蒽对黑鱼君超氧化物歧化酶活性的影响

采用毒性实验的方法 ,研究了蒽对黑鱼君几种组织的超氧化物歧化酶活性的影响。结果表明 :1 .不同的组织其SOD活性高低不同 ,按SOD活性由高到低的顺序依次排列为 :肝 >血清 >肾 >鳃 >肌肉 ;2 .不同的组织 ,其SOD活性对蒽的敏感性有所差异 ,按敏感性由大到小的顺序依次排列为 :血清 >肝 >鳃 >肌肉 >肾。3.不同组织的SOD活性在蒽胁迫下的变化规律不同。低浓度的蒽引起鳃、肾、肌肉组织的SOD活性升高 ,随着蒽浓度的提高 ,SOD活性又表现出抑制效应 ;而蒽对血清及肝组织的SOD活性从低到高浓度下始终呈现出抑制作用     

三唑磷蓄积对日本[虫寻]体内保护酶系统的影响

首先根据急性毒性试验确定了三唑磷对日本蟳的安全浓度为0·27mg·L-1,然后研究三唑磷蓄积对日本蟳体内5种组织保护酶系统的影响。结果表明:(1)日本蟳体内的保护酶系统由SOD和CAT组成,在所有检测的组织中都没有发现POD的存在。(2)SOD和CAT的活性显示出高度的组织特异性,按SOD活性从高到低排列的顺序为:心脏>鳃和肌肉>性腺和肝胰脏,CAT活性大小顺序为:性腺>肝胰脏>心脏>鳃>肌肉。(3)日本蟳体内的保护酶在三唑磷作用下发生了相应的变化,低水平的胁迫能对酶产生一定的刺激作用,而高度的胁迫会抑制酶的活性。(4)不同组织对药物的敏感性不同,鳃、肝胰脏和性腺的敏感性大于心脏和肌肉。     

食盐对草鱼血清超氧化物歧化酶和溶菌酶活性的影响

草鱼养殖过程中经常使用食盐药浴，以便在高渗环境下杀死病原体。研究食盐药浴后草鱼代谢酶变化，有助于了解食盐药浴对草鱼机体生理免疫的影响。将草鱼（Ｃｔｅｎｐｈａｒｙｎｇｏｄｏｎｉｄｅｌｌａ）分别暴露于食盐浓度为０、２％、３％、４％水体中浸浴１０ｍｉｎ，然后置入水簇箱中饲养，分别在药浴后１２ｈ、２４ｈ、３６ｈ取样，测定其血清中超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）和溶菌酶（ＬＳＺ）活性变化。结果显示，与对照组相比，血清ＳＯＤ活性在１２ｈ时，２％组中显著上升（Ｐ＜０．０５），３％、４％组显著下降（Ｐ＜０．０５）；２４ｈ取样时，２％、３％组中无显著差异（Ｐ＞０．０５），４％组显著下降（Ｐ＜０．０５）；３６ｈ取样时，各组间均无显著差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）；血清ＬＳＺ活性各组间均无显著差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）。食盐能引起草鱼ＳＯＤ活性变化，而对溶菌酶活性影响不大；表明食盐对草鱼不同代谢酶有不同的反应模式，抗氧化酶ＳＯＤ对食盐应激有敏感的生理应答。     

镉对罗氏沼虾组织转氨酶活性及组织结构的影响

对罗氏沼虾（Ｍａｃｒｏｂｒａｃｈｉｕｍｒｏｓｅｎｂｅｒｇｉｉ）成虾六种组织的谷丙转氨酶（ＧＰＴ）和谷草转氨酶（ＧＯＴ）活性正常值作了测定，其中心脏和绿腺的ＧＰＴ和ＧＯＴ活性较高，鳃和肝胰脏次之，卵巢和肌肉较低。不同镉离子浓度（０．３７、０．７４和１．４８×１０－６）对罗氏沼虾的急性中毒试验表明，受水中０．７４和１．４８×１０－６Ｃｄ２＋影响，心脏、鳃和肝胰脏的ＧＰＴ和ＧＯＴ活性显著降低；绿腺的ＧＰＴ和ＧＯＴ活性在０．７４×１０－６组显著升高。组织学观察显示，Ｃｄ２＋中毒引起鳃丝增粗，鳃丝血腔扩大；肝小管严重萎缩，肝细胞解体；绿腺细胞解体，迷路结构消失。     

