新疆大泉沟水库浮游植物群落特征及其与环境因子的关系

为了探究大泉沟水库浮游植物群落结构的动态变化特征及综合水质状况,为库区水资源保护和渔业可持续发展提供参考依据,于2015年10月(枯水期)、2016年4月(丰水期)和7月(平水期),对库区内4个采样点进行了浮游植物群落与水质调查。结果表明,本次调查共鉴定出浮游植物8门161种,其中绿藻67种、硅藻48种、蓝藻26种、裸藻6种、隐藻6种、黄藻6种、金藻1种、甲藻1种,浮游植物群落结构组成属于绿藻-硅藻型;浮游植物主要优势种为小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris)、尖针杆藻(Synedra acus)、拟气球藻(Botrydiopsis intercedens)、四尾栅藻(Scenedesmus quadricauda)、细小平裂藻(Merismopedia minima)等;浮游植物密度为0.86×106~5.54×106个/L、平均值为2.13×106个/L;浮游植物的Shannon-Wiener指数(H)、Margalef指数(Dm)及Pielou均匀度指数(J)变化范围分别为1.97~2.56、1.83~3.01和0.68~0.77。研究显示,大泉沟水库目前处于中污染状态;相关分析表明,水温、总磷、透明度和溶解氧是大泉沟水库浮游植物群落结构变化的主要影响因子,大泉沟水库属中营养至中度富营养水库。     

安徽升金湖秋季浮游藻类多样性与水质评

2006年10月对升金湖中的浮游藻类进行了调查,分析了浮游藻类分布规律及优势种的组成、浮游藻类多样性分布和浮游植物与环境因子的关系;利用多种多样性评价指数对水体的污染情况进行了评价.结果表明,升金湖有浮游藻类8门、101属、358种.浮游藻类的密度差异明显,介于81.7×104～6 427×104个/L,主要由蓝藻、绿藻、硅藻、甲藻、裸藻、隐藻、黄藻和金藻等组成,以蓝藻门的鞘丝藻、平裂藻和鱼腥藻,硅藻门的小环藻、针杆藻和直链藻,绿藻门的栅藻和盘星藻为优势种.各种评价指数显示,水体大部分区域的污染程度较为严重,整个湖泊属富营养化范畴.     

丰水季北京汉石桥湿地浮游生物群落特征多样性分析

为了解近几年对北京市顺义区汉石桥湿地水质调控和管理工作的效果,于2011年6月对湿地浮游植物、浮游动物的种类及种群密度进行了调查和分析,并采用指示生物法和生物多样性指数法对湿地的水质进行了生态评价。结果表明:汉石桥湿地的浮游植物以绿藻门数量最多,占浮游植物总数的57.4 %；硅藻门和蓝藻门次之,分别占19.1 %和12.82 %。其中绿藻门的小球藻(Chlorella sp.),硅藻门的尺骨针杆藻(Synedra ulna)、尖针杆藻(Synedra scus)、舟形藻(Navicula sp.)和小环藻(Cyclotella sp.),蓝藻门的铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)和水华微囊藻(Microcystis flos-aquae)在5个位点中为优势种。浮游动物以轮虫为主,其中18种轮虫为优势种。从调查情况来看,汉石桥湿地水质总体属中度偏轻污染,说明对湿地的水质调控和管理初步取得成效。     

金海水库浮游植物调查及群落结构研究

为了了解和掌握金海水库水质状况,于2012年6月至2013年5月对金海水库水体理化指标及浮游植物的群落结构进行了逐月监测。采样期间共鉴定出浮游植物7门33属45种,其中绿藻门最多,15属24种;硅藻门次之,8属11种;蓝藻门、裸藻门、甲藻门、隐藻门和金藻门分别鉴定出4属4种、2属2种、2属2种、1属1种、1属1种。金海水库浮游植物数量变化范围20.1×104~335×104个/L,夏季最多,春季最少。浮游植物数量与环境因子相关性分析表明,水体中浮游植物数量主要受水温以及总磷浓度影响。优势度分析表明,金海水库浮游植物优势种有小球藻、肥壮蹄形藻、中型脆杆藻、微小色球藻等31种。金海水库浮游植物多样性指数和均匀度指数分别变化在1.29~3.52和0.38~0.82。金海水库水体浮游植物群落结构较为稳定,整体上以绿藻-硅藻型为主。金海水库水质总体为轻度污染。     

