对虾养殖围隔生态系中的细菌碳代谢

1997年 6～ 9月在山东省黄海水产集团养虾场 ,采用围隔实验生态学方法研究了对虾养殖生态系细菌的碳代谢。结果表明 :(1)浮游细菌呼吸量、生产量及对腐质碳的分解量 (μgC/L·d)平均分别为 34 9± 167、180± 86及 52 9± 2 53。呼吸量占浮游生物群落呼吸量的 4 0 %。 (2 )底泥细菌呼吸量、生产量及对腐质碳的分解量 (mgC/m2 ·d)平均分别为 168.0 7、72 .2 7及 2 4 0 .34。呼吸量与泥温、底泥细菌生物量及底泥有机碳浓度均有显著相关性。定数底泥细菌的呼吸量与底泥细菌生物量呈现显著负相关 ,表明虾池底泥细菌代谢可能受有效基质不足的限制。 (3)实验期间每个围隔浮游细菌的呼吸量、生产量及对腐质碳分解量分别为底泥细菌的 2 .0 8倍、2 .4 9倍及 2 .2 0倍。浮游细菌、底泥细菌合计分解围隔收入总有机碳的 30 %(浮游细菌 2 0 %,底泥细菌 10 %) ,其中 10 %转为细菌碳 ,2 0 %用于细菌呼吸消耗。     

对虾养殖实验围隔中的固氮作用及其氮输入

１９９７年６～１０月,以乙炔还原法进行了不同放养模式下对虾养殖实验中生物固氮作用的测定。结果表明,各围隔中,对虾单养（Ｙ－４）和对虾＋海湾扇贝（Ｙ－５）的固氮作用较高,均值分别为２．６２μｇＮ／（Ｌ·ｈｒ）和２．６５μｇＮ／（Ｌ·ｈｒ）;对虾＋罗非鱼＋缢蛏（Ｔ－５）的最低,为１．５３μｇＮ／（Ｌ·ｈｒ）,对虾＋缢蛏（Ｙ－６）和对虾＋罗非鱼（Ｙ－７）的分别为２．３０μｇＮ／（Ｌ·ｈｒ）和１．８９μｇＮ／（Ｌ·ｈｒ）。各围隔中固氮速率较高与水体有效氮含量较低及有效氮磷比值不高有关。水层固氮蓝藻主要为蓝球藻（Ｃｈｒｏｃｏｃｕｓ）和念珠藻（Ｎｏｓｔｏｃ）。估算各围隔实验期间固氮作用输入分别为Ｙ－４∶１７．７２ｇ;Ｙ－５∶１９．６３ｇ;Ｙ－６∶９．０５ｇ;Ｙ－７∶１０．５９ｇ;Ｔ－５∶７．９９ｇ。     

对虾池塘养殖生态系的研究进展

了解养殖生态系统结构和功能对指导健康养殖至关重要。本文概述了对虾池塘养殖生态系统的基础研究和应用研究现状及存在问题,并从生态学角度阐述了对虾养殖生态系统的特点,提出对虾养殖生态系统的建立和维持要以去除过剩的营养盐为目标,注重进行物流和能流畅通的立体养殖体系和多池循环的综合养殖体系的定量研究与模拟,以实现对虾养殖的可持续发展。     

光合细菌在对虾养殖生产中的应用研究

光合细菌(PSB)是一种水质净化营养菌,它不仅可净化水质,同时菌体含有丰富的蛋白质,通过生物食物链的作用,促进对虾生长,达到增产稳产的目的,1989年我们利用自己分离培养的光合细菌(NO.1和NO.3)进行虾塘增产及优化水域环境的综合试验,获得良好的效果。1990年我们进一步扩大试验面积,以PSB作为主要的强化管理手段,在同一地点,管理方式大致相同的情况下,施用光合细菌后,虾塘水质得到改善,病害减少,产量明显提高,取得了较好的经济效益和社会效益。     

浮游微藻生态调控技术在对虾养殖应用中的研究进展

微藻技术是一项有机结合藻类生物学、藻类生态学及水生生态系统学的新兴生物技术,它以水体中的浮游微藻为对象,充分运用微藻的生理、生态特点,进而用以调控和优化水体生态环境。文章就当前在水产养殖领域中的微藻生态调控技术的相关研究进行了系统的综述,并对其在对虾养殖中的应用进行了展望。     