PH对黄鳝肠道和肝胰脏主要消化酶活力的影响

本试验测得黄鳝前、中、后肠蛋白酶、淀粉酶、脂肪酶活力最适PH值分别为7．6、7．2、7．2；肝胰脏中蛋白酶、淀粉酶、脂肪酶最适PH值分别为7．2、6．4、7．2。蛋白酶活力从高到低依次为：前肠＞肝胰脏＞中肠＞后肠；淀粉酶活力从高到低依次为：前肠＞后肠＞中肠＞肝胰脏；脂肪酶活力从高到低依次为：后肠＞肝胰脏＞前肠＞中肠。由此可见；黄鳝对蛋白质和淀粉的消化主要在前肠，而对脂肪的消化则主要集中在后肠。     

低pH对草鱼鳃和肝组织超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性的影响

在实验室条件下，把草鱼置于低pH（6．0，5．5，4．5）水中4d和7d，测试鳃和肝组织SOD活性的变化。结果表明，在实验的第4天，低pH引起肝组织SOD活性升高,而对鳃组织SOD活性无显著影响；在第7天，低pH引 起肝组织SOD活性显著降低，而鳃组织在pH6．0和pH5．5时SOD活性升高，在pH4．5时SOD活性下降。提高水中钙浓度，可减缓pH4．5实验组（第7天）鳃和肝组织SOD活性的降低。     

铜暴露对鲤鱼消化器官消化酶活性的影响

摘 要：实验测定了外界铜离子对鲤鱼的肝胰脏和肠道中消化酶活性的影响，结果表明：在各铜离子浓度条件下，蛋白酶的活性由高到低的顺序为：肝胰脏＞中肠＞后肠＞前肠；淀粉酶活性由高到低的顺序为：中肠＞前肠＞肝胰脏＞后肠；脂肪酶活性由高到低的顺序为: 肝胰脏＞后肠＞前肠＞中肠；随着铜离子浓度的增加，4种消化器官中的3种消化酶活性均表现出先升高后降低的趋势；0.28和0.56 mg•L-1的铜离子对4种消化器官中的蛋白酶和淀粉酶活性均有不同程度的激活作用，而0.84mg•L-1的铜离子则对4种消化器官中的蛋白酶和淀粉酶活性均有不同程度的抑制作用；0.28、0.56和0.84 mg•L-1的铜离子对4种消化器官中的脂肪酶活性均有不同程度的激活作用；鲤鱼肠道中的蛋白酶活性对铜离子的浓度变化较敏感，可以考虑用作水体铜离子污染的环境生物学指示。     

水中镧在鲤鱼体内富集作用的初步研究

本文初步研究了硝酸镧在鲤鱼体内的富集与分布情况。实验分为三个梯度组：Ⅰ组为对照组，Ⅱ组为0．5ppm组，Ⅲ组为2ppm组。结果表明：鲤鱼对水体中硝酸镧的富集作用轻微，其富集能力的顺序为肾＞鳃盖骨＞鳃＞肝。     

