高密度聚乙烯圆形网箱锚绳受力实测研究

选择广东省湛江市深水网箱养殖基地作为实测地点.通过实测试验测量深水网箱在实际海流条件下的锚绳受力状况,给出了单个网箱和组合网箱分别在3种不同网衣方案情况下的锚绳受力结果,旨在为深水网箱的设计及其锚泊系统的优化提供重要参考数据.结果表明,锚绳力随流速的增大而增大,锚绳受力与流速具有一定的正比关系;在3种不同网衣方案条件下,小网目网衣方案(网目40 mm)的锚绳受力最大,单个网箱的锚绳力峰值和锚绳合力分别为3.73 kN和5.01 kN,组合网箱的锚绳力峰值和锚绳合力分别为5.67 kN和20.83 kN;单纯浮架受力在整体网箱的受力中所占比重较小.结论认为,鉴于实际海况下网箱同侧各道锚绳的受力差异较大,在评价锚绳的安全性能时,应取各道锚绳受力峰值中的最大值作为单锚绳的允许受力值.     

波浪作用下半潜式养殖网箱水动力特性

半潜式深远海养殖网箱在波浪作用下会发生变形与运动。为保证网箱结构的稳定性,需对其水动力特性进行分析。本研究基于有限元法建立了波浪作用下一种半潜式网箱的数值模型,通过仿真计算求解网箱的锚绳受力与运动情况。首先,将计算机模拟值与物理水槽试验值进行比较,验证数值模型的准确性。然后,分别研究了半潜式网箱在3种压载状态下的动力响应情况,分析比较了不同波浪条件下网箱锚绳张力、垂荡、纵荡和纵摇的计算结果。结果显示,计算值与试验值基本吻合,二者的相对误差在5%左右。当波高一定时,网箱迎浪侧和背浪侧锚绳受力与波浪周期改变无明显关联;当周期一定时,两侧锚绳受力均随波高的增加而增大。网箱的垂荡、纵荡及纵摇值均与波高呈正相关,随着半潜式网箱吃水的增加,网箱的垂荡、纵荡及纵摇值基本呈减小趋势。网箱在3种压载状态下最大垂荡值和纵荡值分别为12.67 m和10.59 m,网箱在空载状态下的最大纵摇值≤15°,表明半潜式网箱结构具有较好的稳定性。研究结果可为我国深远海养殖网箱设计提供理论参考。     

网箱水动力试验中锚绳系统模型设计

网箱模型试验是研究网箱水动力学特性的重要方法之一,模型制作是试验的首要内容。从力学相似的基本原理出发,在理论上分析了锚绳模型设计时需考虑的因素,得出锚绳的弹性相似是锚绳模型设计的关键。从锚绳材质出发,研究聚丙烯(PP)绳的拉力—变形资料,采用最小二乘法,推出模型网箱中锚绳张力与伸长率之间的关系式,即ΔS/S=7.13T1 m/1.132。根据此关系式,采用特定规格的乳胶圈,经不同组合模式,模拟出锚绳弹性。通过相关性分析和试验结果的验证,证明此方法具有可行性,为以后开展网箱水动力试验解决锚绳模拟问题提供参考。     

圆柱形网箱锚绳受力特性的数值模拟

根据动力学原理,研究在水流作用下圆柱形网箱锚绳的受力特性,导出锚绳形状和张力的一阶微分方程组,并利用四阶Runge-Kutta计算法,结合Matlab工具,对圆柱形网箱的系泊锚绳,在水流速度、水流冲角、水深和锚绳长度等参数下的空间位置及张力变化进行数值求解和仿真模拟。模拟结果显示,在给定的初始条件下,锚绳长度对锚绳的空间位置影响最显著,水流冲角对锚绳张力的影响最大,水深对形状和张力的影响最不明显;锚绳张力随长度的增加而减小,随水流冲角、流速的增加而增加。     