秋、冬季节刺参养殖池塘浮游细菌数量变化规律的研究

应用平板稀释涂布培养计数法和荧光显微镜计数法,对秋、冬季(2008年9月～2009年2月)刺参养殖池塘水体中的浮游细菌数量变化规律进行了分析。结果表明,吖啶橙染色直接计数法(AODC)测得细菌总数的变化范围是1.0×106～2.1×107个/ml,活菌直接计数法(DVC)测得活菌总数的变化范围是4.0×105～5.7×106个/ml。异养细菌平板计数法(HPC)测得异养细菌数量为0.6×102～1.7×105CFU/ml。TCBS平板培养的弧菌数量在6.6×103CFU/ml以下。从时间分布看,刺参养殖池塘水体中浮游细菌数量最高值出现在10月份,最低值出现在1月份,秋季细菌数量显著高于冬季(P0.01)。从空间分布看,水体底层细菌数量显著高于表层(P0.05)。利用SPSS13.0软件对所得到的数据进行统计分析表明,同一样品不同计数方法获得的细菌总数数值之间存在显著的相关性(P0.01)。     

光合细菌在对虾养殖中应用的初步试验

目前,虾池水质严重污染,虾病蔓延是对虾养殖中的两大主要危害。随着近海水域环境污染的不断加重及对虾养殖业由粗养逐步向半精养、精养技术的发展,虾池底质和水质的污染负荷越来越重。虾池内投喂的过剩残饵,对虾的排泄物以及动植物尸体,经微生物分解,不仅消耗大量的O_2,而且产生很多如NH_s、H_2S、NO_2~-等影响对虾生长的有毒害作用的物质,同时助长了病原菌的滋生和蔓延,继而出     

对虾养殖池塘氮磷收支的实验研究

用六个面积２５ｍ＾２,不同对虾放养水平,５２０００,６００００,７５２００尾／ｈｍ＾２的池塘围隔进行了本实验研究,结果表明,实验中投放的饵料,肥料分别占氮总输入的４９．７％～５４．５％和４７．５％～５０．１％,占磷总输入的３０．０％～３４．７％和６５．１％～６９．９％。在支出项目中,收获对虾占氮磷总输入百分比分别为９．０６％～１１．５％和３．０２％～３．９４％,沉积氮磷量为其主要支出项目,分别占总     

光合细菌优良菌株选育及在对虾养殖中的应用

目前,由于防治虾病采取换水和投抗菌药物,这对于防治虾病起到了积极作用,但也有不足之处,如因受换水条件所限,加之近海区富营养化,降低了换水的作用;而大量施用抗菌药物,不仅成本过高,还会产生一些副作用。为此,省科委于1992年给我所下达了“光合细菌优良菌株选育及养虾技术研究”课题,旨在利用光合细菌可在厌氧条件下,利用光能     

Simulation of inorganic nitrogen dynamics and shrimp survival in an intensive shrimp culture system

Nitrogenous wastes are major concerns in shrimp production and as a component of total farm wastes that impact the aquatic environment. This study describes a simulation model of the role of heterotrophic and nitrifying bacteria on nitrogen dynamics in intensive Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) culture systems using different feeds and feeding strategies. The model represents: (i) use and remineralization by heterotrophic bacteria of nitrogen wastes and ammonia excreted by shrimp; and (ii) nitrification. The model was quantified using published and unpublished information. The model is multivariate, deterministic and uses a compartment model structure based on difference equations. Evaluation of the model consisted of simulating two indoor and one outdoor experiment that examined the effects of different feeds and feeding levels on nitrogen dynamics. In summary, the model is capable of qualitatively following inorganic nitrogen dynamics. Simulations investigating the effect of heterotrophic remineralization on total inorganic nitrogen suggested that this process may contribute up to 97% of the inorganic nitrogen in the system. This indicates that strategies to increase production, such as increases in feed protein levels or feeding rates, should be carefully evaluated before they are implemented. Future studies need to address bacterial community role in these systems and inorganic nitrogen toxicity mechanisms.     