鳜鱼、青鱼、草鱼、鲤、鲫、鲢消化酶活性的研究

鳜鱼、青鱼、草鱼、鲤、鲫、鲢肝脏蛋白酶活性低于肠蛋白酶。肠蛋白酶活性，鳜鱼最高，其余依次为青鱼、鲤、鲢、草鱼、鲫。鳜鱼、鲢的肠蛋白酶活性由前肠向后肠递减；而青鱼、鲤、草鱼的则由前肠向后肠递增；鲫则中肠活性最低。六种鱼不同组织的脂肪酶活性因鱼而异。青鱼、鳜鱼、鲤、鲢肝脏中脂肪酶活性低于肠脂肪酶活性（Ｐ＜０．０１）；而草鱼和鲫肝脏中脂肪酶活性与肠脂肪酶活性差异不明显（Ｐ＞０．０５）。六种鱼肝脏中脂肪酶活性由高到低依次为鳜鱼＞鲢＞鲫＞草鱼＞青鱼＞鲤；肠脂肪酶活性顺序为鳜鱼＞鲢＞青鱼＞鲤＞草鱼＞鲫。脂肪酶活性与鱼类食性无明显相关性。不同组织间淀粉酶活性存在差异。鳜鱼的肝脏和肠均有较高淀粉酶活性，青鱼和鲫肝脏中淀粉酶活性低于肠中的；草鱼、鲤和鲢肝脏中淀粉酶活性高于肠中的，但差异不显著。六种鱼中鳜鱼的肝脏淀粉酶活性明显高于其它五种无胃鱼，它们的淀粉酶活性顺序依次为鳜鱼＞鲢＞鲤＞草鱼＞青鱼＞鲫；肠淀粉酶活性顺序为鳜鱼＞鲫＞鲤＞青鱼＞鲢＞草鱼。     

盐度胁迫对大鳞鲃抗氧化酶和血清皮质醇的影响

为阐明盐度胁迫对大鳞鲃(Luciobarbus capito)肝、肾和鳃组织抗氧化系统及血清皮质醇的影响，本研究设置4个NaCl盐度组(3、6、9和12 g/L)和1个淡水对照组，检测分析了不同盐度胁迫下曝露3、6、12、24、48、96 h和7 d大鳞鲃肝、肾和鳃组织中酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)的活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量的变化，以及血清中皮质醇浓度的变化。结果显示，在相同盐度胁迫下，大鳞鲃的肝、肾和鳃组织中ACP、AKP、GSH-Px抗氧化酶的活力、MDA含量以及血清皮质醇含量随胁迫时间的延长均呈先上升后下降、随后趋于稳定的变化趋势，在胁迫开始24 h内各指标达到峰值，并在48 h开始逐渐趋于平稳；胁迫初期，相同曝露时间，大鳞鲃的肝、肾和鳃组织中3种抗氧化酶活力、MDA含量及血清皮质醇含量均与盐度呈显著正相关性。大鳞鲃在盐度胁迫过程中，ACP、AKP活力和MDA含量在肾组织的范围分别为1.42~2.15 U/g prot、1.01~1.87金氏单位/g prot和13.05~57.27 nmol/mg prot；肝组织中分别为1.27~1.96 U/g prot、0.31~0.86金氏单位/g prot和17.02~55.98 nmol/mg prot；鳃组织则为0.98~1.96 U/g prot、0.13~0.84金氏单位/g prot和8.33~53.93 nmol/mg prot，肾组织中ACP、AKP活力和MDA含量均高于肝、鳃组织；而GSH-Px的活力在肝、肾和鳃组织的范围分别为44.41~114.77、16.52~67.59和9.07~48.00活力单位，肝组织中GSH-Px活力显著高于肾和鳃组织。此外，血清皮质醇在盐度胁迫过程中的含量变化范围为197.00~355.50 ng/L。综上所述，在12 g/L的高盐胁迫下大鳞鲃通过自身调节，各项指标仍可恢复正常，表明其对盐度环境有较强的适应能力。     