宝应湖浮游植物调查及营养状况评价

2008年7月至2009年5月对宝应湖浮游植物进行调查。结果显示,宝应湖共有浮游植物62种,隶属8门22科36属,其中绿藻门有14属25种,硅藻门有8属14种,蓝藻门有8属12种。优势种季节性变化明显,全年优势种为小球藻、啮齿隐藻、湖生束球藻等。全年种类结构以绿藻、蓝藻等为主,生物量以蓝藻、绿藻和隐藻为主。不同采样点浮游植物数量在2.94×106～8.08×106ind/L,Shannon-Weaver指数2.040～3.284。宝应湖处于中营养状态向富营养状态过度的类型。     

宝应湖浮游植物调查及营养状况评价

2008年7月至2009年5月对宝应湖浮游植物进行调查.结果显示,宝应湖共有浮游植物62种,隶属8门22科36属,其中绿藻门有14属25种,硅藻门有8属14种,蓝藻门有8属12种.优势种季节性变化明显,全年优势种为小球藻、啮齿隐藻、湖生束球藻等.全年种类结构以绿藻、蓝藻等为主,生物量以蓝藻、绿藻和隐藻为主.不同采样点浮游植物数量在2.94×106～8.08×106 ind/L,Shannon-Weaver指数2.040～3.284.宝应湖处于中营养状态向富营养状态过度的类型.     

红水河龙滩水库浮游植物的群落结构特征

２００９年７月９－２３日（丰水期）和１１月１１－２５日（枯水期）在龙滩水库进行浮游植物采样调查，研究其浮游植物种类组成、数量变化特征、空间分布及群落多样性，评价了龙滩水库的水质现状，探讨水电开发对河流浮游植物的影响。结果表明，龙滩水库共检出浮游植物６门、３５属、５９种；其中，硅藻门２８种，绿藻门１７种，蓝藻门８种，甲藻门、红藻门、金藻门各２种。优势种为４门、１３种，包括颗粒直链藻（Melosira granulata）、钝脆杆藻（Fragi lariacapucina）、双头针杆藻（Synedra amphicephal）和双射盘星藻（Pediastrum biradiatum）等。龙滩水库浮游植物密度和生物量均值分别为３３．４×１０４个／Ｌ和２．５８０ｍｇ／Ｌ。多样性指数和均匀度指数分别为２．５８和０．９４。依据藻类生物学指标评价标准，龙滩水库水质为贫－中营养型。     

苏北运东水网区浮游植物群落结构特征与环境因子的关系

为研究苏北运东水网区浮游植物群落结构特征及其与环境因子之间的关系,于2016年3月至12月对苏北运东水网区19个采样点进行了季节性浮游植物群落调查和水质监测。结果表明,浮游植物共计鉴定出142种,隶属于7门、75属,以绿藻门和硅藻门的种类数居多,其中绿藻门共29属、58种,硅藻门共22属、44种。春、冬季以硅藻门密度最大,分别为2.49×10~6个/L和1.67×10~6个/L;夏、秋季以绿藻门密度最大,为1.57×10~6个/L和1.34×10~6个/L,Margalef丰富度指数(R)、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H′)、Simpson多样性指数(D)和Pielou均匀度指数(J)均在夏季最大,分别为1.374、3.198、0.944和0.831,在冬季和春季相对较小;运东河网区内部水流变缓,河网外部水体流动性相对较好,浮游植物密度的监测结果显示,内部河流大于外部河流,但生物多样性指数为外部河流大于内部河流;运东片各季节的主要浮游植物优势物种共有20种,春、冬季主要为硅藻门和隐藻门,而夏、秋季则主要为绿藻门和硅藻门,其中梅尼小环藻(Cyclotella meneghiniana)、尖针杆藻(Synedra acus)和啮蚀隐藻(Cryptomonas erosa)为全年常有的优势种。藻类优势物种与环境因子的CCA分析表明,运东片四季浮游植物群落分布存在差异,BOD_5、TP、NH_3-N和COD_(Mn)是关键的环境影响因子。     