波流作用下圆柱形近海抗风浪网箱缆绳的张力特性

波流作用下圆柱形近海抗风浪网箱缆绳的张力特性= Study on the characters of tension in mooring lines of anti-stormy-wave-cage with cylindrical net under the combined action of waves and currents ［刊，中］/郑国富（福建省水产研究所，厦门 361012）,黄桂芳,魏观渊,丁兰,朱健康//水产学报，—2007，31(1).-84～89 HDPE框架圆柱形网箱是目前我国应用最广泛的抗风浪网箱养殖设施。作者以40 m×6 m该种网箱为原型,选择λ=1/16和λ′=1/3.625～1/4.333的尺度比制造模型,于2003年7月在大连理工大学开展了模型试验,研究其在纯流(0～1.25 m·s-1)、纯波（0 m、3 m和6 m）及其联合作用下的运动状态和缆绳张力特性。结果表明，缆绳张力对台风浪的响应过程复杂，纯波浪时呈“波群”状态，波流联合时呈“漂移”状态，而对季风浪响应则无此现象，其对网箱在台风浪下的破坏作用需继续研究；台风浪下，张力回归方程为T=95423V2 - 42546V+63329(R2=0.8736)（无底框架）和T=54161V2+8613.7V+67319(R2=0.8862)（带底框架）；流速从1 m·s-1增到1.25 m·s-1时，张力增幅分别达92.5%（无底框架）和61.7%（带底框架），表明该网箱应布置在流速小于1 m·s-1的海区；在波流联合作用下，左右缆绳张力存在一定差异，试验中相差约25%，实际工况下波流分布更复杂，张力差异更大，建议取迎波流面两缆力和的统计最大值作为单锚及锚缆绳的允许受力值。图9表3参17 关键词：圆柱形抗风浪网箱;锚缆绳;张力特性 E-mail:gfhy007@163.com     

不同下潜深度状态下重力式与碟形网箱的锚绳受力特性比较

本文针对常见的重力式、碟形和拟碟形网箱在不同下潜深度状态下的锚绳受力特性进行了试验研究.结果表明:重力式网箱的配重形式及下潜形式对网箱的受力具有重要影响.在纯流条件下,重力式网箱采用沉降圈及单管灌水的下潜方式实现下潜时,锚绳受力不但没有衰减,反而呈现较大幅度的增加;在波浪条件下也较其它网箱更为不利.因此从受力的角度来看,实际应用中不宜采用这一配重形式及下潜方式.总体上,碟形网箱及拟碟形网箱在相同条件下的锚绳受力大于重力式网箱,拟碟形则大于碟形网箱的锚绳受力.在综合比较网箱价格和性能的前提下,作者认为选用重力式网箱将更符合实际.     

波流入射方向对网格式锚碇网箱水动力特性的影响

运用集中质量方法和刚体运动学原理,建立了单体网格式网箱在波流联合作用下浮架、网衣和锚碇系统受力和运动的数学模型.利用物理模型试验对本数学模型的正确性进行了验证.在此基础上计算了2种波流作用方向、各工况下单体网格式网箱3类锚绳(锚碇锚绳、连接锚绳、网格锚绳)受力、浮架运动及网衣变形的结果,并分析了波流作用方向对网格式锚碇网箱水动力特性的影响.结果表明,当波流作用方向由正向变为斜向(45°)时,锚碇锚绳与连接锚绳受力有较大程度的增加,网格锚绳受力有较小程度的增加;浮架水平方向、竖直方向运动幅度有一定程度减小,浮架倾角及网衣变形变化不明显.     

波流作用下深水网箱受力及运动变形的数值模拟

基于已建立的浮架和网衣数学模型,对不同波况和流速共同作用条件下HDPE深水网箱所受的锚绳力、波流力、容积损失率以及浮架倾角进行数值计算,设计的波流要素值为:波高H=4～6 m,周期T=6.0～8.6 s,流速U=0.3～0.9 m/s.结果表明,网箱锚绳受力、波流力和容积损失率均与波高和流速成正比,与周期的关系不明显,且网箱系统所受的波流力约为网箱迎浪侧两根锚绳受力的合力.在波高H=4～6 m、流速U=0.75 m/s时,网箱容积损失率达到47%～56%,网箱变形较为严重,为此建议网箱养殖区域应选择流速小于0.75 m/s的海区较为适宜.周期对网箱容积损失率的影响很小,对浮架倾角的影响较为明显,波高和流速不变时,随着周期的增大,浮架倾角会有所减小.本研究旨在探讨波浪流对深水网箱受力及运动变形的影响,为高海况网箱养殖的风险评估提供参考依据.     