盐度对点篮子鱼的存活、生长及抗氧化防御系统的影响

在容积为500 L的圆锥形塑料缸中分别用对照(自然海水)、配制的盐度为20、10、5的海水和淡水(地下水)养殖点篮子鱼［(67.76?26.12) g］,研究了不同盐度对点篮子鱼存活、生长和抗氧化酶活性的影响。结果显示,淡水组第9天出现死亡,至第27天时死亡率达100%,其余各组未出现异常,死亡率为0%。各盐度组鱼的特定生长率未表现出显著性差异,但盐度10组鱼体重显著高于盐度20和盐度5组,与对照组无显著性差异；盐度5组全长显著低于其余各盐度组。驯化40 d后,对各组鱼鳃、肝脏、肾脏和肌肉中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、抗超氧阴离子自由基、羟自由基活性检测结果显示,除盐度5组外,盐度10、20组点篮子鱼鳃、肝脏、肾脏、肌肉中SOD、CAT、抗超氧阴离子自由基和羟自由基活性在驯化40 d后均恢复到对照组水平,组间无显著性差异；盐度5组中鱼鳃的SOD和抗超氧阴离子自由基活性显著高于盐度10和盐度20组,肝脏、肌肉和肾脏中SOD、CAT、抗超氧阴离子自由基和羟自由基活性均恢复到对照组水平。点篮子鱼不同组织中SOD和CAT酶活力在不同盐度下均以肝脏中最高,肾脏和鳃次之,肌肉中最低；抗超氧阴离子自由基活力以肝脏中最高,极显著高于其余各组织中抗超氧阴离子自由基活力(P<0.01),肌肉次之,肾脏和鳃最低；羟自由基活力以肾脏中最高,显著高于其余各组织中羟自由基活力(P<0.05)；鳃次之,肝脏和肌肉中最低,结果表明盐度能影响抗氧化酶活力大小,但并未影响鱼体内酶的分布。     

Bioaccumulation of cadmium and its biochemical effect on selected tissues of the catfish (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Clarias gariepinus</Emphasis>)

The present study examines the pattern of accumulation of cadmium (Cd) and its biochemical effects on selected tissues of a variety of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus), after exposure to various doses of Cd. The results obtained indicate that at the end of 21 days of exposure, the total tissue organ cadmium concentration followed the pattern kidney > gill > liver > muscle for each of the exposure concentrations. The levels of Cd in these organs were higher than those in ambient water. Moreover, while the rate of uptake of Cd increased with time in the kidney, liver and muscle, it decreased in the gill. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) was significantly elevated only in the kidney of catfish treated with 0.2 and 0.4 ppm of Cd for 7 days compared with the control. Conversely, gill SOD was significantly decreased in the same concentrations of Cd-treated catfish relative to the control. Statistically similar levels of SOD were observed in the liver, brain and muscle with all the treatments after the same duration of treatment. In the fish exposed for 21 days, SOD activity was significantly decreased in the kidney with a corresponding increase in lipid peroxidation (LPO), but it manifested only with the 0.2- and 0.4-ppm Cd treatment relative to the control. In the liver, however, Cd exposure significantly increased SOD in the 0.2- and 0.4-ppm treatments of the same duration. In conclusion, the present study indicates that the accumulation of Cd and its effect on SOD and LPO in C. gariepinus is dependent on concentration, tissue and time     

红鳍东方鲀6种同工酶的组织特异性及基因位点分析

采用水平淀粉凝胶和聚丙烯酰胺凝胶垂直电泳法,对2龄野生红鳍东方鲀的肌肉、肝脏、肾脏、心脏、眼、鳃6种组织中的苹果酸酶(ME),乳酸脱氢酶(LDH),异柠檬酸脱氢酶(IDH),葡萄糖脱氢酶(GLCDH),磷酸葡萄糖变位酶(PGM)和酯酶(EST)共6种同工酶进行了研究。结果表明,以上6种同工酶存在明显的组织特异性。LDH在除肝脏外的5种组织中活性很强,GLCDH只在肝脏中表达,鳃组织中的GLCDH和肌肉组织中的EST表达活性都很弱。6种同工酶共检测到12个基因位点,其中ME和PGM有两个基因位点编码,EST有5个基因位点编码。本试验还检测到Ldh-1、Est-1、Est-2、Est-3和Est-4共5个基因位点具有多态现象(P0·99),多态位点比例为41·67%,在12个基因位点共观察到17个等位基因表达,平均每个位点表达的等位基因数为1·417个。同时在红鳍东方鲀眼组织中发现,AB3型和B4型LDH间有一条酶带弱表达。     

Organ-specific ATPase and phosphorylase enzyme activities in a food fish exposed to a carbamate insecticide and recovery response