河蚌对草鱼混养精养池塘中浮游植物群落结构的影响

试验池塘4口,每口面积0.8hm2,水深1.8m,放养体质量50g的草鱼12000尾,体质量24~100g的鲢鱼500尾,体质量150g的鳙鱼100尾,常规管理,其中2口池塘放养1龄河蚌两万只,2口对照塘不放河蚌,定期采集水样,测定水中浮游植物种类和数(生物)量。结果表明,鱼蚌混养塘中有浮游植物6门48属94种,而对照塘中仅有6门42属91种。混养塘与对照塘水体中均以绿藻门的种类为主,分别占总数的47.8%和41.8%。鱼蚌混养组中以绿藻为优势种群,出现频率较高的优势藻类为:硅藻门的小环藻、针杆藻,绿藻门的小球藻、栅藻、新月藻;而对照组中的优势种不仅有试验组中的优势种类,还包含了蓝藻门的平裂藻、螺旋藻、微囊藻以及硅藻门的直链藻、舟形藻、双壁藻,绿藻门的梭形藻等。鱼蚌混养组与对照组中浮游植物多样性指数分别为1.24~1.41和1.26~1.36,鱼蚌混养组中浮游植物多样性指数均略高于对照组。鱼蚌混养组浮游植物密度为539.23×104个/L~1289.53×104个/L,生物量为6.68~12.47mg/L;对照组浮游植物密度为669.57~1608.50×104个/L,生物量为8.40~18.62mg/L,鱼蚌混养组浮游植物的密度和生物量略低于对照塘,且差异显著(P0.05)。结果表明,鱼蚌混养模式可有效控制塘中浮游植物的繁殖与生长,浮游植物的多样性指数提高,池塘生态系统更加稳定。     

青龙湖冬季浮游植物群落结构及其与环境因子的关系

为探究青龙湖浮游植物群落结构特征及其水环境影响因子,确定水体营养化现状,于2016年12(冬季)对青龙湖10个采样点浮游植物种类组成、丰度与生物量以及水质理化指标进行调查分析。结果显示,冬季青龙湖共鉴定出浮游植物5门、17属、50种(含变种),硅藻和绿藻是青龙湖浮游植物优势类群,浮游植物种类组成表现为硅藻-绿藻型;优势类群为硅藻门颗粒直链藻(Melosira granulata)、颗粒直链藻极狭变种(M.granulata var.angustissima)、颗粒直链藻极狭变种螺旋变型(M.granulata var.angustissima f.spiralis)及蓝藻门类颤鱼腥藻(Anabaena oscillarioides)、水华束丝藻(Aphanizomenon flos-aquae),优势种在各采样点分布差异不明显。冬季浮游植物丰度均值为6.71×104个/L,生物量均值为0.07mg/L;各采样点Margalef指数、Shannon-Wiener指数与Pielou指数分别为0.98~2.31、0.61~2.37及0.19~0.84。冗余分析(RDA)表明,pH、溶解氧、溶解氧饱和度、水温与氧化还原电位与青龙湖浮游植物群落结构关系最为密切。Margalef丰富度指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数与Pielou均匀度指数评价水质结果为中度污型水平。     

Atlantic Fisheries Technological Conference,Moncton, NB,August 21, 1995

No abstract available for this article.     

Anguilla huangi Teng, Lin, and Tzeng, 2009, is a junior synonym of Anguilla luzonensis Watanabe, Aoyama, and Tsukamoto, 2009

Anguilla luzonensis and A. huangi were each described in 2009 using eels obtained from northern Luzon Island. We examined the taxonomic status of these two groups of eels using morphological and molecular genetic characters. There were no significant differences in two vertebrae counts between eels of A. luzonensis and A. huangi. Mitochondrial 16S ribosomal RNA and cytochrome b genes sequences were obtained and compared among 28 specimens of A. luzonensis, the holotypes of A. luzonensis and A. huangi, and one specimen of the other 15 anguillid species. The specimens of A. luzonensis exhibited almost identical sequences, including the holotype, with only a few site differences, and the genetic difference between the holotypes of A. luzonensis and A. huangi was within the range of differences of specimens of A. luzonensis. The other anguillid species were genetically very different from A. luzonensis and A. huangi, although A. interioris is a closely related species. It is clear that A. luzonensis and A. huangi are the same species, and according to the principle of priority in zoological nomenclature, A. luzonensis Watanabe, Aoyama, and Tsukamoto, 2009 is the valid species name, and A. huangi Teng, Lin, and Tzeng, 2009 is a junior synonym of A. luzonensis.     

