring 5–15 mm are able to tolerate transfer times of over 24 hr and burrow successfully. Burrowing generally followed an asymptotic curve over time, with a rapid initial phase for smaller juveniles, which slowed over time. In laboratory conditions, at low temperatures (8°C), juvenile burrowing was initially rapid (50–70% at first 2 min). In summer temperatures (15.5°C), the burrowing capacity of three sizes of juvenile clams was tested. Size determines differences in burrowing dynamics, where juveniles of 8.9 mm shell length (SL) take longer to burrow than smaller juveniles (4.9 and 6.3 mm SL). For longer transfer times in laboratory conditions (>12 hr), burrowing was slower. The results indicate a faster burrowing rate in smaller (<10 mm) juvenile clams than in larger ones. Transfer times over 24 hr in field experiments show burrowing levels of over 50% after a 60‐min evaluation, with larger juveniles (>10 mm) requiring longer for burrowing. Based on our results, we suggest sending seeds out to grow in natural environments at SL <10 mm, temperatures below 12°C, and transfer times shorter than 12 hr. These results are valuable for improving future transfer techniques from hatchery to growout for small‐scale aquaculture of this new native species in South America.  相似文献   

20.
Abstract

Effects of salinity on embryonic development and growth of African catfish, Clarias gariepinus, eggs and larvae were studied. Eggs were incubated at 27-29°C in 2,4,6,8, and 10 ppt sodium chloride. Rate of embryonic development was delayed in all salt solutions by 15, 15,28 and 30 minutes, in 2,4,6, and 8 ppt sodium chloride, respectively, when compared with the control group (0% salt); total mortality occurred at 12 hours after gastrula stage in the 10 ppt concentration. Percentage hatching was 45.1,47.7, 59.5,49.2, and 26.6% while percentage deformity was 10.4, 16.1, 52.0, 28.6, and 71.6% in 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 ppt salt treatments, respectively. There were significant differences (P <0.05) in the hatching percentage and in deformity percentage between 4, 6, and 8 ppt. Rate of yolk absorption was significantly faster in the control and 2 ppt salt treatments, but slower in 4, 6, and 8 ppt. Rate of increase in length was slower with increasing salinity. The optimum salinity for African catfish eggs and was between 0-2 ppt and acceptable up to 6 ppt. The results suggest that increasing salinity delayed hatching and development of African catfish eggs and larvae, respectively, as well as increased the deformity of the larvae.  相似文献   

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