The acute effect of carbofuran, a carbamate insecticide, was studied on adenosine triphosphatase enzymes in gill, kidney, liver and muscle tissues of a food fish, Clarias batrachus. Glycogen and glycogen phosphorylase were investigated in gill and kidney only. Thirty-six fish were exposed to sublethal concentration (7.6 mg/L) for 6 days. After 6 days, 18 fish were released into freshwater in order to study the recovery response. Eighteen fish were kept in clean water as control. Tissues were isolated from control, exposed and recovery fish at the end of 1, 3 and 6 days and used for the assay of enzymes. Total ATPase was inhibited in kidney and muscle tissues throughout the exposure period, whereas branchial and hepatic tissues showed initial induction followed by inhibition. Na⁺-K⁺ ATPase activity was induced in gill till day 3, whereas in other tissues inhibition was throughout the exposure period. Mg⁺² ATPase activity was inhibited in all tissues except liver. When the fish were released into freshwater, liver recovered almost to control values and other tissues showed organ-specific response. Glycogen content of gill increased initially followed by decrease, and in kidney initial decrease was noted. The recovery response was more in kidney than in gill. Induction in the activity of glycogen phosphorylases was observed in kidney, whereas gill tissue showed mixed response. Recovery was not observed in phosphorylases. Thus, the results of the present study demonstrated the acute effect of carbofuran on a food fish and organ-specific recovery response to insecticidal treatment.     

肠道气泡堆积对银鲳组织抗氧化能力与溶菌酶活力的影响#br#

为研究肠道气泡堆积对银鲳(Pampus argenteus)组织抗氧化能力及溶菌酶活力的影响,采集了15尾肠道气泡堆积的银鲳为病鱼组,15尾健康银鲳为对照组,分别采集各组样品的肝脏、肾脏、肌肉和鳃组织,并对这4种组织的超氧化物歧化酶活力、过氧化氢酶活力、丙二醛含量、总抗氧化能力以及两种组织(鳃和肾脏)溶菌酶活力进行测定和比较。结果显示,相比对照组,病鱼组肝脏、鳃和肾脏的总抗氧化能力都有下降,其中肝脏和肾脏显著下降(P<0.05);而肌肉中总抗氧化能力病鱼组显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。对照组肝脏和肌肉的超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶活力显著高于病鱼组(P<0.05);丙二醛含量对照组肝脏和肌肉中显著低于病鱼组(P<0.05),但鳃和肾脏显著高于病鱼组(P<0.05);溶菌酶活力病鱼组鳃显著高于对照组(P<0.05),但肾脏与对照组间无显著性差异。结果表明,肠道气泡堆积对银鲳组织抗氧化能力及其溶菌酶活力影响较大,导致肝脏与肌肉中的超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶活力显著降低,鳃溶菌酶活力显著升高。     

高碳酸盐碱胁迫对尼罗罗非鱼氨代谢基因表达变化的影响

为了解尼罗罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)在碱环境适应过程中氨代谢调节途径,本研究选取了5个氨代谢相关酶:谷氨酰胺合成酶(glutamine synthetase,GS)、碳酸酐酶5A(carbonic anhydrase 5A,CA-5A)、谷氨酰胺酶(glutaminase 2,GLS2)、氨甲酰磷酸合成酶(carbamyl phosphate synthetase 1,CPS1)、氨转运蛋白(ammonium transporter Rh type C-2 like,Rhcgl2),研究了急性碳酸盐碱度胁迫条件下,尼罗罗非鱼血氨浓度变化、氨代谢相关酶基因表达水平及其酶活性变化。结果表明,随碳酸盐碱胁迫浓度升高,尼罗罗非鱼血氨浓度上升,随时间推移呈先上升后下降的变化趋势,在胁迫后12 h达到峰值。氨代谢相关基因在不同碱度下、不同组织中均有不同程度的上调表达,随着胁迫时间推移呈先上升后下降的变化趋势,胁迫后12~24 h各基因表达水平显著升高,随后逐渐恢复到稳定水平;氨代谢相关基因具有一定的组织表达差异:氨转运蛋白基因(Rhcgl2)主要在鳃中表达,碳酸酐酶5A基因(CA-5A)、谷氨酰胺合成酶基因(GS)、氨甲酰磷酸合成酶基因(CPS1)主要在肝中表达,谷氨酰胺酶基因(GLS2)主要在肾和鳃中表达。碳酸酐酶和谷氨酰胺合成酶活性随胁迫碱度的升高而上升,碳酸酐酶、谷氨酰胺合成酶活性变化分别在鳃、肝中最为显著。研究结果表明,碳酸盐碱度胁迫会引起尼罗罗非鱼血氨水平升高,随着时间推移血氨水平下降,推测鳃、肝、肾中不同氨代谢基因共同参与调节氨代谢,在鳃中通过直接排氨,在肝中通过合成谷氨酰胺、尿素途径,共同调节降低血氨水平。     