HDPE圆形重力式网箱受力变形特性的数值模拟

该研究旨在综合探讨不同网箱周长、浮管管径、网衣高度及网目大小对整体网箱受力变形的影响,为网箱的科学合理选型提供数据参考。设定的网箱周长40—80m,浮管管径250～630mm,网衣高度6～20m,网目大小45～115mm。通过数值模拟方法对4种规格高密度聚乙烯圆形网箱在不同组合条件下网箱锚绳受力、波流力以及容积损失率进行了数值计算。结果表明,大规格网箱的锚绳受力、波流力更大,容积损失率更小,锚绳数量的增加可以大大降低锚绳受力。相比浮管管径,网衣高度和网目大小对网箱受力变形的影响更显著。整体网箱的受力变形随着网衣高度的增加而增大,随网目的增大而减小。     

重力式网箱浮架结构的动力响应特性研究

利用离岸网箱进行水产养殖近年来受到了越来越多的重视,离岸区域海况条件恶劣,浮架结构的安全性对于网箱的设计具有极其重要的意义。为研究网箱浮架结构在动态波浪荷载作用下的动力响应,采用有限元法利用PIPE单元建立了浮架的数值模型,并根据物理模型试验结果对该数值模型进行验证,发现有限元模型的计算结果与模型试验结果吻合较好。基于该模型,重点分析了网箱的连接构件数量和个别锚绳发生断裂对浮架动力响应的影响,得到了浮架结构连接处的应力值、变形值以及浮架的变形模式图。结果显示,数值模型能较好地模拟网箱浮架的受力和运动响应;连接构件数量增加时,浮架的应力和变形将会减少;当下游同侧两根锚绳同时断裂时浮架应力和锚绳力最小。研究表明,动力特性是结构优化分析的重要依据,24套连接构件的浮架应优先使用。     

Design evaluation of a fish cage mooring system with different bridle line connections using model experiments and simulations

Because fish cage systems are strongly influenced by various marine environmental conditions such as currents and waves, structural safety design is of crucial importance during their installation. It is particularly important to design a technical solution for a mooring system. In this study, we designed four types of fish cage systems with different bridle connection arrangements (two single-rope and two multiple-rope connection methods) to evaluate the structural safety of fish cage systems based on the bridle connection arrangement and to propose an efficient design direction. The level of the structural safety of the fish cage system in terms of the resistance force, shape, and inside volume reduction ratio was found to vary according to the position of the frame lines connected to the bridle lines, the number of bridle lines, and the angle between the frame line and the direction of currents and waves. Improved structural safety was observed when the bridle lines were connected to the midpoints of the frame lines compared to those connected to the vertices, and the multiple-rope connection method was found to provide higher structural safety than the single-rope connection method. Increased fish cage system structural safety was also confirmed when the frame line orientation was 90° to the direction of currents and waves compared to that at 45°. From these findings, it can be concluded that the structural safety of a fish cage system can be improved by using multiple bridle lines to disperse the tension of the mooring lines connected to the frame lines and by installing the fish cage with the frame lines aligned at an angle that minimizes the projected area exposed to currents and waves. Moreover, the simulation technique presented in this study is expected to contribute to the efficient evaluation of the structural safety of various fish cage mooring systems designed using multiple-rope connection methods, accounting for the number and position of bridle lines connected on a frame line.     

