大菱鲆养殖技术之一:利用育苗池工厂化养殖大菱鲆技术

虾、蟹、鱼的育苗场曾经为连云港市海水养殖业的发展发挥重要的作用,近两年,由于受到水产品销售市场的冲击,当地大部分虾、蟹、鱼的育苗场处于停产或改产状态,部分场家将原有的育苗池改造为大菱鲆工厂化养殖场,充分利用了原有的设备、技术、人力、财力等各种资源,极大减少了大菱鲆养殖生产的成本,开辟了渔民增收的新渠道.本文以连云港市一个面积为1000m2的虾蟹育苗场为例,简要介绍在虾蟹鱼的育苗池中利用地下海水进行工厂化养殖大菱鲆技术.     

鲟鱼工厂化循环水养殖系统设计及运行效果

针对目前中国淡水工厂化循环水养殖系统建设和运行成本过高,推广应用受到一定程度制约的问题,在自主研发斜管重力滤沉淀装置、内循环流化床反应器、一体化臭氧接触反应器等水净化设备的基础上,通过应用物质平衡相关原理,精确设计、确立不同阶段系统关键运行参数,建立一种高效节能的鲟鱼工厂化循环水养殖系统。通过96 d养殖试验,结果显示,鲟鱼摄食和生长情况正常,养殖密度平均(41.2±2.3)kg/m~3,存活率95.8%,饲料系数1.17。日换水量在5%以下,水质情况良好,氨氮和亚硝酸盐氮后期稳定控制在(0.80±0.21)mg/L和(0.38±0.12)mg/L;系统平均日耗电量为33.3 kW·h,平均产出1kg鲟鱼耗电7.30 kW·h。系统运行具有低能耗、高效率的特点,可为鲟鱼循环水养殖提供技术支撑。     

鱼饲料饲喂有诀窍

在高密度流水养鱼、网箱养鱼和工厂化养鱼等现代化养殖方式中,鱼饲科技术占举足轻重的地位.在这些养殖方式中,鱼类几乎摄食不到天然饵料,只能摄食到商品饲料,但饲料成本要占养殖总成本的一半以上,如果再加上饲料浪费,就更会加增加养殖成本,这就需要养殖者掌握一定的投喂技术,才能保证对饲料的合理利用,促进养殖业高产高效.     

工厂化循环水养殖系统含氮物质净化方法

近年来,随着养殖技术和水质处理技术的不断进步,水产经济动物养殖的工厂化程度越来越高,人们从中所获得的经济利益也日益增多.工厂化养殖具有易控制、设备利用率高等优点,主要分为流水养殖和循环水养殖两种方式.工厂化循环水养殖系统可以避免工厂化流水养殖的能耗大、水温和水质不稳定等缺点,且具有节水、环保和高效率等优点,故越来越受到人们的青睐,是现代水产养殖的发展方向.……     

现代化养殖中配合饲料投喂技术

在现代化养殖方式中,鱼类饲料投喂技术占有举足轻重的地位。在高密度流水养鱼、网箱养鱼和工厂化养鱼模式中,大部分依靠投喂配合饲料。在一般养殖方式中,饲料成本占总成本的70%,因此掌握科学合理的投喂技术,对于降低养殖成本,增加经济效益有积极作用。下面简要介绍在养殖生产中     

浅谈工厂化养鱼增氧方式

1　概述鱼池与池水的循环处理系统有机组合 ,便构成了工厂化养鱼的主体 ,其水处理系统相当于一个小型的微污染水的处理工厂 ,且不断处理、回用、再循环。据有关资料报道 ,一般污水处理厂总电耗中 ,曝气设备的电耗约占 60 %～ 70 % ,我国养鱼工厂曝气 (增氧 )设备的电耗占总电耗的比例尚未见报道。与一般污水处理厂相比 ,养鱼工厂污水由于浓度低 ,耗氧量相应少 ,但是鱼的耗氧量很大。不同品种的鱼 ,耗氧量不同 ,其排出的氨等有机物的量亦不等。现以罗非鱼为例 ,据有关资料报道 ,罗非鱼耗氧量为 0 .3ｇ/(ｋｇ·ｈ) ,排氨量为 0 .5 7ｇ/(ｋｇ·…     

工厂化养鱼的增氧方式浅谈

1概述 鱼池与池水的循环处理系统有机组合,便构成了工厂化养鱼的主体,其水处理系统相当于一个小型的微污染水的处理工厂,且不断处理、回用、再循环.据有关资料报道,一般污水处理厂总电耗中,曝气设备的电耗约占6 0%～70%,我国养鱼工厂曝气(增氧)设备的电耗占总电耗的比例尚未见报道.与一般污水处理厂相比,养鱼工厂污水由于浓度低,耗氧量相应少,但是鱼的耗氧量很大.不同品种的鱼,耗氧量不同,其排出的氨等有机物的量亦不等.现以罗非鱼为例,据有关资料报道,罗非鱼耗氧量为0.3 g/(kg·h),排氨量为0.57 g/(kg·d),即0.024 g/(kg·h).根据硝化反应式,每硝化1 g氨氮需耗氧4.57 g,则硝化反应需氧0.109 g/(kg·h).根据中原油田600吨级工厂化养鱼场的两种模式的运行情况,其中主体模式:一元化鱼池设生物包加斜板沉淀池,生产每公斤鱼的总电耗为3.8度电,曝气增氧电耗占70%以上.     