Experimental studies on intensive polyculture of Chinese shrimp with bay scallop

用放在海水池塘中的８个陆基围隔（５０ｍ×５０ｍ×１８ｍ）,研究中国对虾（Ｐｅｎａｅｕｓｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ）与不同密度海湾扇贝（Ａｒｇｏｐｅｃｔｅｎｉｒａｄｉａｎｓ）投饵混养的放养方式、生产力和极限放养量。对虾体长（２８５±０１６）ｃｍ,扇贝壳长（１１０±０１２）ｃｍ,放养密度分别为６０尾／ｍ２和０,１５,４５,７５粒／ｍ２,用投饵和施肥（鸡粪和化肥）饲养。结果表明,扇贝密度为０和１５粒／ｍ２时,对虾的成活率无显著差异。混养（扇贝１５粒／ｍ２）时对虾的出塘体长、体重和产量分别比单养高２５％,３８％和６５％;当扇贝密度高于１５粒／ｍ２时,对虾的平均体长、体重和产量随扇贝密度的增加而显著减少（Ｐ＜００５）。扇贝密度为１５和７５粒／ｍ２时,其产量由４７０ｋｇ／ｈｍ２增至１２３６ｋｇ／ｈｍ２;当扇贝密度高时,去壳后湿重占体重的百分数从（４２８４±３４４）％降至（３７８８±４２６）％。扇贝的极限放养量为６００～８００ｋｇ／ｈｍ２,适宜放养密度为１０～１５粒／ｍ２。     

凡纳滨对虾-鲻网围分隔混养模式下经济与生态效益评价

为探索新型对虾生态养殖模式,于池塘中构建围网开展了凡纳滨对虾（Litopenaeus vannamei）-鲻（Mugil cephalus）混养试验。鲻密度依次为0尾（M0,对照组）、250尾（M250）、500尾（M500）和800尾（M800）。结果显示,鲻放养组的饵料系数均比对照组低,但组间差异不显著（P〉0.05）。M250组对虾产值（30.30×10^4元·hm-2）及总产值（31.02×10^4元·hm^-2）为各组最高,M800组对虾产值（20.96×10^4元·hm^-2）及总产值（23.30×10^4元·hm^-2）最低。试验结束后,放养较多鲻的处理组（M500和M800）的总有机碳（TOC）有约20 mg·L^-1幅度的下降,而M0和M250则变动极小,但组间差异不显著（P〉0.05）。养殖末期鲻放养组的亚硝态氮（NO2-N）质量浓度均高于对照组M0,且M250组NO2-N及氨氮（NH4-N）质量分数居于各组最高（P〉0.05）。试验表明,在池塘围网混养少量鲻（M250）时对虾产量最高,而混养较多鲻（M500和M800）时饲料成本较为节约且水质指标较好。采取养殖前期多放鱼,后期适当分鱼以降低密度的措施,可能更有利于虾塘经济与生态效益的提高。     

Effect of combined use of Bacillus and molasses on microbial communities in shrimp cultural enclosure systems

To assess the effect of addition of probiotics and carbon source on the microbial community structure within the shrimp culture, an enclosure system simulating a high density, intensive aquaculture of Litopenaeus vannamei was set up in Dianbai, Maoming, Guangdong province, China. The phylogenetic profiles of microbial communities in the enclosure system after addition of Bacillus and molasses were studied in the middle and final culture season (on the 45th, 75th and 95th day) using polymerase chain reaction‐denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. A total of four groups, each containing a triplicate were set up: Group A (control), Group B (64% of daily feed was provided as molasses with Bacillus sp.), Group C (50% of daily feed amount provided as molasses with Bacillus sp.) and Group D (64% of daily feed amount as molasses alone). The results showed that α‐Proteobacteria, δ‐Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria were the dominant bacteria. Moreover, the relative proportion of α‐Proteobacteria increased and that of Bacteroidetes decreased gradually with time. Pathogenic Flexibacter was the dominant genus in Group A on the 45th day, while the functional strains (Sphingomonas sp., Erythrobacter sp., Roseobacter sp., and Rhodobacter sp.) were detected multiple times in Groups B and C. Bacillus sp. was the cultivable, dominant bacterium in Groups B and C on the 95th day. Therefore, the combined use of Bacillus and molasses helped increase diversity of the microbial community, effectively inhibit pathogens, and promote the formation and development of a beneficial microbial community structure in the high density, intensive aquaculture of L. vannamei.     