潜浮式船型桁架结构深海养殖网箱避浪性能研究

深海网箱作为现代海洋渔业拓展外海养殖空间的重要养殖装备，其布设环境一般较近海更为复杂恶劣，对于保障其安全性和稳定性提出了更高的要求。本研究针对一种单点系泊潜浮式船型桁架网箱开展了模型比尺为1︰40的波浪流水池试验，重点围绕该网箱在不同吃水深度受波浪作用的系泊受力、升沉、纵摇和横摇等水动力学特性进行了比较分析。试验结果显示，波高为7.5~12.5 cm时(原型3~5 m)，网箱漂浮状态即可以满足养殖需求，其系泊力及运动响应均较小，具备较高的安全性和稳定性；恶劣海况时，即本试验中波高为15.0和17.5 cm (原型6 m和7 m)，通过整体下潜的方式网箱具有良好的避浪性能，其中，系泊力减幅达70%以上，升沉、纵摇和横摇等运动分量减幅也达20%~60%；波流试验中，海流对网箱避浪性能存在一定的影响，但总体上仍然具有较好的避浪效果。研究结果可为单点系泊潜浮式深海网箱的安全运行与日常管理提供理论依据和数据参考。     

Numerical investigation of the hydrodynamic behaviors of multiple net cages in waves

Large fish farms that include multiple-cages are becoming common in the aquaculture industry. Selecting an appropriate mooring structure and arrangement of cages is necessary to avoid fish cage and mooring grid system failures. A numerical model based on the lumped mass method and the principle of rigid body kinematics is developed to predict the hydrodynamic response of a fish cage and mooring grid system to regular waves. To validate the numerical model, a series of experiments is conducted. The numerical results of this model correspond with those obtained from experimental observations. Then, two cage arrangements are investigated, and the effect of the wave direction is analyzed. The results show that when the wave incident angle is 0°, the maximum tension forces on the anchor lines of the two cage arrangements are close to each other. There is not a significant difference between the effective fish cage volumes of the two cage arrangements. However, if one anchor line is broken, the two cage arrangements have different degrees of risk of having the cage structures swept away. When the propagation direction of the incident wave changes, the tension forces on the anchor lines also change due to different transfer load paths.     

漂浮状态下重力式及碟形网箱锚绳受力特性的比较

深水网箱养殖是海洋牧场建设的重要手段之一，在其发展及应用过程中出现了多种结构形式，其中以重力式和碟形深水网箱应用最为普遍，国内外关于网箱的水动力特性已进行了不少研究，但结果存在较大差异。Colboume等曾对多种配重形式和锚碇形式的重力式网箱的水动力特性及运动特性进行试验，     

波浪作用下一种鲆鲽类方形网箱水动力特性数值模拟研究

针对鲆鲽类方形重力式网箱在纯波浪条件下的水动力特性,采用数值模拟的方法对鲆鲽类方形深水重力式网箱的主要部件——浮架系统、配重系统、锚碇系统进行了模拟。将模拟结果与实验结果进行分析比较表明,数模与物模各量值吻合良好,平均相对误差均不超过9%,表明数值模拟的方法能较好地模拟鲆鲽类方形深水重力式网箱的水动力特性。在此基础上,用数值模拟的方法,进一步研究了底框质量和网衣高度的改变对网箱各参数的影响,模拟结果显示,底框质量改变主要影响锚绳受力和底框倾角,底框质量从80 g升至100 g再升至140 g的过程中,锚绳受力平均增幅分别为13%和19%,同时增大底框质量有助于减小底框运动倾角,其平均降幅分别为8.8%和9.3%;网衣高度由20 cm增至30 cm后,锚绳受力平均增加15%,同时网衣的增高导致对浮架和底框的牵制作用加大,使得浮架和底框的运动幅度有所减小,降幅不超过10%。在以上研究结果的基础上,为鲆鲽类网箱的设计与优化提供了参考建议。     

Numerical simulation of deformations and forces of a floating fish cage collar in waves