全封闭工厂化循环水微波消毒养殖系统的组成及运行

<正>随着我国海水鱼类养殖的发展和对渔业水域环境保护意识的加强,粗放型的养殖模式将逐渐被低污染、集约化的工厂化封闭式循环水养殖模式所取代。作者围绕封闭式工厂化循环水养殖系统的设备、工艺、管理技术等先后多次进行讨论、调研,走访循环水养殖以及废水处理企业与小型试验相结合,经过多方论证确定了一套封闭式工厂化养殖系统水处理工艺,通过首次引入微波消毒设备,成功建成一套封闭式工厂化循环水微波消     

循环水与生物絮凝养殖系统吉富罗非鱼越冬暂养研究

为了探索绿色环保的罗非鱼越冬新模式,利用循环水养殖系统(recirculating aquaculture system,RAS)与生物絮凝养殖系统(bio-floc technology,BFT)比较了吉富罗非鱼(GIFT Oreochromis niloticus)越冬期间的生长情况、水质变化与养殖成本。结果显示,罗非鱼越冬期在RAS组中的存活率达到了96.9%±2.23%,显著高于BFT组的65.82%±3.22%;BFT组的饲料系数为1.31±0.03显著低于RAS组的1.43±0.03;越冬期间RAS与BFT氨氮分别为(1.56±0.76)、(1.58±0.56)mg/L,平均浓度无显著差异;RAS组亚硝酸盐平均浓度为(0.47±0.29)mg/L,显著高于BFT组的(0.09±0.04)mg/L,但两者都维持在1 mg/L以下;两组硝酸盐均持续积累,RAS组最终达到了(118.4±0.92)mg/L,BFT为(336.91±21.44)mg/L;在总成本方面,RAS系统在用电量、用水量和投喂量方面都高于BFT系统。结果表明,BFT能够实现罗非鱼的越冬并维持稳定的水质,初步估算成本低于RAS。     

地源热泵技术在海水工厂化养殖系统中的应用

综述了我国海水工厂化养殖系统的发展现状,并针对工厂化养殖中耗能高、污染重等问题,提出了以地源热泵技术为基础的利用地热这一清洁能源的解决方案,使用地热既解决了工厂化养殖中能耗高的问题,又减少了向海域中排放养殖废水,达到保护海域环境,减少了二氧化碳、二氧化硫等气体的排放的目的,符合我国目前节能减排的政策.     

海洋渔业船舶节能技术

渔业船舶节能减排对保障渔业经济可持续发展,降低海洋环境污染具有重要意义.结合国内外研究现状,介绍了渔业船舶采取的主要节能技术和措施,重点阐述了中国舰船研究设计中心在船型节能方面的研究工作.针对今后研制船型,提出几点节能减排设想.     

我国主要水产养殖模式能耗调查研究

为了解我国水产养殖能耗现状,对我国水产养殖主产区进行了养殖能耗调研,并对主要养殖模式和养殖种类的能耗进行了统计分析。结果表明:养殖模式和养殖种类显著影响水产养殖的耗电量,耗电量与养殖单产的相关性不显著。主要的养殖模式存在不同程度的能源浪费现象,从整体上看,养殖技术装备水平比较落后,养殖户的节能意识不强,高排放高污染的养殖方式、技术、设备仍在使用。能源利用和管理还存在许多问题和薄弱环节,节能潜力巨大。工厂化循环水养殖方式具有显著的节能减排效果,但其研究仍处于起步阶段,尚未形成较为有效的实用技术。     

Size-dependent energy storage and winter mortality of perch

Abstract –  Size is a crucial factor affecting the survival of fish during winter. Pond and laboratory experiments with three size classes of perch (small: 40–70 mm, medium: 71–100 mm, large: 101–186 mm) revealed that the feeding history of perch prior to winter is reflected in the amount and type of accumulated energy reserves. The minimal amount of reserves was 2% of the perch's biomass for fat and 9% for protein. An increase in glycogen levels either reflected mobilisation of energy in the body when perch were starving or an increase in accumulated energy over winter. In the laboratory, only the smallest perch suffered from high mortality rates, even if all were fed with low amounts of food. However, feeding the fish reduced the mortality rate after a certain time lag. Size-selective mortality rates occurred in the pond experiments as well. Small perch which survived the winter were able to rebuild their energy stores.     