Surface disinfection of Pacific threadfin, Polydactylus sexfilis, and amberjack, Seriola rivoliana, eggs

The effects of exposing the eggs of Pacific threadfin and amberjack eggs (AEs) to different concentrations of hydrogen peroxide for 5 min on hatch rate and survival were assessed in a series of experiments using a petri dish model rearing system. Despite significant inter‐batch variation in hatch rate, it was shown that eggs of both species could be safely exposed to up to 11 340 mg L⁻¹ H₂O₂ for 5 min. Exposure to 34 230 mg L⁻¹ H₂O₂ for 5 min was shown to be lethal to AEs at a late stage of development. In two further experiments, it was demonstrated that Pacific threadfin eggs were resistant to all tested concentrations of a range of polyvinylpyrrolidone iodine (PVP‐I) concentrations and contact times (up to 1000 mg L⁻¹ PVP‐I for 10 min). The level of bacteria adhering to the eggs of both species was highly variable. Where eggs were heavily colonized (>10⁴ cfu egg⁻¹), hydrogen peroxide concentrations of at least 11 340 mg L⁻¹, or PVP‐I concentrations higher than 500 mg L⁻¹ for 10 min, were required for effective sterilization. In less colonized batches, rinsing in sterile seawater or exposure to lower (550 mg L⁻¹) concentrations of H₂O₂ was sufficient to result in high apparent levels of surface sterility (<1 cfu egg⁻¹).     

Age,growth, maturity and the overfishing of the iconic sciaenid,Argyrosomus japonicus,in south-eastern,Australia

Mulloway (Argyrosomus japonicus) occur in estuarine and coastal waters surrounding Australia, Africa, India, Pakistan, China, Korea and Japan, where they are important in fisheries. This study identified that mulloway in south-eastern Australia had similar growth rates, but matured at smaller lengths and younger ages, to those in South Africa and Western Australia. Growth of both sexes was similar to about 5 years, after which females grew faster and attained a greater maximum length than males. Female mulloway matured at 4–5 years of age with a L₅₀ of 68 cm, whereas males matured at 2–3 years of age with a L₅₀ of 51 cm. The commercial fishery in New South Wales was characterised by declining catches and a reduction in the proportion of mulloway of mature lengths in landings. During 2002–2005 commercial landings were dominated (83%) by fish within 15 cm of the current minimum legal total length of 45 cm and aged 2 and 3 years (>80%), even though mulloway can attain lengths of 200 cm and live >30 years. Estimates of the rates of instantaneous total mortality ranged between 0.34 and 0.45, whilst the rate of instantaneous natural mortality (M) was estimated to be approximately 0.12. Yield-per-recruit analyses indicated that mulloway in New South Wales are being growth overfished and substantial increases in yield could be achieved by increasing the length at first harvest. Values of the spawning potential ratio were below 0.2 under a range of mortality estimates, suggesting that mulloway are at risk of recruitment overfishing. These results suggest that the spawning stock of mulloway in south-eastern Australia has been depleted and that remedial management action is required to protect this iconic species.     

驼背鲈(Chromileptes altivelis)的胚胎发育及仔、稚、幼鱼形态观察

对驼背鲈(Chromileptes altivelis)的胚胎发育及仔、稚、幼鱼的形态特征进行了详细的观察与研究,描述了从受精卵到仔、稚、幼鱼各发育期的时间和形态特征变化。结果表明,在水温25-26℃、盐度30的海水中,受精卵历时27 h 25 min完成整个胚胎发育过程,经历从卵裂、囊胚、原肠、神经胚到肌节形成、各器官的逐渐形成、变化、完善等一系列的胚胎发育和变化过程;根据其卵黄囊消长情况、鳞片的覆盖状态、体色发生的不同变化以及第二背鳍和腹鳍的消长,将胚后发育分为仔、稚、幼鱼3个阶段。在水温22-26℃、盐度29-31、DO≥5 mg/L的条件下,2-3 d仔鱼卵黄囊消失,开口摄食;生长发育至31 d,仔鱼已变态进入稚鱼期;培育至57 d,稚鱼完成变态,成为幼鱼。第二背鳍棘和腹鳍棘的生长与收缩等石斑鱼类早期发育的共性生长特征及其体表特性体色变化特征为驼背鲈胚后发育过程中最明显的特征。     