The dynamic behavior of a fish cage collar in waves was investigated using a numerical model based on the finite element method. The floating collar and mooring system were divided into a series of line segments modeled by straight massless model segments with a node at each end. To verify the validity of the numerical model, research data from other authors were cited and compared with the simulated results, the comparison of results showed a good agreement. The numerical model was then applied to a dynamic simulation of a floating cage collar in waves to analyze its elastic deformation and mooring line tension. The simulated results indicated that the greatest deformation of the collar taken place in the position of the mooring line connection point when incident waves were in the same direction. An increase in the length of mooring line would help to decrease the mooring line tension of the collar. Furthermore, the effects of collar dimension, including collar circumference, pipe diameter in cross-section, and pipe thickness, on the dynamic behavior of the floating collar were discussed. The results of this study provided a better understanding of the dynamic behavior of the fish cage collar.     

自升式深海网箱不同工况下结构安全性评估研究

深海网箱养殖受极端环境影响较大,自升式深海网箱凭借其结构特点在极端天气下可将养殖箱体下潜入水,为更好地应对极端环境、增加养殖效益提供了可能。本文针对某自升式深海网箱,基于大型通用有限元软件ANSYS的Mechanical模块,建立其有限元分析模型,而后考虑正常作业及风暴自存2种作业状态,通过编制不同相位角下桩腿支反力搜索程序确定计算工况,最终求解得到网箱各部件结构变形情况及应力分布,从而完成网箱结构安全性评估。研究表明,自升式深海网箱通过箱体下潜入水可以很好应对极端环境条件;经校核,本研究的自升式深海网箱结构安全性满足要求;桩腿及附近撑杆是自升式网箱的结构薄弱区域,在网箱设计中应予重点考虑。本研究可为自升式深海网箱结构安全分析提供方法参考。     

台风“米雷”对山东网箱养殖业灾害性影响的调查与技术解析

为研究台风米雷造成近海网箱设施大面积毁坏的直接和主要原因,在第一时间对山东半岛荣成附近海域网箱养殖业户遭受台风米雷袭击进行紧急调查,从网箱设施的材料结构、锚泊系统等技术层面进行全面的分析。调查结果表明,传统小网箱锚泊系统自身锚缆绳索锚固偏紧,网箱无法随波跳浪而被闷入水中,是导致锚泊系统受力过大而崩溃的最主要原因。建议加强传统网箱防灾减灾科学问题的研究,努力攻克国产升降式网箱的某些技术瓶颈,来支撑传统网箱的升级换代,提升设施的防灾减灾能力,有效保护渔民生命财产安全。     

Water-tank experiment and static numerical analysis of the mooring system of a controllable depth cage

Recent variations in marine environments have increased the risk of aquaculture accidents at sea. This risk can be reduced by installing fish cages at the desired depth, based on environmental conditions such as wave height, the vertical profiles of water temperature, algal concentration, and dissolved oxygen concentration. Most submergible fish cages can be located at only two depths: the sea surface and a submerged depth. In the present study, a fish cage installed at various depths, i.e., a controllable depth cage (CDC), is proposed for avoiding undesirable environments. A water tank experiment is conducted to measure the drag of the cage and the static deformation of the mooring system using a scale model of the actual cage. Then, a simple numerical model based on the balance of forces on each component is developed to analyze the position and the attitude of the cage and the mooring tension of the system. The numerical model is verified by comparing the experimental and numerical results. The outcome showed that the cage and floats moved downstream at an increasing velocity. The results of the numerical simulation supported those of the water tank experiment. However, the simulated vertical positions of a cage and floats were higher compared with experimental results. Additionally, the inclination of angle increased alongside increasing velocity in the numerical simulation, whereas a complex variation was observed in the experiment. This happened because of underestimating the drag on the mooring rope in lower water current velocities; additionally, cage lift was not considered in the numerical model. Despite these discrepancies, the tension of each mooring rope was well predicted because of the dominant tension of the horizontal component. In future studies, the balance of forces on the rope should be predicted more precisely, and variations in cage drag and inclination angle should be included in the numerical model. Additionally, the effect of waves should be considered alongside water currents to ensure the safety of the CDC.