An analysis of the effects of different dietary macronutrient energy sources on the growth and energy partitioning by juvenile barramundi,Lates calcarifer,reveal a preference for protein‐derived energy

It is generally considered that fish respond to dietary energy densities on a consistent basis irrespective of what macronutrient source the dietary energy originates from. To test this assumption, two experiments were undertaken to establish the different roles of protein, lipid and starch as energy sources in underpinning nutritional bioenergetics in juvenile barramundi, Lates calcarifer. To do this, a range of ingredients were evaluated for their digestible protein (DP) and digestible energy (DE) value. Following this, a series of diets were formulated to an equivalent DE basis, and observed a minimum DP:DE ratio required for fish of 80 g. However, in each of the diets the proportion of DE available from protein, lipid or starch was varied to bias the contribution of each macronutrient on the origin that DE when fed to the fish. Growth of fish fed the protein diet was better than those fed the lipid diet, which was better than those fed the starch diet. Feed intake was lower in the protein diet than the lipid diet, and both were lower than the starch diet. Feed conversion was most efficient in the protein diet fed fish, which was better than the lipid diet fed fish, which was better than the starch diet fed fish. Whole fish composition varied among treatments, with differences observed in the dry matter composition, whole body lipid and gastrointestinal tract lipid content. Typically, lipid and dry matter composition were in synchrony and were usually higher in the starch fed fish and lower in the lipid fed fish. When flux of protein, lipid and energy was assessed in terms of deposition efficiencies, some significant differences were observed. Protein deposition efficiency was relatively conservative, but ranged from 33% in the starch diet fed fish to 41% in the lipid diet fed fish. Lipid deposition efficiency was more dramatic; ranging from 40% in the lipid diet to 182% in the starch diet. Energy deposition efficiency was relatively conservative among treatments, ranging from 50% to 56% efficient. Overall, the results from this study show that there is a clear hierarchy in preference for energy substrates by juvenile barramundi, such that protein > lipid > starch.     

大菱鲆幼鱼的蛋白质与能量需求

饲料中蛋白质的含量对大菱鲆幼鱼的生长起着决定性作用，适宜的能蛋比，既有利于能量的利用，又有利于蛋白质的利用，提高了饲料的利用率。设计4个蛋白质含量梯度和4个能量梯度的16组饲料，试验证明，蛋白质含量大于42％、能蛋比小于115，鱼体日增重率明显增大，饲料系数明显降低，表现出较高的饲料效率，本研究认为大菱鲆幼鱼配合饲料适宜的蛋白质含量为42％～45％、适宜的能蛋比为92．7～102．5。     

Aquacultural ponds as energy storage and waste recycling systems

Considerable research has been done in an attempt to utilize solar energy to improve the productivity of aquatic culture systems. At the same time solar energy research has identified energy storage as a problem in commercializing the use of solar energy for heating and other purposes. Thus, a system is proposed to combine aquacultural production facilities and solar energy storage with the possibility of later combining recycling of agricultural wastes into the combined system. System feasibility is being explored by use of mathematical simulation models. Six model components on interacting models are briefly outlined and progress on detailed model development is described. A model capable of predicting the hourly solar energy available at any point on the earth's surface for which cloud cover, clearness number and latitude are known, is described. Example model output is presented and compared to measured data.     

养鳗池塘的初级生产力和能量转换效率

报道了养鳗池塘初级生产力的垂直变化和季节变化。养鳗池塘的初级生产量为 3.5 1～ 7.90gO2 /m2 ·day ,高峰通常出现在 7～ 8月。 1米以上水层的光合作用产氧量占水柱总产量的 90 %以上。平均补偿深度为 6 5～ 74cm。池水氧气的消耗 ,池鱼占 2 7.4% ,“水呼吸”占 70 .0 % ,底泥占 3.6 %。浮游植物光合产氧占池塘氧气来源的 6 6 .0 % ,余下的 43.0 %靠空气和加水补给。毛初级生产力对太阳辐射能的利用率为 0 .38%～ 0 .85 % ;鳙产量对浮游植物的利用率为 1 .0 5 %～ 2 .32 % ;太阳能转移为鱼产量的生态学效率为 0 .0 0 9%～ 0 .0 1 0 %。     

对虾节能减排养殖模式

<正>进入21世纪以来,我国海水养殖业的发展总体形势良好,产量继续增长,发展态势平稳,同时社会需求继续呈刚性增长,前景看好。同时也面临着前所未有的挑战,如出口市场和国内市场对水产品质量安全的要求空前严格,良种短缺、疾病暴发、环境恶化等问题依然存在。因此,产业发展需要新理念、新技术、新模式的不断创新。其中"如何保证海洋渔业的可持续产出"和"如何保证产出质量"是根本关键,摆脱"依靠扩大规模和大量投入"来提高养殖产量的被动态势,构建我国海水养殖业可持续发展的全新局面是一项具有战略意义的重大举措。