养殖对虾新品种培育技术研究进展

本文介绍了国内外有关养殖对虾遗传改良研究的现状，并对选择育种、杂交育种、多倍体育种、人工雌核发育和转基因育种等手段研究进展进行了详细分析。提出利用现代生物学的新技术、新方法改造传统养殖业，将传统的育种研究技术与现代生物学技术相结合，加快培育优质、抗逆对虾养殖新品种是从根本上解决困扰对虾养殖业发展的重要研究方向。     

Phosphorus budget in shrimp aquaculture pond with mangrove enclosure and aquaculture performance

ABSTRACT:   An experiment in which water was circulated between shrimp aquaculture ponds stocked with 10 000 or 20 000 PL-15 stage Penaeus monodon , and mangrove enclosures each planted with 476 Rhizophora mucronata per enclosure, was carried out at the Samut Songkhram Coastal Aquatic Research Station, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Thailand. Shrimp survival rate was significantly higher ( P  < 0.001, Fisher's exact test) in ponds where 10 000 larvae was stocked and water was exchanged with the mangrove enclosure, compared with the control pond with no water exchange, over the 136 day experimental period. Phosphorus transport to the mangrove enclosure was estimated to be 0.41 kgP and 0.18 kgP over the experimental period and change in phosphorus content in mud was reduced there compared with the control pond. A load reduction effect to the environment was confirmed in this aquaculture system with mangrove enclosure compared with the phosphorus budget in the control pond, and 6.2 or 8.9 ha of mangrove area was estimated to be required by 1 ha shrimp ponds to fully process the phosphorus.     

对虾池的放养密度对浮游生物群落的影响

于１９９８年７￣９月在山东海阳养虾场运用陆基围隔实验生态学方法,研究了对虾与罗非鱼在五种放养密度下浮游生物群落的变动情况。结果表明;可能浮游动物的摄食对浮游植物产生影响,二者数量的消长在大多数围隔都呈负相关;纤毛虫的数量与浮游植物的总生物量呈负相关;随着养殖密度的增加,浮游植物生物量减少,而浮游动物却有所增加,前者的优势类群由硅藻变为甲藻、蓝藻和隐藻。后者的在组成中镖水蚤数量减少而剑水蚤、无节幼体、轮虫和原生动物等小型种类有所增加;纤毛虫在高密度围隔中大量繁殖,说明水质已逐渐恶化。     

中国对虾与海湾扇贝投饵混养的实验研究

用放在海水池塘中的8个陆基围隔(5.0m×5.0m×1.8m),研究中国对虾(Penaeuschinensis)与不同密度海湾扇贝(Argopectenirradians)投饵混养的放养方式、生产力和极限放养量.对虾体长(2.85±0.16)cm,扇贝壳长(1.10±0.12)cm,放养密度分别为6.0尾/m2和0,1.5,4.5,7.5粒/m2,用投饵和施肥(鸡粪和化肥)饲养.结果表明,扇贝密度为0和1.5粒/m2时,对虾的成活率无显著差异.混养(扇贝1.5粒/m2)时对虾的出塘体长、体重和产量分别比单养高2.5%,3.8%和6.5%;当扇贝密度高于1.5粒/m2时,对虾的平均体长、体重和产量随扇贝密度的增加而显著减少(P＜0.05).扇贝密度为1.5和7.5粒/m2时,其产量由470kg/hm2增至1236kg/hm2;当扇贝密度高时,去壳后湿重占体重的百分数从(42.84±3.44)%降至(37.88±4.26)%.扇贝的极限放养量为600～800kg/hm2,适宜放养密度为1.0～1.5粒/m2.     

对虾池不同水质调控围隔中浮游物的研究

于１９９８年６～９月在山东海阳养虾场运用陆基围隔实验生态学方法,通过搅底、接种光合细菌、接种硅藻和充气４种水质调控措施,研究了虾池中浮游物的变动情况。结果表明,浮游物中无机部分占４９．１％～６４．１％,有机部分占３５．９％～５０．９％。有机颗粒（ＰＯＭ）中,颗粒腐质：浮游细菌：浮游植物：浮游动物为０．６０：０．２４：０．１１：０．０５;随着养殖时间的延长,浮游物及其各组分的干重教有所增加,但各组分