Factors influencing the abundance of the common bully, Gobiomorphus cotidianus McDowall, in small, North Island, New Zealand, lakes

Adult common bullies, Gobiomorphus cotidianus McDowall, are small (total length =  30–120 mm), benthic fish commonly found in the littoral zones of New Zealand lakes where they are a major prey species for trout and eels. Differences in their relative abundance (CPUE) were determined between 21 shallow North Island lakes. Mean CPUE ranged from 2 to >  1000 fish net^{− 1} night^{− 1} and was inversely related to water transparency. The abundance of bullies was not reduced in lakes containing rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), but was reduced in all lakes containing self-recruiting populations of eels, Anguilla spp. Mean densities of planktonic larval bullies in the limnetic zone were also inversely related to water transparency. Since low water transparency is related to increased trophic status for these lakes, the abundance of bullies is likely to be related to lake productivity, rather than turbidity.     

Effects of Mosquitofish,Gambusia affinis,on Channel Catfish,Ictalurus puncatatus,Production Ponds

Mosquitofish, Gambusia sp., have been spread throughout the world to biologically control mosquitoes. However, the fish has gained a reputation as an invasive species and has been implicated in displacing native aquatic species. Gambusia affinis are native to the southeastern United States and commonly occur in commercial channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, production ponds. We investigated effects of mosquitofish presence on zooplankton populations, water quality, disease occurrence, and fish production in experimental ponds. There were no differences between ponds with or without mosquitofish in numbers of calanoid copepods, cyclopoid copepods, total copepods, Bosmina sp., Ceriodaphnia sp., Moina sp., Daphnia sp., or total cladocerans. There were also no differences in copepod and cladoceran sizes. Copepod nauplii were more numerous during the summer months in ponds with mosquitofish. There were no differences in water quality variables (soluble reactive phosphorus, nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, pH) or phytoplankton density between ponds stocked with and without mosquitofish. Catfish production and disease occurrence were also similar between ponds with and without mosquitofish. Although mosquitofish may cause problems when stocked outside their native range, there does not appear to be any adverse effects of mosquitofish presence in catfish production ponds.     

Annual Meeting of the Pacific Fisheries Technologists,Red Lion Inn,San Diego,CA, February 18-21, 1996

No abstract available for this article.     

Marine and coastal protected and conserved areas strategy in Brazil: Context,lessons, challenges,finance, participation,new management models,and first results

1. In the last two decades, Brazil has advanced significantly with the expansion and improvement of its national system of protected areas. Until recently most of the expansion was concentrated in the Amazon region (with useful lessons). It also had an uneven ecological representation of coastal and marine ecosystems, concentrated in coastal waters. Despite significant advances, the levels of funding, staff and stakeholders' engagement remain relatively low for such a vast system.
2. Within the past few years, key elements of a new strategy for protection of coastal and marine areas have started to emerge, combined with some participatory processes and a focus on expansion of the total area protected (from <1.5% protection of the country's marine area). These included: a renewed focus on priority areas for conservation; attention to national and international commitments and targets; clarity about the need for partnerships and funding; better engagement of Brazilian society and stakeholders; new, and more collaborative, models of protected areas management and conservation; and openness in the relationships with wider society.
3. Significant results of this effort have started to appear: new large mosaics of oceanic protected areas were created; Amazon mangroves were recognized by the Ramsar Convention; new mangrove protected areas were created, besides other ones proposed; project proposals are under development with partners for better funding and sharing of responsibility; and there is a better engagement with stakeholders. The building of the Brazilian Blue Initiative is underway.
4. The implementation of the proposed 15‐year marine strategy is at its onset: partnerships need to be strengthened and substantial funding is required. It will only be possible to manage the larger system of protected areas if there are more collaborative and innovative models for protected areas and conservation management. These should include partnerships with civil society, local and traditional communities and the private sector, as well as greater engagement of scientists and research institutions, stronger and more qualified tourism, volunteer work, etc. Further innovative funding mechanisms will also be needed along the way.