不同浓度诺氟沙星对中国对虾非特异性免疫酶活的影响

向对虾配合饲料中添加不同剂量的诺氟沙星投喂中国对虾7d,分析不同时间诺氟沙星对中国对虾肌肉及鳃溶菌酶(LSZ)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)及酸性磷酸酶(ACP)活性的影响.结果表明,15mg/kg诺氟沙星可以显著抑制中国对虾肌肉SOD活力(P＜0.05),而对鳃SOD活力则整体呈现促进作用,该浓度组肌肉和鳃CAT及LSZ活力整体高于对照组,而AKP和ACP活力则显著低于对照组(P＜0.05);30 mg/kg诺氟沙星对中国对虾肌肉SOD活力呈现先抑制后促进的作用,而对鳃SOD活力则整体呈现抑制作用,该组肌肉和鳃CAT活力显著高于对照组(P＜0.05),肌肉LSZ活力呈现先下降后上升的趋势,而鳃LSZ活力则与对照组没有显著差异;向饲料中添加60 mg/kg诺氟沙星对中国对虾肌肉、鳃SOD、CAT、LSZ活力整体呈现促进作用,而对AKP和ACP活性则呈现显著抑制作用(P＜0.05).     

Effects of salinity on the physiological responses of the large yellow croaker Pseudosciaena crocea under indoor culture conditions

The physiological responses to different environmental salinities were assessed in juveniles of large yellow croaker Pseudosciaena crocea. This species shows a good capacity to adapt to comparatively low environmental salinities by evaluating some physiological responses, i.e. superoxide dismutase (SOD), acid phosphatase (ACP), alkaline phosphatase (AKP) and lysozyme (LZM) in the liver, spleen, gill and kidney respectively. Growth and survival at salinity 5‰, 10‰ and 25‰ were better than those at salinity 15‰ and 20‰. No significant differences in ACP, AKP, SOD and LZM in the liver were observed among different salinity treatments; SOD, AKP and LZM in the spleen among different treatments only showed significant differences at the beginning or the 2nd week; in the gill, no significant difference of AKP and LZM were observed during the whole experiment, SOD among different treatments showed significant difference at the beginning and the 8th week, and ACP only showed significant difference at the end of the experiment; in the kidney, significant differences in ACP, AKP and SOD among different salinities were merely observed at the end of experiment, and LZM showed significant difference among different treatments at the 2nd week. Overall, some slight stress responses were observed, but few significant differences were observed between low salinity and normal salinity, especially the growth and physiological functions were not influenced by low salinity, i.e. 5‰ and 10‰. We conclude that juvenile large yellow croaker is tolerant to low salinity and shows a potential for low salinity culture.     

磺胺间甲氧嘧啶钠对厚颌鲂幼鱼SOD活性和MDA含量的影响

以(30±2.3)g/尾的厚颌鲂(Megalobrama pellegrini)幼鱼为研究对象,采用一次性胸腔注射法,通过观察磺胺间甲氧嘧啶钠对厚颌鲂幼鱼超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量的影响,探讨磺胺间甲氧嘧啶钠对厚颌鲂幼鱼各组织酶活性的影响变化及其休药期。结果显示,在同一浓度下,随着给药时间的延长,肝脏、肌肉和鳃组织SOD活性出现先降后升再降的趋势,而随着浓度的增加,则出现先升后降的趋势;肝脏、肌肉和鳃组织MDA,随着给药时间的延长和浓度的增加,均出现先升后降的趋势;厚颌鲂各组织SOD和MDA受磺胺间甲氧嘧啶钠影响最小的是肌肉,其次是鳃、肝脏;通过SOD和MDA变化情况,确定休药期为28 d左右。